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1 355 APPENDIX - VI WORKS CITED AND REFERENCES Adiyodi, K.G. Aravindan, G. Theyyavum Thirayum. Kozhikkodu: P.K. Brothers, "Velipadukalude Kavi". Film Magazine (interview by Chandradasan). (6th Aug. 1989):15 Artaud, Antonin. The Theatre and Its Double. Trans. Mary Caroline Richards. N.T. Grove, Ashley, Wayne and Regina Hollowman. "From Ritual to Theatre in Kerala". TDR (Spring 1982) : "Theyyam". Indian Theatre Tradition of Performance. Honolulu: UHP, Baby, K.J. Nadugaddhika. Kottayam: Prasakthi, Mavelimantom. Natavayal: Gaddhika Publications, "Entenatakam, Ente Anubhavam. " Nadugaddhika. Kottayam, Prasakthi, Balachandran, P. Makudi Iringalakkuda: Samsara Publications, --- Pavam Usman. Thiruvananthapuram: Darpan Books Barba, Enginio and Flaszen Ladwick. "The Theatre of Magic and Sacrilege." TDR 9.3 (Spring 1969):173. Basheer, M.M. Naveenanatakam. Thiruvananthapuram: Samkramana Pusthakachakram, 1982.

2 Bhasi, Madavoor. Malayala Natakasarvaswom. Thiruvananthapuram: Chaithanya publications, Boal, Augusto. Theatre of the Oppressed. Trans. Charles A. and Leal MC Bride. London: Pluto Press, Bradby, David and Philip Thomas. Studying Drama. London and Canbera: OUP Bradby, David and David Williams. Director's Theatre, London: Macmillan, 1979: Brook, Peter. The Empty Space. New Zealand: Penguin, Brown, Radcliffe, A.R. Structure and Functions in Primitive Society. London and Henley: Routledge and Kegan, Brustein, Robert The Theatre of Revolt. Boston, Toronto: Little Brown and Company, Campell, Joseph Myths to Live by. NY: Bantam Books, Toronto, Carry, O'Connor Mahabharatha. Peter Brook's Epic in the Makinq. Bangalore: Arnold Publications, Chandran, Civic "Janakeeyanataka Vicharathinu Oramukham." Nadugaddhika. Kottayam: Prasakthi, 1983: 7-10 Choondal, Chummar. Karuthakalakal. Thrissur: Kerala folklore Academy, Mudiyettu. Thrissur: Kerala Folklore Academy, 1981.

3 Contemporary Indian Theatre. (Interview with Playwrights and Directors) New Delhi: SNA, Durkheim, Emile The Elementary Form of the Religious Life. London: Macmillan, Folk Arts Directory. Trichur: KSNA, 1978 Frazer, Geroge James. The Golden Boyth (Abrd. Edn) London and Basing Stoke: Macmillan, "Adonis, Attis, Osiris." The Golden Bow London and Basing Stoke: Macmillan, Frost, Anthony and Ralph Yarrow. Improvisation in Drama. Macmillan Education, 1990 Fryg Northrop. "The Archetypes of Literature." 20th Century criticism (ed.) David Lodge. London and New York: Longman, Gragi, Balwant Folk Theatre in India. Seattle. Washington up, Gennep, Van The Rites of Passage. Chicago: UCP, Goody, J.R. Reliqion and Ritual: The Definitional Problem. London: British Journal Society 12, Gopalan, K.P. "Pulijanmathinte Samvidhanam", Pulijanmam. Calicut: Mulberry books, Gosh, Manmohan Trans. The Natyasastra ascribed to Bharatamuni. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Grotowski, Jerzy. Towards a Poor Theatre.Mutheun, London Ltd., 1968.

4 Harrison, Jane, E. Ancient Art and Ritual. NY:OUP, Hayman, Ronald Artaud and After. OUP, Inner, Christopher. Holy Theatre. Cambridge: CUP, 1981 Kaimal, Aimanom Krishna Abhinayasahityam. Kottayam: NBS, Kapur, Tribhuvan. Religion and Ritual in Rural India. New Delhi: Abhinava Publications, Kelunayar, P. Vidwan. Vidwan P. Kelunayarude Krithikal, Kottayam: NBS, Kirk, G.S. Kumar, Udaya P. Myths, Its Meaninq and Functions. California: Berkly and Los, "Vargasathyathinte Kalanustmaya Anustanam". Nadugaddhika. Kotayam: Prasakthi, Kumiega, Jennifer. The Theatre of Grotowski. London and New. York: Methuen, Kurup, K.K.N. "Pottan Theyyam." Mathrubhoomi Weekly (Nov. 19, 1972): "Keralathile Anustanakalakalum Theyyavum." Theyyam. Thrissur: KSNA, Kuttikkol, O.K. Kaliyattom. Cannanore: Pub. by the author, Leach, E.R. Political system of High Lands and Burma. London and Cambridge: Mass, Lee, Mana and Jerome Fied (ed). Standard Dictionary of Folklore, tholo logy and Leqend. San ~ransisco: Har and Row,

