DESIGNS ON HARAPPAN POTTERY IN INDIA (During 3 rd & 2 nd Millennium, B.C.E.)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "DESIGNS ON HARAPPAN POTTERY IN INDIA (During 3 rd & 2 nd Millennium, B.C.E.)"

Transcription

1 DESIGNS ON HARAPPAN POTTERY IN INDIA (During 3 rd & 2 nd Millennium, B.C.E.) P a g e 1 SUMMARY SUBMITTED TO JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DRAWING AND PAINTING UNDER THE SUPERVISION SUPERVISOR DR. SAROJ BHARGAVA RETD. PRINCIPAL B.D.K.M.V. EX. DIRECTOR LALIT KALA SANSTHAN DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA CO-SUPERVISOR DR. R.A. SHARMA PROF. SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY, CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR SUBMITTED BY KIRAN DHIMAN RESEARCH CENTER DEPARTMENT OF DRAWING AND PAINTING GOVERNMENT KAMLA RAJA GIRLS AUTONOMOUS P.G. COLLEGE JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR (M.P.) 2015

2 P a g e 2 Introduction The Indus valley civilization, which is now named as Harappan civilization, was one of the world s first great urban settlements. It is known that there were four oldest civilizations in the world flourished between 4 th and 1 st millennium BC: Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indus and Chinese (yellow river). All these Bronze Age civilizations had different technological levels which perhaps developed due to certain environmental conditions, to meet the requirements of their respective areas 1. The North Western region of the Indian subcontinent was dominated by the Harappan civilization, which rivaled the contemporary cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt during the third and second millennium BC. Around 2600 BC the various regional cultures were united in what is called the Harappan Civilization. The Harappa culture or civilization is named after its type-site Harappa, located in the valley of Ravi in Pakistan because the town of Harappa was first discovered. This was perhaps the most important discovery in south Asia in the last century by great effort of Sir John Marshall, Rakhal Das Banerjee, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, Madho Sarup Vats and many others. (Marchall: Mohenjo-Daro; Vats: Harappa; Possehl: Indus Age; Kenyor, A. Ghosh: Indian Prehistory ) The Indus is the longest river in Pakistan, which begins in the Himalayan Mountains, and flows nearly 3,000 kilometers to the Arabian Sea. In the Sanskrit language of Ancient India, the Indus was called the Sindhu. Other rivers, such as the Saraswati joined the Indus as it flows down to the sea. This civilization is also sometimes called the Sindhu-Saraswati civilization. The ruins of Harappa were first described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab, where locals talked of an ancient city extending "thirteen cosses" (about 25 miles). In 1856, General Alexander Cunningham, later director general of the archaeological survey of northern India, visited Harappa where the British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore. In Alexander Cunningham published the first Harappan seal (with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters). It was half a century later, in 1912, that more Harappan seals were discovered by J. Fleet, prompting an excavation 1 Osada Toshiki, Indus Civilization, text and context, Manohar Publishers, Delhi, 2006

3 P a g e 3 campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall in and resulting in the discovery of the civilization at Harappa. 2 The Harappan culture, which has a span of about one thousand five hundred years starting from third millennium B.C.E., has a long hoary past. The Harappan culture zone is huge, ranging between 680,000 to 800,000 sq. kilometers. The Harappans established their farming villages and well-planned cities and towns around this large area. To date around 1500 sites of this civilization are known, out of which only 97 have been so far excavated. The earliest excavations focused on large cities located along the Indus River and its tributaries such as Mohenjo-daro on Indus (Sindh, Southern Pakistan) and Harappa on Ravi (Punjab, northern Pakistan). Perhaps Mohenjo-daro was the capital city of this civilization. The earliest cities became integrated into an extensive urban culture around 4,600 years ago and continued to dominate the region for at least 700 years, from 2600 to 1900 B.C. It was only in the 1920's that the buried cities and villages of the Indus valley were recognized by archaeologists as representing an undiscovered civilization. The sites have been found in Afghanistan, Punjab, Sindh, and Baluchistan, northwest frontier province of Pakistan, Jammu, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Western UP in India. The northernmost site is Manda in Jammu district in Jammu and Kashmir, the southernmost is Malvan in Surat district in southern Gujarat. The most important known feature of this civilization is its town planning and uniformity in The history of Indian pottery begins with the Harappan Civilization. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised, perforated and knobbed. For the decoration of pottery the Harappan people used several methods. There is proof of pottery being constructed in two ways, handmade and wheel-made. It consists both plain and painted chiefly of wheel made wares. Harrappan and Mohanjodaro cultures heralded the age of wheel-made pottery. The Harappan pottery is uniformly sturdy, well-baked and bright or dark in color. The plain pottery usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip is more common than the painted ware. The painted pottery is mostly of red and black colors. Material culture but there was regional variation in plans as well as pottery tradition. 2

