MAHĀBHĀRATA HISTORICITY. by Prof. B.B. Lal
|
|
- Milo Michael Todd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MAHĀBHĀRATA HISTORICITY by Prof. B.B. Lal
2 THE PROBLEM There are two extremely divergent views about the historicity of the Mahabharata. To the faithful, everything mentioned in the text is true to the very letter. To some others, it is a mere figment of imagination. The reason for such a confusion lies in the very nature of the epic itself. Say, for example, if Krishna was a historical figure, he is unlikely to have been later than Buddha who lived in 6 th -5 th centuries BCE.
3 THE PROBLEM (Contd.) On the other hand, parts of the text may be as late as the 4 th Cent. CE, since it refers not only to the Greeks and Romans but also to the Huns what an yawning gap between the event and the text! Secondly, the Mahabharata, as available now, comprises over 100,000 verses, but earlier it consisted of 24,000 verses and called the Bharata. Still earlier, it had only 8,000 verses, called the Jaya. Thus, what indeed is the original can t be determined.
4 THE PROBLEM (Contd,) Thirdly, let it not be forgotten that the Mahabharata was not meant to be a history book. It is an epic (prabandhakavya) and the poet enjoyed absolute liberty to let his imagination fly high. Thus, one cannot question his use of superlatives while describing the palaces or the strength of the armies on the battlefield or the supernatural weapons used by them.
5 THE APPROACH As an archaeologist, I thought that a way to ascertain the truth might be to explore and excavate sites associated with the Mahabharata story and find out what these have to say in the matter. In this context, a very important point to note is that all the Mahabharata sites, luckily, continue to bear the same names even today as they did in antiquity, e.g. Hastinapura, Mathura, Kurukshetra, etc.
6
7 HASTINAPURA THE KEY SITE Way back, in , I conducted excavations at the key site of Hastinapura, the capital of the Kauravas, located on the right bank of the Ganga, in Meerut Distt, Uttar Pradesh, some 60 miles north-east of Delhi. The results were very startling, as we shall see from the slides that follow.
8
9
10
11 Claims of the PGW Culture At this point, it needs to be emphasized that it is the Painted Grey Ware Culture which is the lowest common denominator at all the sites associated with the Mahabharata story referred to earlier and shown on the map. In fact, even sites associated with the story through verbal tradition have yielded remains of the Painted Grey Ware Culture.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28 Archaeology vis-à-vis the Texts In the context of the archaeological evidence of a flood having destroyed Hastinapura, the texts aver: Gangayapahrite tsmin nagare Nagasahavaye Tyaktva Nichaksur nagaram Kausambyam sa nivatsyati i.e. When the city of Nagasahvya (Hastinapura) is carried away by the Ganga, Nichakshu (the then ruler) will abandon it and dwell in Kausambi. And the archaeological evidence corroborates it.
29
30 Chronological Horizon of the Mahabharata War We now come to the most crucial issue, viz. the probable date of the Mahabharata War. As mentioned in the texts, it was during the time of Nichkshu that the capital was shifted from Hastinapura to Kausambi. The texts further tell us that (a) Nichakshu was 5 th ruler in succession from Parikshit who ascended the throne after the War;
31 Chronological Horizon (contd.) and (b) amongst the rulers at Kausambi Udayana was 19 th from Nichakshu. Hence Udayana was the 24 th ruler after the War. Further, it is well known that Udayana was contemporary of Buddha who passed away in 487 BCE. Thus, in broad figures, Udayana may have ruled around 500 BCE. The next question is: What was the total duration of the reigns of these 24 rulers?
32
33 Chronological Horizon (contd.) If we round off the years average per ruler to 14 years or even extend it to, say, 15, the date of the War would work out as follows: 24 (rulers) x 15 years (average reign per ruler) = 360 years. If we add this number, 360, to 500 BCE, when Udayana was ruling, we arrive at the date of 860 BCE for the War.
34 Chronological Horizon (contd.) This is not to say that the War took place exactly in 860 BCE. It is a figure arrived at from a combined evidence of archaeology and literature. We may further round it off to circa 900 BCE, but perhaps no more! I would be failing in my duty if I did not mention dates (all in BCE) assigned by other scholars to the War: 1424(K.P. Jayaswal); 1400(A.S.Altekar); 950 (F.E. Pargiter); 9 th cent. (H.C.Raychaudhury).