5 Leelavathy, M. "Avanavan Kadampa". Kavithadwani. Kottayam: NBS Levi- Strauss The Savage Mind, Chicago: Chicago Univer- sity Press: Structural Anthrapology, Vol. 2 Trans. From the French by Monique Layton. USA: Lukes, Stevan. Essays in Social Theory. London : Macmillan, Macgowan, Kenneth. The Living Stage. Los Angels: University of California, Madhu, M.R. The History of Dramatic Art in Ancient India. New Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhavan, Mahaptra, Sitakant. Modernisation and Ritual. Identity and chanqe in Santal Society. Calcutta: OUP, Malinowski, Bronislaw. Magic, Science and Religion. NY, Macmillan Co Myths in Primitive Psychology. NY, OUP Marowitz, Charles "Notes on Theatre of Cruelty." - TRD (Writer 1966): Martin, Jaqueline Voice in Modern Theatre. Routledge, London:

6 Mayor Roft, Barbara. "Transformation of Consciousnesss in ritual performance." Richard Schechner (ed) By Means of Performance. Routledge, 1990, Menon, Achutha T.C. Sanqeethanaishatham. Thrissur: KSA, Modern Drama. "Artaud and Balinese Theatre." (Vol. XXVIII. 3 Sept ) Toronto, University of Nair, Gangadharan. G. "Kaliyuttu, a ritual form of Kerala." The Theatre of the Earth is Never Dead. Thrissur: Traditional Arts Project, Malayala Natakam. Grandhapatavum Rangapatavum. Kottayam: DC Books Nair, Sreekantan C.N. Kanchana Seeta. Kottayam: NBS, "Orunatakavedijanikkunnu." Kollam: M.S. Press, Arangu. Saketham. Kottayam: NBS, Lankalakshmi. Kottayam: NBS, Kali. Kottayam: NBS, (Interview by Kadampanitta Ramakrishnan) Natakakkalari. NBS, 1983(172) "Thanathunadakavedi." Natakakkalari. Kottayam: NBS, 1983 (1972)

7 Nair, Venukuttan P.K. "About the New Trends in Malayalam --- Theatre Today." Ruchi 5.1. (Dec. 1992): "Naveena Natakadharsanam. " Agni. Thiruvlla: Bethany Publications, Nambiar, A.K. --- "Theyyattathile Natakeeyamsangal." - Keli (1979 March): "Social Functions of Ritualistic Art." MLS (Jan. March 1980): "Theyyam - Ritual and Performance." - MLS (Oct. Dec. 1988): "Development and Relevance of Ritual Arts." MLS (Oct - Dec. 1989): Keralathile Nadankalakal. Thrissur : Pub. by the author, Nampoothiri, A.P.P. Natakadharsanam. Calicut: Malayalam Publications, Nampoothiri, Vishnu. M.V. "Theyyattathile Bhinna Mukhangal". Malayala Nadu 8.25 (Nov. 1976): & "Theyyangal." Mathrubhoomi Weekly (1977 March 201: 26. Keralathile Thanathukalakal. Koothamuri Trivandrum: State Institute of Language, 1985.

8 Narayanapanikkar, Kavalam. Sakshi, Kottayam: NBS, "Natakathileputhusankalpangal." Sahityalokam (Sept - Dec. 1973): "Natakathile Vyaptium Prapthiyum." - Keli (1975 July) "Thanathunadaka Vedi. " Keli (1978 May) : Avanavan Kadampa, Kottayam: NBS, "Agnium Adhunikabharatheeya Natakasankalpavum. " Agni. Thiruvalla: Bethany Publications, "Ottayan." Bagavadajjuqam. Calicut: Poorna publications, Karimkutty. Kottayam: NBS, Two Plays of I<avalam. Kottayam: NBS, Trans. Bhasabharatham. Trivandrum: Sopanam, "Natakathile Bharatheeyatha." Mathrubhoomi Annual, (1988) : Daivathar, Kottayam: NBS, (Interview by K.S. Narayana Pillai) Contemporary Indian Theatre. KSNA, Nalakachakram, Calicut: Poorna Publications, 1990.