4 P a g e 4 Objective As we all know, the Harappa culture flourished in Indo-Pak sub continental from the beginning of 3 rd millennium B.C. to the mid of 2 nd millennium B.C. The painted designs noticed on the well baked red ware of this culture has undergone many changes starting from the Early Harappan phase to the end of this culture known as Late Harappa. Some of painted designs which were noticed in the beginning underwent changes and even died out. But at the same times new designs started emerging. This was not confined to one particular painted motif but changes in the motifs including stylization was a continuous process. This research study procures detail understanding about the making of pottery, classification of design during Harappan civilization; it also enforced revisiting the creative practices of Harappan time and culture by studying the available literature like archaeological reports and interpretational statements made by leading archaeologists for true idea on Indus pottery. Visiting pottery collections, the actual shreds housed in various museums is the authentic experience to look at the painted pottery and to study symbols and motifs painted on different kind of pottery for daily use and appreciating the creative thought-process of Harappan people. As the structure of this research fundamental points, which has been taken into concern, are as follows: Geographical regions Natural features Time period Material Shape & Form Color & Design Rationale & Classification Study of pottery brings immense knowledge of any culture and pottery is considered as the most significant finding of every civilization around the world because pottery is the oldest thing which is used by humankind which continued till contemporary society. The earliest date of

5 P a g e 5 handmade pottery in the world goes back to Ca BC from the sites of the late Mesolithic and early Neolithic period in south east China, middle east and Asian region. The earliest pottery in south Asia is a corded ware from a Mesolithic site at Belan valley (7000 BC). In Indus valley region after a gap of 1000 years handmade pottery appears at Mehrgarh, a Neolithic site located in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The study of Harappan culture has been divided into phases by eminent scholars and researchers. The first phase was pre-independence began with excavation at Harappa (D. R. Sahni) and at Mohenjo-Daro (R. D. Banerjee) in : based on that in 1924 this civilization was identified as Bronze Age similar to those of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The second phase began with the publication of Sir Mortimer Wheeler s excavation report This argued for the beginning of the civilization. Duration of this phase was 1947 to The third phase ( ) began with Aryan invasion theory by G. F Dales, D P Agrawal s analysis of radiocarbon dates and the work by A. Ghosh on Ghaggar system of Rajasthan in A considerable number of research paper, books and other literature have been published on this subject with authentic facts and research analysis, which are great source of knowledge and information to support this study. The purpose of this study revolves around the development, evolution and changes in painted pottery design during Harappan era, categorization of designs and its growth, maturity and decline. Chapter 1 is introduction, which includes Origin, Extent and Distribution of Harappan Culture, Scope of Study, Frame Work & Methodology. As the framework of this research paper, fundamental points which have been taken into concern are as follows: Geographical regions Natural features Time period Material Shape & Form Colour & Design Rationale & Classification