35 Chronological Horizon (contd.) I have commented on these dates in my various papers and would not like to repeat the same here. But I would certainly like to say a few words about 3102 BCE, based on a lonely inscription at Aihole dated to Saka year 556 i.e CE. This date, however, seems to be supported by astronomical data in the Mahabharata, as interpreted by Prof. Narhar Acharya.
36 Chronological Horizon (contd.) My difficulty in accepting this date is that around 3102 BCE (nor even for another 1000 years to come) none of the sites associated with the Mahabharata story was in existence be it Hastinapura or Indraprastha or Mathura, as established by the excavations at these sites. How can then we enact the Mahabharata story without these sites having been there? Can we?
37 Chronological Horizon (contd.) There is yet another way of looking at the figure 3102 BCE. As seen earlier, there were 24 rulers from Parikshit, who ascended the throne after the War, to Udayana who ruled around 500 BCE. This gives an average of 108 years per ruler: = 2602, divided by 24 = 108. Nowhere in the entire world has there been such an average per ruler. Has there to be a special case for India? Let the learned audience think and decide!
38 Thank you very much for your patient hearing.
39
40
41
DOWNLOAD OR READ : THE MAHABHARATA OF KRISHNA DWAIPAYANA VYASA BOOK 6 BHISHMA PARVA PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : THE MAHABHARATA OF KRISHNA DWAIPAYANA VYASA BOOK 6 BHISHMA PARVA PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 the mahabharata of krishna dwaipayana vyasa book 6 bhishma parva the mahabharata of
More informationKINGDOMS, KINGS AND AN EARLY REPUBLIC
CHAPTER 6 KINGDOMS, KINGS AND AN EARLY REPUBLIC 54 Election day Shankaran woke up to see his grandparents all ready to go and vote. They wanted to be the first to reach the polling booth. Why, Shankaran
More informationHISTORY ASSIGNMENTS. Assignment 1 What, Where, How and When? Q.1. Answer in a word:
Assignment 1 What, Where, How and When? Q.1. Answer in a word: Q.2. Very short answers. HISTORY ASSIGNMENTS The place where rice was first grown. The area along the south of the Ganga. The earliest composition
More informationIAS Prelims Exam: Ancient History NCERT Questions: Kinship, Caste and Class
IAS Prelims Exam: Ancient History NCERT Questions: Kinship, Caste and Class Questions asked from Ancient Indian History section in IAS Prelims Exam are quite easy but the candidates need to memorise well
More information2. BUDDHIST HERITAGE OF ODISHA. Himanshu Prabha Ray
FROM:- M/S.B.BANERJI, ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLERS, 5,R.B.C.ROAD, DUM DUM CANT. KOLKATA-700028,INDIA: LIST OF DATED 11.09.13 banerjee.books@gmail.com banerjee_books@rediffmail.com 1. AJANTA Handbook of the
More informationBUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS
CHAPTER 12 BUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS Marutasami and the iron pillar Marutasami was so excited. His brother had propelled his wheelchair all along the dusty, stony path, past the towering Qutb Minar,
More informationWinmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course History Part ] Mahajanapadas. Notes
History Part - 6 6] Mahajanapadas Notes 1. Small Aryan Kings Janapadas 2. Many Janapadas joint together Mahajanapadas 3. Term Mahajanapadas is derived from Sanskrit 4. Strongest Mahajanapadas Kosala, Avanti,
More informationHistory Chapters 6, 7, 8,
Group Three Chapters 6. Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic 7. New Questions and Ideas 8. Ashoka, the Emperor who gave up war 11. New Empires and Kingdoms Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic
More informationAssessment: The Achievements of the Gupta Empire
Name Date Assessment: The Achievements of the Gupta Empire 1. What happened on the Indian subcontinent in the time period between the Mauryan and Gupta empires? A. It went through a golden age. B. It experienced
More informationMedia and Lost History. Kanchan Luthra Assistant Prof. Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai
Media and Lost History Kanchan Luthra Assistant Prof. Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai kanchan.luthra@sarafcollege.org Abstract: History has actually become history. The society is
More informationPÀ ÁðlPÀ gádå G À Áå ÀPÀgÀ CºÀðvÁ ÀjÃPÉë (PÉ- Émï) KARNATAKA STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST (K-SET) FOR LECTUERSHIP
PÀ ÁðlPÀ gádå G À Áå ÀPÀgÀ CºÀðvÁ ÀjÃPÉë (PÉ- Émï) KARNATAKA STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST (K-SET) FOR LECTUERSHIP Subject: ARCHAEOLOGY Subject Code: 33 Syllabus and Sample Questions Note: There will be two question
More informationIndian Civilization. Chapter Five: Ancient Civilizations of India and China. The Indus River Valley Civilization. Map 5.1
Chapter Five: Ancient Civilizations of India and China Map 5.1 Indian Civilization The Indus River Valley Civilization Mohenjo-daro Agriculture-based society (cotton) Centralization Ecological disasters
More informationVyasa is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions.