9 Folk of Kerala. India: NBT, "Ritual, A Tradition made Contemporary." Ruchi (Dec. 1992): "Karimkutty." Sahityalokam. (Jan-Feb. 1993): Kaikuttappadu. Kozhikkodu: Poorna Publications, Narayanan, Kattumadom Nayar, S.K. Ozinski, Zbigniew Pande, Varad. --- Malayala Natakaprasthanam. Thrissur: K.S.A., "Keralathile Nadodinadaganqal - Mudiyettu. " Mathrubhoomi Weekly (1950 July 23, July 30, Auq. 6, Aug. 13, Auq. 20) 9, 12, 10, 16, 18. "Grotowski bazes the Trails." TDR (Spring 1991): History of Indian Theatre. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications Traditions of India Theatre. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, Panikkar, Ayyappa "Kalidarsanam." 1977: Kali Kottayam: NBS, "Anustanakalakalum Malayala Drisyavediyum", Bhashaposhini. (Dec. Jan ) "A Dialogue with Richard Schechner." Ruchi 1.2 (June 1982):

10 "Sauparnikakkoravadharika." Sauparnika. Kottayam: NBS, "The Mask Dance of God of Death in Padayani." The Theatre of the Earth is Never Dead. Thrissur Traditional Arts Project, Panikkar, R. Ayyappapanikkarude Avatharikakal. Thrissur: Current Books, Myth, Faith and Hermeneutics, Bangalore: ATC, Pillai, Kadmlnanitta Vasudevan. Padeniyile Palakkolangal. Alappuzha: Janajakrithi, Pillai, Kesava, K.C. Sadharma. Kottayam: NBS, 1963 Pillai, Kochunarayana(ed). G. Sankara Pillai, Oru Anvekshakanum. Kottayam: D.C. Books, Pillai, Narayana, K.S. Drisyavedi. Kottayam: D.C. Books "Adhunikanadakavum Agniyum." w, Thiruvalla: Bethany Publications, Pillai, Sankara, G. Snehadoodhan, Kottayam: N.B.S., Sarasayanam. Kottayam: NBS, 1963 Malayala Nataka Sahityacharitram. Thrissur: KSA, Karutha Daivathethedi, Kottayam: D.C. Books, 1980.

11 Kiratham. Trivandrum: Samkramanam, Mudevi Theyyam. Kottayam: NBS, (ed) The Theatre of the Earth is Never Dead. - Thrissur: ~raditional Arts Project, 1986 b. "Mukhavura" Mudevi Theyyam, Kottayam: NBS, Krishna Paksham, Kottayam: Current ~ooks, 1989 a. G. Sankarapillayude Ekangangal. Kottayam: NBS, 1989 b ~kaki,. Kottayam: DCB, 1989 C. "Kaliyum Kooliyum, Adhunikanadakavum." Natakadharsanam. Kottaya: D.C. Books, Plavilathoppikal. Trivandrum: The State Institute of Children's Literature, Samvidhayakasankalpam. Books, Kottayam: D.C. Pillai, Vayala Vasudevan. Viswadarsanam, Kottayam: NBS, Thulaseevanam. Thiruvananthapuram: Pub. by the author, Agni. Thiruvalla: Bethany Publications, 1982.

12 "Agnikkupinnil". a. Thiruvalla: Bethany Publications, "Malayalam Drama 1983" - MLS (July-Dec. 1984): Rangabaksha. Kottayam: D.C. Books, "Movement in Modern Theatre." 3.2 (Sept. 1987): Ruchi Kuchelaqadha. Vaikom: Natakagrandhasala, "G. Sankara Pillayum, Malayala Nadakave- diyum." (Bhashaposhini 1989, July) "Naveena natakangal, Bhavathalangalil." Malayala Manorama Annual Orupakshikunjinte Maranam. Thrissur : Current Books, "Indian Performance Studies." - An Introduction" Ruchi 5.1 (December 1992): Pisharadi, Narayana, K.P. Koothampalangalil, Kottayam: NBS, Prbhakaran, N. Trans. Bharathumniyde Natyasastram Vol. I, I1 and 111. Thrissur: KSA, 1971, 1979, Kalalokam. Thrissur: KAS, Pulijanmam. Calicut: Mulberry Books, 1987.