6 P a g e 6 Geographical regions: Baluchistan, Non-Baluchi Area outside the Indus Plain and The Indus Hakra Plain. Natural features: climate and flora-fauna depending on rainfall and soil. Time period: Time period of the study is 3 rd and 2 nd millennium BC which includes Pre- Harappan Cultures, Harappan Culture and Late Harappan Culture. Material: Designs and motifs found on pottery, available ceramics both from habitational and burial areas. Shape & Form: The Harappan pottery is characterized by a well burnt black painted red ware with distinctive shapes like cylindrical, perforated, gobletdish shape and big tall jars. This variety of shapes in pottery found in Indus Valley culture gives a great source to understand the creative side of Harappan lifestyle. Pottery used for different purposes are available to study such as Drinking vessel, Vase, flasks, narrow necked vases, Storage jar, offering stand, Dish, Dish on stand, Bowl, Handi, Cup & Cup on stand, Feeder, Basin, Casket, Ring stand, Lid and Lamp. Color & Design: Painted pottery from Indus Valley region constitutes a very small percentage of the total ceramics. 3 Though most of the potteries found are plain and unpainted, but the available evidence of painted pottery is not too less and deserves great significance to understand the artistic development in daily life of that era. Rationale & Classification: Study of the purpose and categorization of painted designs like different kind of motifs and symbols. The general motifs on the pottery are intersecting circles, leaf patterns, fish scale patterns, human and animal figurines. This chapter discusses on the historical backgrounds, origin and development of Harappan culture, story of discovery and its impact, research scope and basic structure and methods used for the purpose. Here also it is given an analysis of the work. Chapter 2 is about excavation history in details in different sites in Indian subcontinent, Pakistan and other adjacent areas as well as in Iran, Iraq & Persian Gulf. As this civilization had 3 Satyawadi, Dr. Sudha, Proto-historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization, D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 1994

7 P a g e 7 been spreaded very wide, sites have been divided into three groups, Nucleus cities means the core sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, kalibangan, Baror, Bhirann, Dholavir, Rangpur. Coastal cities, which are located in coastal plains. - Lothal, Allahdino, Balakot, Surkagendor. Other sites which are discovered time to time in various places of India like-kot-diji, Rakhigarhi, Chanu Daro, Sanauli, Amri, Banawali, Balu, Kunal, Ropar, Hulas, Farmana, Alamgirpur, The grouping is done without any country or state barrier focusing on design matter as they are discovered during pre or post independence time. Chapter 3 is about pottery Shapes that describes Vessel body parts and types of pottery like Jars, Pots, Bowls, Dishes, Rim, Base, offering stand, Scored Pottery, Ribbed Pottery, Beakers, Vases, Handi, Feeder, Basin, Cup, Cup on stand, Casket, Ringstand, Lid. The Art of pottery had reached its high when wheel made. Pottery was regular in shape. The Indus potter was a skilled craftsman and produced plain, coloured and glazed pottery. The Indus pottery was famous for its shape, rich. This chapter also describes details of Surface Treatment design, colours and perfect finish. All pottery from the first part of the Ravi Phase was hand built. The coarse handmade pottery include bowls, jars, vessels - in various colors such as red, orange, brown, black and cream. The real beginning of Indian pottery is with the Indus Valley Civilization. Most of the forms were finely made shallow bowls, deep bowls, narrow-mouthed carinated vessels, or thick walled cooking pots. Color treatment- It is known that most of the pottery found in Indus valley region is unpainted, that is plain. The painted pottery constitutes a very small percentage of the total ceramics. The ceramic contents may be divided into (1) light terracotta red, (2) Buff, (3) red, (4) black and red and (5) grey wares. Also we discussed Material and Technique, Manufacturing process used by potters along with necessary images. Chapter 4 is main research section of this paper which talks about designs, development of painted motifs in various sites of Harappan civilization.this chapter gives in depth study report on Geometrical Designs such as Straight lines, Wavy lines, Loops, Circle pattern, Semi circle,

8 P a g e 8 Zig-Zag, Cheques, Square, Triangle, Bead and Sun Motif; Floral Design Peepal with Bull, Peepal, Peepal with Birds, Peepal with Horn, Peepal with Arch-motif, Single leaf, Rosette, Lotus, Intersecting Circle, Geometrical Flower, Palmleaf, Bean, Sunflower, Banana, Neem, Acacia Design, Unidentified Plant Design and Faunal Design like Animal in friezes, Animals in natural surroundings, Animals in association with the sun motif, Animals in association with the comb motif. Painted Decoration, means beautifying an object by applying paint on the surface of the object. These are, in the first place, the expression of the potter/painter's aesthetic sensibilities, as also a reflection of the natural surroundings. The aesthetic quality of painted pot is apparently related to the artistic beauty of the patterns executed. These design patterns constitute of motifs and elements (i.e. the basic unit or component of a design), have been classified by scholars as geometric, non-geometric, human, floral motif etc (Rao 1963; Manchanda 1972; Joshi 1972). And based on the patterning or arrangement of these elements, archaeologists attempt to impute meanings to them. The presence/absence of certain motifs, its frequency, or continuity and change over time can be used to formulate typological history and chronology. This chapter gives a detail idea of painted pottery design of Harappan civilization with ample number of images and photographs as evidences as per discussion. Chapter 5 is about some selected design and other Designs such as Rising Sun, Swastika, Star, Comb design. This chapter is very analytical and briefly it discussed on the significance of these motifs and how they have been used in various ways and combining with other motifs. In this chapter it is also mentioned that why these selected motifs are important along all. Chapter 6 talks about comparison of the Painted Designs from Indian sites with the sites Outside India. There are several doubts and debates regarding how potteries from different sites are different from each other or they are influenced by other sites. This chapter discussed comparing the available materials and based on previous context and established thought process and came towards a point of view focusing on design aspect, which is unique for this paper and basic purpose.