MahaBharata-Sanskrit[Team Nanban][TPB] About Veda Vyasa: Vyasa is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is also sometimes called Veda Vyasa, (the one who classified the Vedas in to
More informationInternational Archaeology Day
D.K.Hari & D.K.Hema Hari, Founders, Bharath Gyan Archaeology is a field of work that involves identifying ancient sites, some buried under mounds of sand, excavating artifacts from these ancient sites
More informationA pocket of intense Muslim presence and growth in Uttar Pradesh
A pocket of intense Muslim presence and growth in Uttar Pradesh After discussing the share and growth of Muslims in Jammu and Kashmir, in Malerkotla of Punjab and in Mewat of Haryana, we deviated from
More informationIn many movies, we observe that the protagonist or the hero gets
9 Dronacharya In many movies, we observe that the protagonist or the hero gets introduced and his background is revealed. Simultaneously, the movie depicts the background of other characters. At some point
More informationBhagavad Gita AUTHORSHIP AND ORIGIN
Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita is an ancient text that became an important work of Hindu tradition in terms of both literature and philosophy. The earliest translations of this work from Sanskrit into
More informationChapter -7 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Chapter -7 Chapter-7 Analytical Study The analysis of the study of the excavated sites and explored sites is given below: Spatial Distribution of explored sites: The explored sites have been reported from
More informationP9 Unit 4. Model Buddhists
P9 Unit 4 Model Buddhists King Asoka 2 3 King Asoka the Great (232-304 BCE) 3rd King of Mauryan Dynasty Son of King Bindusara and his wife Subhadrangi (or Dharma) King Bundusara had 100 sons and, before
More informationExperience the Knowledge of India
Page 1 of 17 Congregation Centre of Knowledge D.K.HARI D.K.HEMA HARI BHARATH GYAN SERIES Bridging Worlds Thru Knowledge Experience The Knowledge Of India Page 2 of 17 D.K.Hari & D.K.Hema Hari, Founders,
More informationOnline Readings for TRA #1a. Essential Elements of Culture (in the course content site):
Online Readings for TRA #1a Essential Elements of Culture (in the course content site): 1. "Two Views of History" (section I(b)) 2. Analyzing the Details of Practice (section V) Supplementary Background
More informationExploring an integrated approach to re-assess and authenticate museum documentation: Case study of the Gandhara Collection of Indian Museum, Kolkata.
Exploring an integrated approach to re-assess and authenticate museum documentation: Case study of the Gandhara Collection of Indian Museum, Kolkata. Lubna Sen, M.A (2013-15), History of Art Department,
More informationWas there a Temple in the Janma-bhµumi Area at Ayodhyå Preceding the Construction of the Babari Masjid?