13 "Pulijanmathintepiravi." --- Puli 'anmam. Ca1icut:Mulberry- Books,l Prasad, Narendra, R. Sauparnika. Kottayam: D.C. Books, Velliyazhcha, Kottayam: D.C. Books, Padippura, Kottayam, Current Books, Arangum Porulum, Kottayam: Current Books, Kumarana Varunnilla. Kottayam: D.C. Books, Pronko, Leonard Cambell. Theatre, East and West perspective Towards a Total Theatre. Los Angels, London: University of California Press, Raghavan, Payyanadu. "Theyyattathile Anustanasankalpangal." (1976 Oct.): 7-14 "Nadodinrithangalum Theyyavum. " Theyyam. Thrissur: KSNA, Theyyavum Thottampattum. Kottayam SPC, Folklore. Thiruvananthapuram: The State Institute of Language, Ramakrishnan, Kadammanitta. "C.N. Sreekantan Nayarude Nadakangal." Natakakkalari, Kottayam: NBS, Rangacharya, Adya. The Indian Theatre. New Delhi: NBTI, 1968.

14 Rangavatharanam (Theatrical productions). Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Baksha Institute, Ranjini and Gananath. Richmond, P. Farely. "Comic Ritual Dances in Sri Lanka." TDR 20.1 (March 1976): "Some Religious Aspects of Indian Traditional Theatre" - TDR 15.3 (Spring 1971): (ed) Indian Theatre Traditions of Performance. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, Schechner, Richard. "6 Axioms for Environmental Theatre." TDR 12.3 (Spring 1968): "Audience Participation." - TDR 15.3 (Summer 1971): Environmental Theatre. NY: Howthorn Books, "From Ritual to Theatre and Back: The Structure/process of the Efficacy - Entertainment Dyad." ETJ 4.4 (Dec, 1974): "Inter cultural performance." TDR 26.2 (Summer 1982): Editorial. Interview by Ayyappapanikkar Ruchi 1.2. (June 1982): 70 Performative Circumstances from Avant-Grade to Ramlila. Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1983.

15 Between Theatre and Anthropology Ed. NY, Routledge, 1988:126. Rev. (ed By Means of Performance. Cambridge: CUP, 1990: Sellin, Eric. Sircar, Badal, Staal, Frits The Dramatic Concept of Antonin Artaud. Chicago: Chicago UP, The Changing Lanquage of Theatre. New Delhi : Indian Council for Agricultural Relations, "Ritual Mantras and the Hindu Science", A review Essary of Rules without Meaning. NY: PeterLang, Stanislavski, Constantian: An Actor Prepares. Trans. E.R. Hapgood. London: Eyre Methuens, 1937 rept Creating a Role. Trans. E.R. Hapgood. London: Eyre Methuen, Styan, J.I. Modern Drama in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: CUP, Sukumaran T.P. (ed) Athunikanadakangal. Kozhikkodu: Bodhi Books, "Avatharika". Nadugaddhika Nadavayal: Gaddhika Publications, Tharakan, Polachirakkal Kochuppan. Mariamma. Kottayam: NBS, Thomas, C.J. Uyarunna Yavanika, Kottayam: NBS,

16 "Natakam"., Vicharavum Veekshanavum. Kottayam: D.C. Books, Turner, Victor. From Ritual to Theatre. NY: Performing Arts Journal Publications Ritual Process. Press, NY: Cornel University Valiya Koi Thampuran, Kerala Varma. Manipravala Sakuntalam. Kottayam: NBS, Varma, Kerala G. Venu, G. Manthravadhavum Madhavum. Thrissur, KSA, Production of a play in Kutiyattom. Irinjalakkuda: Natanakairali, Vijaya Raghavan C.J. Muthal C.N. Vare. Books, Kottayam: D.C. Zeralli, Philip B. "Kalari Payattu: Martial Art of Kerala." TDR (June 1979)