9 P a g e 9 Conclusion It was believed that pottery was introduced with the advent of agriculture and domestication of animals. Before the invention of pottery, the hunting and food gathering communities, who moved from place to place, believed to have some kind of perishable or hard material for keeping water and food. These may be of varied material including stone vessels. Fragments of stone bowls having ivory sheen were found from places like Jarmo in West Asia. These were of fine grained limestone which often had multi coloured veins. In East Asia pottery was evolved earlier than agriculture by hunter gather communities somewhere in th Millennium BC (Puratatva 42, the earliest pottery in East Asia: Review K.N. Dikshit and Manjil Hazarika). Perhaps in Neolithic period when pottery making began, the idea of painting pottery was derived from those multi colored veins. The Harappan civilization occupying a huge area in the subcontinent is one of the largest urbanized civilizations of the ancient world. The total vicinity which covers more than a million square kilometers includes present Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Indian states of Jammu, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Although more than 1024 of Harappan sites have been discovered and excavated, but the important ones have been taken into account for their significance from the point of view of our Aims and Objectives. Afghanistan: Mundigak, Shortughai Baluchistan: Sutkagen Dor on the Makran coast Pakistan: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kot-Diji, Chanhudaro, Balakot Rajasthan: Kalibangan Gujarat: Dholavira, Lothal, Desalpur, Surkotada, Junikuran, Padri, Kuntasi, Nagwada, Rojdi. Haryana: Banawali, Mitathal, Rakhigarhi, Siswal, Balu, Kunal Punjab: Rupar, Dhalewan Jammu: Manda Utter Pradesh: Alamgirpur, Sanauli, Hulas

10 P a g e 10 As already discussed in the previous chapters that Harappan civilization has not reached its maturity in a sudden development rather its genesis had started long before the emergence of this civilization as its origin was deeply rooted within the cultural milieu of the pre or Early Harappans. First of all the people of Harappa learnt the art of fortifying their town from their ancestors. Many important small scale industries have already been developed by Early- Harappans at places like Mehrgarh, Amri, Kot-Diji, Saraikhola, Kalibangan I, Ghazi Shah etc. Terracotta cakes are also contributed by the Early-Harappans, as evidence found from Kunal at Haryana and Jhandi Babar in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Early Harappans were already employing bullock carts for trade and communication as indicated by the toy-models found from Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Dholavira. Discovery of seven steatite seals from Kunal shows that typical mature Harappan square seals were made centuries before the urban center of this civilization. Lastly few pottery types and designs comprising flanged jars and tall offering stands of mature Harappans types were also had been used by the people of Kot-Diji and Amri. However the mature period brought some important changes in total scenario. The development of various categories of structures like big houses, little houses, backed brick house, mud house, city dweller and village dweller led to the understanding that a kind of social differentiation came into being in this phase. After Independence consequently all major Harappan sites fell within the geographical boundary of Pakistan. So many researches and studies carried out by the Indian archaeologists to find out their vestiges in the areas which come under India. As a result, substantial field works had been undertaken by them and a large number of Harappan sites were plotted in the archaeological map of India. The field works of this phase unearthed the true character of this civilization. It was noticed there are certain uniformity in all the Mature Harappan sites with few regional variations. The general characteristics are same. The Harappan pottery is generally termed as black-on-red ware. This term is inappropriate because the collection of pottery consisted of four categories such as red ware, buff ware, grey ware and the black-and-red ware. This study has dealt with various motifs used on painted pottery. The origin of each motif, its development over space and time and also inter-relationship of motifs with different cultures, has