CHAPTER II Was there a Temple in the Janma-bhµumi Area at Ayodhyå Preceding the Construction of the Babari Masjid? As mentioned earlier (pp. 20ff.), excavations were carried out in the Janma-Bhµumi area
More informationName: Date: Block: The Beginnings - Tracking early Hinduism
Name: Date: Block: Discussion Questions - Episode 1: The Beginnings - Tracking early Hinduism Chapter 1: The First Indians 1. What was significant about the first settlers of India? 2. Where is it believed
More informationIAS Prelims Exam: Ancient History NCERT Questions: The Vedic Civilisation
IAS Prelims Exam: Ancient History NCERT Questions: The Vedic Civilisation Old edition of NCERT Books are still high in demand for UPSC IAS Exam Preparation because it has extensive coverage of the topics
More informationJerusalem s Status in the Tenth-Ninth Centuries B.C.E. Around 1000 B.C.E., King David of the Israelites moved his capital from its previous
Katherine Barnhart UGS303: Jerusalem November 18, 2013 Jerusalem s Status in the Tenth-Ninth Centuries B.C.E. Around 1000 B.C.E., King David of the Israelites moved his capital from its previous location
More informationAsia in the Past. Indus Civilization
Indus Civilization Asia in the Past Who were people living in this civilization? What did they do? How did they live? In which cities did they live? How well were the cities designed? How long did this
More informationthe Mauryan Empire. Rise of the Maurya Empire
DUE 02/22/19 Name: Lesson Three - Ancient India Empires (Mauryan and Gupta) 6.28 Describe the growth of the Maurya Empire and the political and moral achievements of the Emperor Asoka. 6.29 Identify the
More informationHistory Class 6 Chapters 1,2,5,
For purpose of ease of learning and clarity, the chapters in this Textbook are being grouped as follows: Group One included in this file 1. What, Where, How and When? 2. On the trail of the earliest People
More informationSyllabus History of South Asia 1 Course number 21:510:280 Fall 2016, Rutgers University-Newark Tuesday/Thursday 10:00 am 11:20 am, ENG-209
Syllabus History of South Asia 1 Course number 21:510:280 Fall 2016, Rutgers University-Newark Tuesday/Thursday 10:00 am 11:20 am, ENG-209 INSTRUCTOR Audrey Truschke Department of History Office in 310
More informationBUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS
CHAPTER 12 BUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS The iron pillar 122 OUR PASTS I Marutasami and the iron pillar Marutasami was so excited. His brother had propelled his wheelchair all along the dusty, stony path,
More informationLinking of Rivers in India: Myths and Realities
Linking of Rivers in India: Myths and Realities P. V. Krishnan New Delhi, India Hindu Invocation Water is everything; Elements of the world is Water, air is Water, Living beings are Water, food is Water,
More informationMauryan Empire 321 B.C.E B.C.E.
Mauryan Empire 321 B.C.E.- 185 B.C.E. Mauryan Empire NAME ROLL NO. NAME ROLL NO. PIYUSH ZINZALA 14SA162 AABHA PARIKH 14SA101 JEEGAR VARIYA 14SA134 KHUSHALI SACHANIA 14SA140 JAY PRAJAPATI 14SA133 FARAN
More informationThe emergence of South Asian Civilization. September 26, 2013
The emergence of South Asian Civilization. September 26, 2013 Review What was the relationship of Han China to Vietnam, and to Korea? Who were the Xiongnu? (What is a barbarian?) What was the Silk Road?
More informationThis resource supports the Causes PowerPoint. The Causes of The English Civil War
This resource supports the Causes PowerPoint The Causes of The English Civil War Clash Arrogant Traditional Remonstrance Parliament Duties MP Divine Right Causes of The English Civil War : key words. Discover:
More informationQUESTION: Why Do Hindus Worship Many Gods?
QUESTION: Why Do Hindus Worship Many Gods? Human beings through history have formulated many different names and forms for the Divine or Eternal. Just as we have many names and forms for other things,
More informationBiblical Archaeology
Biblical Archaeology So what is Archaeology? The word archaeology is derived from the Greek archaio (ancient, old) and logos (word, study): thus signifying the orderly arrangement of ancient things. Archaeology
More informationIndia and China Chapter 3.
India and China Chapter 3 http://www.studentsfriend.com/sfcimage/map13see.jpeg Geography Impacts Early India India is a subcontinent Hindu-Kush and Himalaya Mountains to north Indus and Ganges Rivers in
More informationThe Ramayana Initiative of the Ministry of Tourism. - Gaston Perera
The Ramayana Initiative of the Ministry of Tourism - Gaston Perera Object of Presentation - to describe what the Ministry does in employing the Ramayana legend to attract Indian tourists METHODOLOGY To
More informationQUESTION PAPER TEST- III (ANCIENT INDIA)
QUESTION PAPER TEST- III (ANCIENT INDIA) Copyright by SELFSTUDYHISTORY.COM Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 250 ==================================================================================
More informationThe Mayans : Cross-Curricular Topic : Year 3/4
History Investigate how and when Europeans encountered the Mayan civilisation. The Mayans A KS cross-curricular topic for Year and 4 Geography Locate where the Mayans lived on a world map and the modern
More informationInformation and Resources. Gathered in my name...
