The Magnificent & His Legacies
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- Ernest Ellis
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1 Suleiman I: The Magnificent & His Legacies (Part 1)
2 ( ) Suleiman I: the Magnificent
3 Video Excerpt: Suleiman the Magnificent (Islam: Empire of Faith)
4 the Magnificent [From Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent (additional readings) ]
5 the Magnificent - Tughra reflective of Suleiman s wealth, power - Suleiman shah ibn Selim shah khan almuzzafar al-daiman : Suleiman Shah (ruler Persia), son of Khan Selim, ever (the) victorious - History also reflected in use of Khan for his father ( khan from Mongol leader ) - And Shah for himself (Persian title ruler )
6 the Magnificent Like all Sultans, Suleiman struck his own coins. These are dated 1520; they carry the date of his inauguration. [from Suleiman I
7 the Magnificent Suleimaniye Mosque: Testimony to Magnificence
8 the Magnificent Mosque gives impression of wealth: - Materials from all over empire, exemplifying extant of lands under Suleiman s control - St. Peter s Basilica took over a century to construct, Versailles about 50 years - the Suleimaniye took seven years. - attests to manpower Sultan could command: Janissaries, Devshirmes, galley slaves
9 the Magnificent Suleimaniye epitomized essence of Islam s role in 16 th century state: - Centre of education medressa - medical training - religious scholarship - attached Kitchen fed the community, poor Recognized power of the Sultan (number of minarets), no subsequent buildings could obscure view of Mosque
10 the Magnificent Contemporary View of Mosque (from perspective of Golden Horn)
11 the Magnificent The Suleimaniye (looking down to Golden Horn): school with classrooms, dormitory and courtyard to left
12 the Magnificent Architect was Mimar Sinan: - born to simple stoneworker s family - enlisted into janissary corps - trained first as carpenter, later became royal engineer - traveled throughout empire, brought together architectural styles in his creations Work epitomizes glory Suleiman gave to architecture and building during his reign
13 the Magnificant Architect was Mimar Sinan ( ): [see Minar Sinan in Resources ] Photo from: nan.htm
14 the Magnificent The Empire in 1566 Suleiman also known as the Magnificent because the empire reached its geographical apex during his reign -- strong territorial advances in North Africa, central Europe (to walls of Vienna), Bessarabia and Iraq.
15 the Magnificent The Empire in 1566 vassel states in orange
16 the Magnificent Taking of Rhodes (video): - followed earlier unsuccessful attempt by Mehmet II - Island home to Knights of St John: battle for control Mediterranean Suleiman attacked with a fleet of 400 ships, army of 140,000 men
17 the Magnificent Siege of six months: - land exhausted from lack supplies, surrendered and negotiated peace - Suleiman took Island - permitted defenders to leave to Malta - later attempt to conquer Malta (1565) failed
18 the Magnificent Expansion in North Africa: - thanks to reorganization of Ottoman Navy by Hizir Hayreddin [see again "Barbarossa", last week] - Given title of Kapudan Pasha (Great Admiral) by Suleiman - Supervised shipyards in Galata, powerful Navy created. - Responsible for victories in Aegean Sea, against European fleets (last week s lecture)
19 Suleyman receives his Grand Admiral, Hayreddin Barbarossa (1558)
20 the Magnificent Continued campaigns to the east: against Persia Iraq, region of Erzurum conquered second campaign against Persia.
21 the Magnificent contested region around Van Lake (Ottoman-Safavid border) - finally came under Ottoman control, absorbed into administration last campaign launched, leading to formal peace with Safavids
22 the Magnificent Few substantial changes in the borders between the states
23 the Magnificent Expansion into Europe focused on Hungary: conquered Danube city of Belgrade (siege undertaken from river by navy) devastated Hungarian forces at Mohacs Ottomans penetrated to Vienna - failed siege (video) ended the Ottoman s westward expansion
24 The king of Hungary, Lajos II, in council before the Battle of Mohacs (1588)
25 The Ottoman army besieging Vienna 1529 (1588)
26 the Magnificent Hungary annexed in 1540: - brought Ottomans deep into Europe, inviting enmity western powers - Increased numbers non-muslims in empire - Conversion rate high but - non-muslims flourished under millet system - special taxes: Christians and Jews important in developing commercial relations
27 Expansion allowed further trade development
28 Suleiman the Magnificent in Procession (note presence Devshirme, Janissaries)
29 Kanuni the Lawgiver - Suleiman widely known for clarifying legal codes and customary practice - called kanun.
30 Kanuni the Lawgiver - criminal punishment less severe - More regulations: markets, prices, trade, taxes - bodily punishment replaced with forced servitude, fines - price controls bread, other necessities - reforms strengthened links between Ottoman, Islamic (sharia) law - centralization public education hands of ulema - creation of religious bureaucracy
31 Suleiman: master of the harem 15 th century harem: - slave women obtained through war, purchase - gradually replaced strategic marriages - provided wives to royal clan, administrators, provincial governors
32 Suleiman: master of the harem Under Mehmet II: - moved to new Topkapi Palace, harem housed in old palace, with Queen Mother (valid sultan) Under Suleiman: - significant part of harem moved with attendants and services into Topkapi Palace (probably by 1534)
33 Suleiman: master of the harem
34 Suleiman: master of the harem Marked significant changes: - in power, authority of harem vis-à-vis Sultan - once in Topkapi, harem grew in size - in Suleiman s reign, numbered 49 - under Selim II (c.1575) more than 70 (some moved back to Old Palace) - by 1600/1, increased to 275 (in Topkapi), 298 (in Old Palace)
35 Suleiman: master of the harem - extended Royal Family ( active concubines, mothers of royal children, valides sultans) in Topkapi - Old Palace home to retired harem - upon death of sultan, harem left Topkapi - many married to janissaries, suitable men of state manumitted, given dowery - Valides sultans seldom married, became centres of their own courts with influence
36 Suleiman: master of the harem - Old Palace for royal ritual (sultans visits, weddings - Suleiman, successors: reintegrated world of harem (mothers of royal sons), world of sultan (sultan and advisors) separated in time of Mehmed II - Suleiman retained separate domestic quarters among male trainees, pages male harem in third courtyard of palace
37 Suleiman: master of the harem Suleiman unique in attention given to haseki (favourite concubine): - fell in love with Roxalana, married her (Hurrem Sultan) - she bore several children (including multiple sons) - became principal counselor to sultan (her daughter took over her role after her death)
38 Entertainment in a palace courtyard (1530)
39 Suleiman: master of the harem Topkapi Palace
40 Topkapi Palace (today)
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