11 P a g e 11 been discussed. Excavations have thrown up sufficient evidence to reveal that the earliest occurrence of these motifs is in Mesopotamian culture. Each motif on pottery has a story to tell and is directly related to the beliefs and practices of the people. The designs noticed in the early shreds in the levels of early Harappan while continuing they have shown more maturity towards style and treatment and sometimes in the matter of detail also. This process continued on early to mature and even in contact of Harappans with indigenous people termed as late Harappans or declined phase. Some of the designs continued even at later stage. And this kind of study has evolved after making of comparative study of the designs noticed on various Harappan sites in India and Pakistan. All this kind of study could not have taken place or would not have come to the process to know this kind of development. Most of the earlier scholars have missed this approach.

12 P a g e 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY Agrawala, R.C and V. Kumar, 1976: The problem of PGW and in northeastern Rajasthan. In Mahabharta: myth and reality. S.P. Gupta and K.S. Ramachandran, Eds, pp Delhi: B.R. Publishing corp. Allchin, B. and F.R. Allchin, 1968: The Birth of Indian civilization. Hrmondsworth: penguin. Asthana S., The Birth of Indian Civilization, New Delhi History and Archaeology of India s Contacts with Other countries. From earliest times to 3 rd century BC, New Delhi. - Revised Chronological Structure of Pre-Hrappan Baluchistan, In B.M. Pande and B.D. Chattopadhyay (ed.) Archaeology and History Pre-Hrappan Cultures of India and the Borderland, New Delhi. Chakrabarti, D.K., 1979a: Size of Harappan settlements. In Essays in Indian Protohistory. D.P Aggarwal and D.K Chakrabarti, Eds pp Delhi: B.R publishing corp. 1979b: The problem of Tin in Early India: A preliminary survey. Man and Environment Chitawala,Y.M.1977: Harappan and Post-harappan settlement patterns in Ecology and Archeology of western India. D.P. Agarwal and B.M Pande, pp Delhi Concept publishing House. D.P. Aggarwal 2007: THE INDUS CIVILSATION - An interdisciplinary perspective. Dales, G.F., 1965b: New investigation at Mohenjo-daro Archeology18 (2): Dales George F. and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer : Excavations at Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan: The Pottery Dikshit, K.N., 1968: Nature of harappan wares in Sutlej valley, in potteries in ancient India, B.P Sinha, pp Patna University.

13 P a g e 13 Dikshit, K.N., 1980: A critical review of Pre-Harappan cultures in the indo-pakistan subcontinent, Man and Environment, vol 4. Satyawadi, Sudha 1994: Proto-Historic Pottery Of Indus Valley Civilisation, Study Of Painted Motifs. Mackay, E.J.H : Further excavations at Mohenjodaro. Mackay, E.J.H. : Chanhu- Daro excavations Lal B.B., S.P.Gupta and Shashi Asthana (Ed.) 1984: Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Sir Mortimer wheeler commemoration vol., New Delhi. Gaur, R.C., : Comments on the symposium on OCP and NBP purattatva 5: Possehl Gregory L.: Harappan civilization; A Recent Perspective. Gupta, S.P., 1969Sociology of pottery: Chirag Dilli,a case study. In potteries in Ancient India, B.P.Sinha, ed.pp Patna: Department of Ancient India History and archeology, Patna Indian Archeology: a review (IAR), Rupar, district Ambala. Pp 6-7, Delhi: archeological survey of India. Joshi, J.P., 1978: Interlocking of late Harappa culture and Painted Grey Ware culture in light of recent excavations. And Man and Environment 2: Khazanchi, T.N and K.N. Dikshit 1980: The Grey ware cultures of northern Pakistan: Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. Purattatva9, Krishnan, a., 1977: A climatic analysis of the arid zone of North West India. In desertification and its control pp Delhi: Indian council for Agricultural research. Lal B.B.,, 1979: Kalibangan and the Indus civilsation in essay in India prehistory, D.P Agarwal and D.K Chakarborty,eds, pp Delhi: B.R Publishing Corp.