Education Sunday 2017 Information and Resources Gathered in my name... For where two or three are gathered in my name...... I am there among them. Matthew 18: 20 I remember my first teacher, that woman,
More informationSMALL GROUP ADVENT REFLECTIONS (Year B)
SMALL GROUP ADVENT REFLECTIONS (Year B) This is a discipline for use in relation to the Sundays of Advent, a method of aural reflection on the first reading appointed for the coming Sunday. It follows
More informationStory to illustrate Lobha, Moha, Mada, Matsarya: The coffee cups (See previous class)
Review: What are the six enemies of happiness? What is the moral of the seven pots story? Story to illustrate Lobha, Moha, Mada, Matsarya: The coffee cups (See previous class) Review Mahabharat Part 8
More informationWeb Site. Ancient Voice. Eternal Voices from the Past
Web Site Ancient Voice http://ancientvoice.net http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com Eternal Voices from the Past This website is a wiki site like Wikipedia, but contains much more features than a Wikipedia.
More informationHistory Class XII Themes in Indian History. Unit Periods Topic Subject Matter Activities/TLM. Script of harappah. Legacy.
History Class XII Themes in Indian History Unit Periods Topic Subject Matter Activities/TLM 1. 8 The Story of the Discovery, Age, Extent 1. Location of First cities: and Cities of Harappan major sites
More informationStupas were burial mounds prevalent in India. The art of Stupas reached its climax during Ashokan period. Stupas belongs to Buddhist tradition.
0 Which of the following were the aims behind pillar inscriptions? Symbol of the State Commemorate battle victories Propagate imperial sermons Select the correct answer from the given codes. Answer : d
More informationBRAHMI Rediscovering the Lost Script. Ankita Roy
BRAHMI Rediscovering the Lost Script Ankita Roy Why Brahmi? Attraction Translating Text to visuals Understanding the subject The indic scripts are an decendent of Brahmi. Target Audience A person deeply
More informationArt of South and Southeast Asia Before 1200
Art of South and Southeast Asia Before 1200 Stupa and early Buddhist sculpture, narrative style and tribhanga pose Early iconography of the Buddha: from symbols to icon Buddhist Cave Shrines of Ajanta
More informationMeasurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment of agricultural labour in tarai regions of Uttaranchal State and Uttar Pradesh
International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology Citation: IJAEB: 8(1): 219-225 March 2015 DOI Number: 10.5958/2230-732X.2015.00028.5 2015 New Delhi Publishers. All rights reserved 27
More informationWorld History: Grade 9
World History: Grade 9 Unit 4.2.1: Lesson 1 Belief Systems in China: Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism 581 BCE - 1368 CE Unit 4.2.1 Lesson 1: Belief Systems in China M.T. Donkin Unit Objectives: 1. Explain
More informationLearn strategies for approaching and making sense of primary historical sources. Learning to understand and evaluate scholarly arguments.