17 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT CHAPTER I 1.0. INTRODUCTION The evolution of Modern Malayalam Theatre The investigation-points Justification of the Investigation Methodology Structural analysis Observation Interview Analysis of data Reporting 1.4 Organisation of the Thesis CHAPTER - II 2.0 RITUAL AND THEATRE Introduction Ritual, definition and scope Ritual and Religion Ritual as irrational acts Ritual as Symbols Ritual and art Origin of Ritual Fertility cult Ritual and sacrifice Functional approach Ritual and Religion Functions of Rituals Social Integration Ritual in the modern Context Ritual and myth Myth in the modern Context Myth in ritual Connection Origin of Indian Theatre Ritual dances : the origin of Indian Theatre Theatre : Vedic origin Theatre : Tribal origin The actor - concept in Ritual arts Training in Ritual arts and Theatre Transformation and Transportation in Ritual Arts and Theatre Performance Theory Status elevation and status reversal of the performer in ritual arts The performative principle of 'Tai' and 'Ya' Audience in Ritual arts : Experiences Audience-participation : Physical level Audience-performer identification Ritual and Theatre 2.9 Theatre-Externals in ritual arts : a lesson 2.10 Analysis CHAPTER - III RITUAL IN THEATRE (Ritual concepts in Artaud and Grotowski)

18 3.0 Introduction Actor Theatre-language Actor-Training The ritual concept of actor in Artaud Theatre-Language in Artaud : Ritual relevance Actor-Training Trance in the actor, a ritual element Transformation and transportation Action in The Cenci, an analysis Action-sequences in The Spurt of Blood Audience in Artaud Treatment of myth and audience participation Catharsis in Artaud, its ritual significance The ritual relevance of theatre externals in Artaud Costumes in Artaud's Theatre Stage-props and sets Musical instruments : Music and Sound Light as visual symbol 3.5 Analysis Actor-concept in Grotowski, ritual influence The difference in the concept of the actor in Grotowski and Artaud Action as sacrifice and autopenetration, a ritual quality Acting-Score or theatre language in Grotowski : A comparison with ritual arts Preparation of the Actor in Grotowski; ritual influence Actor in Grotowski, ritual influence of the East Grotowski and Balinese Theatre Body-memory, a ritual concept Transformation and Transportation in Grotowski's actor, a ritual comparison Audience-concept in Grotowski; ritual influence Catharsis in Grotowski, a social psychotherapy The ritual element of actor-audience communion New concept of the spectator Paratheatrical experiments - ritual elements Treatment of myth in Grotowski - a means of audience participation as in ritual arts Theatre-Externals. Sensuous elements in Grotowski's Costume, Music, Stage props etc Analysis CHAPTER IV THEATRE IN RITUALS 4.0. Introduction Theyyam Theyyam : a community act Ritual enactments in Theyyam Actor-Concept in Theyyam Training of the performer in Theyyam `Abhinaya'in Theyyam and Natyasastra Transformation and Transportation Belief in the performer Some moments of drama in Theyyams Status reversal of the actor Theyyam : a theatre of cruelty 'Audience in Theyyam Environmental Theatre of Theyyam and audience-involvement

19 4.3.2 Catharsis in Theyyam Myths in Theyyam and audience Costumes Theyyam-Costume Materials used in Theyyam-decoration Significance of weapons in Theyyam 'Mukhathezhuthu' General functions of Masks Types of masks and their functions Properties used in Theyyam Lighting System Modernisation of Theyyam Mudiyettu Myth in Mudiyettu Rituals in Mudiyettu Actor-concept in Mudiyettu Traditions and perogatives of the actor Actor-training Acting-Score Transformation and trasportation of the performer From Ritual to Theatre in Mudiyettu Catharsis, a theatre function Mudiyettu as theatre, Sampoorna Mudiyettu The concept of the director in Mudiyettu Audience in Mudiyettu Audience-status Audience-belief Actor-audience communication Audience-participation, influence of Myth Costumes in Mudiyettu - Theatre functions 'Chuttikkaran' (make-up man) Properties used on the stage Yavanika' (Thirassila) Theatrical function of'yavanika' 'Yavanika' as a part of action 'Peedom' 'Nilavilakku', theatre-functions The lighting in Mudiyettu Music in Mudiyettu The changing phases of Mudiyettu today Theatre lessons from Mudiyettu -Analysis CHAPTER V INFLUENCE OF RITUALS IN MODERN MALAYALAM THEATRE Case -Studies - Phase I 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Ritual concept in C.N Artaud and C.N Kali Myth in Kali Actor in Kali Preparation of the actor in Kali Ritual moments in action Creation of 'Velichappadu'