Syllabus History of South Asia 1 Course number 21:510:280 Fall 2017, Rutgers University-Newark Tuesday/Thursday 10:00 am 11:20 am, HIL-101 INSTRUCTOR Audrey Truschke Department of History Office in 310
More informationHindu. Hinduism Sacred Images Narrative Traditions
Hindu Hinduism Sacred Images Narrative Traditions We have already learned that the stories of Hinduism came from the Vedic Texts. In the course of the first Millennium BCE the Vedas were succeeded by the
More informationSermon Matthew 2:1-12 January 7, Sermon Title: The Humble Search of the Magi
Sermon Matthew 2:1-12 January 7, 2018 Matthew 2:1-12 HPMF Sermon Title: The Humble Search of the Magi Matthew 2:1-12 In the time of King Herod, after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea, wise men from
More informationBUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS
Chapter 17 BUILDINGS, PAINTINGS AND BOOKS Unit-2 : OUR PASTS History The buildings were constructed for various purposes individual, social, religious and political. But now the skills of the craftspersons
More informationLesson Number Thirty Six Chapter 8 The Ram And The He Goat
Lesson Number Thirty Six Chapter 8 The Ram And The He Goat 11/18/2017 The Book Of Daniel The Judgment of The Horn that Spoke This passage of Scripture does deal with the day of Pentecost: Dan 7:13-14 reveals
More informationHISTORIOGRAPHICAL TRADITIONS IN EARLY INDIA
UNIT 7 HISTORIOGRAPHICAL TRADITIONS IN EARLY INDIA Structure 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Earliest Histories : The Vedic Danastutis 7.3 Are the Epics Historical Narratives? 7.4 Puranic Genealogies and What They
More informationEarly Civilizations in India and China
Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 3, Section World History: Connection to Today Chapter 3 Early Civilizations
More informationDating the Exodus: Another View
Dating the Exodus: Another View Article by Gary Greenberg published in KMT: A Modern Journal About Ancient Egypt, Summer 1994 Return to Bible Myth and History Home Page Omar Zuhdi s article on dating the
More informationBRHAMI THE DIVINE SCRIPT
BRHAMI THE DIVINE SCRIPT Ashoka inscription at Naneghat, junnar Brahmi is considered to be one of the most ancient scripts in the sub-continent of India. According to tradition Brahma, the God of Knowledge,
More informationArchaeologists Uncover Life of Luxury in 2,000-year-old Priestly Quarters of Jerusalem
Archaeologists Uncover Life of Luxury in 2,000-year-old Priestly Quarters of Jerusalem Luxuries, like a bathtub, signal that the 2000-year old house being dug up in Mt. Zion, near Caiaphas' home, belonged
More informationA Land of Learning. The Arabic Quest. The Chinese Quest
A Land of Learning The knowledge of India was sought after by different civilizations of the world through millennia. The Arabic Quest Arabs and Persians have continuously sought this knowledge. Many of
More informationAncient Universities in India
Ancient Universities in India Ancient alanda University Nalanda is an ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India from 427 to 1197. Nalanda was established in the 5th century AD in Bihar, India.
More informationBirendra Nath Prasad Assistant Professor Centre for Historical Studies JNU
Page 1 of 11 Birendra Nath Prasad Assistant Professor Centre for Historical Studies JNU Office Address: Room No. 421, CHS/ SSS-III Phone: +91-9580806633 Email : bnprasad@mail.jnu.ac.in bp2628@yahoo.com
More informationHammurabi s Code. Central Historical Question: What can we learn about Babylonia from Hammurabi s Code?
Hammurabi s Code Central Historical Question: What can we learn about Babylonia from Hammurabi s Code? Materials: Background PowerPoint Copies of Documents A-C Modeling Script for Document A Guiding Questions
More informationVI- History Post Mid Question Bank
VI- History Post Mid Question Bank 1. How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilization? Answer: Actual pieces of cloth have been found in Mohenjodaro, attached to the lid of
More informationAs mentioned in the Mahabharata epic, Ujjayini was the capital of the Avanti Kingdom It has
Ujjain (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti,Avantikapuri), is an ancient city of Malwa region in central I ndia, on the eastern bank of the Shipra River, today part of the state of Madhya Pradesh). It
More informationChapter 18 The Achievements of the Gupta Empire. Why is the period during the Gupta Empire known as the golden age?
Chapter 18 The Achievements of the Gupta Empire 18.1. Introduction Why is the period during the Gupta Empire known as the golden age? Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis In this Ajanta cave, richly colored paintings
More informationChapter 18: The Achievement of the Gupta Empire. Learning Target: : I can explain why the Gupta Empire is known as the golden age.
Chapter 18: The Achievement of the Gupta Empire Learning Target: : I can explain why the Gupta Empire is known as the golden age. Introduction Under the Mauryan Empire, India was unified for the first
More informationStation Alpha. SS.6.W.1.1 Use timelines to identify chronological order of historical events
Station Alpha SS.6.W.1.1 Use timelines to identify chronological order of historical events - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Know the Lingo Timeline A.D. (C.E.) B.C. (B.C.E)
More informationWORLD HISTORY SECTION II Total Time-1 hour, 30 minutes. Question 1 (Document-Based Question) Suggested reading and writing time: 55 minutes
WORLD HISTORY SECTION II Total Time-1 hour, 30 minutes Question 1 (Document-Based Question) Suggested reading and writing time: 55 minutes It is suggested that you spend 15 minutes reading the documents
More informationKendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation Class VI Social Science I Term (April September)
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation 2012-13 Class VI Social Science I Term (April September) TOPICS TO BE COVERED *What, where how & when(his) MODE OF ASSESSMENT Collection
More informationArt and Culture 1.6 Post Mauryan Art(Rock-cut caves & Stupas Sculpture- Gandhara Mathura & Amaravati School BY CIVIL JOINT.
Art and Culture 1.6 Post Mauryan Art(Rock-cut caves & Stupas Sculpture- Gandhara Mathura & Amaravati School BY CIVIL JOINT Post Mauryan Art After the decline of the Mauryan Empire in 2 nd century BC, small
More informationRelevance of the Mahabharata
Relevance of the Mahabharata Dr Narendra Kohli The Mahabharata speaks about eternal truths and deals with India s poetry, history, sociology, religion, and spiritual philosophy. It actually covers every
More informationChapter 2 The second step down into the river almost sent me sprawling against the hard stone ghat. A woman in a saree to my right slipped on the moss
Chapter 2 The second step down into the river almost sent me sprawling against the hard stone ghat. A woman in a saree to my right slipped on the mosscovered step and landed with her ribs hitting the stairway
More informationAdi Shankara. A brief history. Raj Vedam, May 12, /16/2013 Raj Vedam
Adi Shankara A brief history Raj Vedam, May 12, 2013 1 Adi Shankara - Ancestry Born in Kalady in Kerala, a village on the banks of the Purna river. Grandfather: Vidhyadhiraja Father: Shivaguru Mother:
More informationAssessment: Learning About Religions: Buddhism
Name Date Assessment: Learning About Religions: Buddhism Mastering the Content Circle the letter next to the best answer. 1. The name Buddha meant one who was A. sorrowful. B. awakened. C. everlasting.
More informationThe New Covenant: Lesson 9
The New Covenant: Lesson 9 We have completed the reference to the New Covenant at the last Passover, first Communion in Matthew, Mark and Luke. We now come to the important reference to the New Covenant
More informationMahabharata: A Modern Retelling By Carole Satyamurti, Vinay Dharwadker
Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling By Carole Satyamurti, Vinay Dharwadker In her vibrant retelling of this set of tales from ancient India, British poet Satyamurti (Countdown) elegantly captures stories of
More informationSection I: The Question:
Guided Document Analysis Questions 2004 DBQ: Buddhism in China Name Section I: The Question: Based on the following documents, analyze the responses to the spread of Buddhism in China. What additional
More informationPerformance Tasks Contextualization: Interaction of Religions and Societies
Student Edition NAME DATE Performance Tasks Contextualization: Interaction of Religions and Societies Goal of task Target Concept: In this task, you will identify the historical context for the growth
More informationKey-note Address. By Dr. Mohammad Manzoor Alam Chairman, Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi
Key-note Address By Dr. Mohammad Manzoor Alam Chairman, Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi for the Two-day National Seminar on Traditional Versus Modern Education: Vision and Planning of Muslim
More informationA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOOD PLANTS BETWEEN PGW PERIOD AND LATER VEDIC PERIOD IN UPPER GANGA PLAIN
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOOD PLANTS BETWEEN PGW PERIOD AND LATER VEDIC PERIOD IN UPPER GANGA PLAIN Dr. Sushant Kumar Pandey, University of Lucknow, Lucknow Knowledge about this pot tradition is found by
More informationWhat happened to the Christians of Andhra Pradesh