20 5.1.8 Artaud's concept of using language in Kali Transformation and transportation of the actors Audience in Kali Catharsis in Kali Use of stage-props - ritual influence The Costume of the characters Music and Lighting Analysis Kavalam :Avanavan Kadampa. Introduction Ritual concept in Kavalam Ritual and Theatre in Kavalam Actor and actor preparation Actor's training in Kadampa Acting - Score - The evolution -- Difference with ritual arts Ritual moments in action Transformation and Transportation of the actor About myths and myths in Kadampa Audience-concept in Kavalam's Theatre and Kadampa Music in Kavalam's Theatre and Kadampa ritual influence Ritual stage-props used in the play Ritual Constumes Analysis - Kavalam, Artaud and Grotowski Mudevi Theyyam: Introduction Ritual concept in G.S Director in G.S Actor in G.S Actor-training Actor in Mudevi Theyyam Transformation and transportation of the actors Ritual idiom in the play Myth in Mudevi Theyyam Concept of the audience in G.S. and Mudevi Theyyam Stage props in 'Mudevi Theyyam' Ritual music in Mudevi Theyyam The concepts of Artaud and Grotowski in Mudevi Theyyam CHAPTER VI INFLUENCE OF RITUALS IN MODERN MALAYALAM THEATRE - Phase II -- Case studies 6.0. Introduction Vayala Vasudevan Pillai - Introduction Ritual-concept in Vayala Actor-concept ; ritual influence Preparation of the actor in Agni Transformation and transportation in the actors The Treatment of myth in Agni Audience : ritual influence Ritual-sequence in the action of Agni Stage-props Music in Agni : ritual influence Costume Use of light General assessment of Vayala's theatre, ritual influence Sauparnika : R Narendraprasad (R.l. p) - Introduction Traditional concept in RNP Actor-concept'in RNP and Sauparnika

21 6.2.3 Transformation and transportation The conceptt of the director Treatment of myth in Sauparnika Ritual sequences in action Ritual stage-props Properties and space : their proportion Use of Music, ritual influence Audience-concept Audience in Sauparnika Analysis Nadugaddhika : Introduction Gaddhika ritual Treatment of myth in the play Actor-concept in Nadugaddhika The transformation and transportation in the actors Audience in Nadugaddhika Music and lighting, ritual influence Analysis Pulijanmam : Introduction Myth in Pulijanmam and its treatment in the play Actor in N.P., ritual concept Ritual influence in the action- sequence of the play Audience in Pulijanmam Ritual stage-props Application of music Lighting, ritual influence CHAPTER VII 7.0 CONCLUSION Ritual Moving towards Theatre The functions of actor-concept The uses and functions of actor training in ritual arts. Comparison with Artaud and Grotowski Lessons of actor-training from Theyyam and Mudiyettu The ritual concepts of actor-training in Modern Malayalam Theatre The function of transformation and transportation The concept of audience - Relevance to Artaud and Grotowski Catharsis - Relevance in Artaud and Grotowski The uses and functions of myths - ritual influence Theatre-externals in ritual arts relevance in Artaud and Grotowski Theatre-externals in Theyyam : lessons Theatre-externals in Mudiyettu : lessons The uses of theatre-externals of ritual arts in C.N., Kavalam and G.S Theatre-externals in Vayala, R.N.P., Baby and N.P. - Ritual bearings APPENDIX (A I) (Interviews) AI - 1 A.K. Nambiar on Theyyam Al -2 Pazhoor Damodhara Marar on Mudiyettu AI - 3 Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai AI -4 P.K. Venukkuttan Nair (P.K.V) on Kali AI- 5 Kavalam Narayana Panikkar (Kavalam) on Avanavan Kadampa AI-6 S. Ramanujam on Mudevi Theyyam AI - 7 Vayala Vasudevan Pillai on Agni AI- 8 M.K. Gopalakrishnan on Sauparnika AI- 9 K.J. Baby on. Nadugaddhika AI -10 N. Prabhakaran on Pulijanmam APPENDIX II (AII) CHART SHOWING SELECT PLAYS WITH RITUAL INFLUENCE IN MODERN

22 MALAYALAM THEATRE OF THE PERIOD OF STUDY APPENDIX III (A III) SELECT-LIST OF ARTISTS / PERFORMERS / AUTHORS / DIRECTORS / ACTORS -- interviewed APPENDIX IV GLOSSARY APPENDIX V FOOT NOTES (N.1 to N.40) APPENDIX VI WORK CITED AND REFERENCES

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