What happened to the Christians of Andhra Pradesh There have been often doubts about the number of Christians counted in the Indian Censuses. It is speculated that a large number of Christian converts
More informationTHE WEDDING OF ARJUNA AND SUBHADRA THE KUTIYATTAM DRAMA SUBHADRA DHANANJAYA TEXT WITH VICARATILAKA
THE WEDDING OF ARJUNA AND SUBHADRA THE KUTIYATTAM DRAMA SUBHADRA DHANANJAYA TEXT WITH VICARATILAKA THE WEDDING OF ARJUNA PDF MAHABHARATA - ANCIENT HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA SUBHADRA - WIKIPEDIA 1 / 5 2 / 5
More informationDESCRIPTION ACADEMIC STANDARDS INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS VOCABULARY. Subject Area: History. Subject Area: Geography
DESCRIPTION Panu, an 8-year-old boy from Bangkok, spends the day with his dad before he becomes an apprentice monk. Panu tells about his family and how they live in a public garden. He and his father visit
More informationSmartPrep.in. Later Vedic Society (1000 B.C. to 600 B.C)
Later Vedic Society (1000 B.C. to 600 B.C) The period which extends roughly from 1000 B.C. to 600 B.C. is known as the Later Vedic Period in Indian History. By this period some of Vedic tribes had moved
More informationChapter 3 Reading Guide Classical Civilization: INDIA
Name: Due Date: Chapter 3 Reading Guide Classical Civilization: INDIA UNIT SUMMARY The Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period. Important reasons for India s distinctive path lie
More informationHitech Khadi. In Search of Happiness (2)
Hitech Khadi Assistant Prof. Dr. Pornchai Pacharin-tanakun http://drpornchai.com พรช ย พ ชร นทร ตนะก ล http://www.facebook.com/pornchai.pacharintanakun Freelance Academic Guest Lecturer at Chulalongkorn
More informationWorld History (Survey) Chapter 1: People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259 B.C.
World History (Survey) Chapter 1: People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259 B.C. Section 1: Indo-European Migrations While some peoples built civilizations in the great river valleys, others lived on
More informationAncient Cities Of The Indus Valley Civilization By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer READ ONLINE
Ancient Cities Of The Indus Valley Civilization By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer READ ONLINE If looking for the book by Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization in pdf format, then
More informationTakht-e-Bahi (Throne of Origins)
Takht-e-Bahi (Throne of Origins) The Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i- Bahlol situated about 80 kilometers from Peshawar, has ruins of an ancient Buddhist monastery
More informationThe Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa Book 17 Mahaprasthanika Parva
The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa Book 17 Mahaprasthanika Parva Om! Having bowed down into Narayana, and to Nara, the foremost of men, as also to the goddess Sarasvati, should the word "Jaya"
More informationIndia is separated from the north by the Himalayan and Hindu Kush Mountains.
Ancient India Geography Of India India is called a subcontinent. Subcontinent: a large landmass that is smaller than a continent India is separated from the north by the Himalayan and Hindu Kush Mountains.
More informationWORLD HISTORY 8 UNIT 3, CH 5.4: INDIAN EMPIRES
WORLD HISTORY 8 UNIT 3, CH 5.4: INDIAN EMPIRES 1. WHO CONQUERED THE MAJORITY OF NORTHERN INDIA BY 320 B.C.? BY 320 B.C. A MILITARY LEADER NAMED CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA HAD SEIZED CONTROL OF THE ENTIRE NORTHERN
More informationMENTORING INSIGHTS FROM MAHABHARATA
CHAPTER 4 MENTORING INSIGHTS FROM MAHABHARATA Mahabharata, the great epic of Indian mythology is composed by Vaidvyas in Sanskrit between the second century B.C. and the second century A.D. It is considered
More informationCLASS XII Holiday Homework( ) Somerville School, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi-96
CLASS XII Holiday Homework(2018-19) Somerville School, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi-96 English: 1. From newspapers and magazines, collect examples of the following and paste them in a scrapbook: a) One example
More informationCross-Cultural Exchange on the Silk Roads
Cross-Cultural Exchange on the Silk Roads Trade Networks Develop Long-distance travel increases in Classical Age Better roads, large empires that reduced risk Sea lanes 1. Indian Ocean trade Discovery
More informationRev. Beth Dickerson September 23, 2018 Lake Street Church The Historical Jesus
Rev. Beth Dickerson September 23, 2018 Lake Street Church The Historical Jesus In August, as many of you know, I took two plus weeks of vacation at our family cottage in Michigan. This was a time for welcoming
More information