14 P a g e 14 Lal,B.B and B.K Thapar, 1967 Excavation at Kalibangan : New light on the Indus civilization, Cultural Forum 9 (4):, Lal B.B., : Did the Painted Grey Ware continue up to the Mauryan times Puratattva 9:64-80 Lamberg- Karlovsky, C.C., 1973 Tepe Yahya 1971: Mesopotamia and the Indo- Iranian border lands, Iran 10: Mackay, E.J.H, 1943: Chanhudaro excavations, , American oriental series 20. New haven: American oriental society. Manchands, Omi, 1972: Study of the Harrappan Pottery, Delhi: Oriental publishers. Nishel, Robert a., 1969: Social changes add History, New York: oxford. Pande, B.M : Inscribed Harappan pot shreds from Chandigarh Purattatva6: Raikes, Robert, 1965: Physical environment and human settlement in prehistoric times in the near and middle east: A hydrological approach. East and West 15(3-4): Raikes, R.L and R.H Dyson, 1961: The prehistoric climate of Baluchistan and the Indus valley. American anthropology Rao, S.R., 1973: Lothal and the Indus civilization. Bombay: Asia publishing. Rao, S.R. 1963: Excavation at Rangpur and other exploration in Gujarat. Ancient India 18-19: Rao, S.R., 1961: Ceramics of the Indus valley in Gujarat, Marg 14(3): Sharma,Y.D, ed OCP and NBP: 1971: Proceeding of the seminar held by the Indian Archeological society, on the 11 th May,!971, at the National Museum, New Delhi, On Ochre Colored ware and northern black polished ware, Puratattva 6: Sharma, Y.D, ed : Value of common painted ceramic designs from different sites as guide to chronology with special reference to pottery from Bara (Punjab). In Radiocarbon

15 P a g e 15 and Indian Archeology, D.P. Agrawal and A.Ghosh, Eds. Pp Bombay: Tata institute of fundamental research. Singh, G., 1971: The Indus valley culture, archeology and physical anthropology in Oceania 6: Starr, R.F.S 1941: Indus valley painted pottery, Princeton university press, Princeton, New Gercy. Stein, Aural 1942A: Survey of ancient sites along the lost saraswati river, Geographical journal 99($); Thappar. B.K 1969: The Pre harrapan pottery of Kalibangan: an appraisal of its interrelationship. In potteries in Ancient India. B.P. Sinha, ed. Pp , Patna: Patna University. Toshiki Osada 2006: Indus Civilization (Text & context). Tripathi, Vibha, 1975: The Painted Grey Ware: an Iron Age culture of northern India. Delhi: concept publishers. Vats, M.S., 1940: Excavations at Harappa, 2 vols, Delhi: government of India. Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, 1947 Harappa 1946: The defenses and cemetery R- 37 Ancient India 3: ss ***************

1 P a g e. 1. Introduction CHAPTER Origin, Extent and Distribution of Harappan Culture:

1 P a g e. 1. Introduction CHAPTER Origin, Extent and Distribution of Harappan Culture: 1 P a g e CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Origin, Extent and Distribution of Harappan Culture: The Indus valley civilization, which is now named as Harappan civilization, was one of the world s first great

More information

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION Write us-

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION Write us- INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION Along with the Indus Valley Civilization their co-exist other civilization named Egyptian Civilization near Nile River Mesopotamian civilization near

More information

Indus Valley Civilization

Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations of the world along with the Mesopotamian Civilization of Iraq and Ancient Egypt Civilization. The Indus Valley

More information

Pre-Historic India and Harappan Culture Quiz for IAS Prelims Preparation

Pre-Historic India and Harappan Culture Quiz for IAS Prelims Preparation Pre-Historic India and Harappan Culture Quiz for IAS Prelims Preparation Given the way history portion is being asked in the IAS prelims exam, Tamil Nadu state education board books can prove to be very

More information

June, ZeroSum Publication INDUS VALLEY. A n c i e n t H i s t o r y.

June, ZeroSum Publication INDUS VALLEY. A n c i e n t H i s t o r y. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION A n c i e n t H i s t o r y www.zerosum.in The Indus Valley Civilization is often separated into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan

More information

Art and Culture Articles To Prepare For Civil Services Online

Art and Culture Articles To Prepare For Civil Services Online Art and Culture Articles To Prepare For Civil Services Online Section 1 : Maurya Art + Post Maurya Art + Gupta Art + Cave Architecture+ Temple Styles Architecture & Culture of India Indus Valley Civilization

More information

Indian History. Harappan Civilisation

Indian History. Harappan Civilisation 1 Indian History and Culture Harappan Civilisation 1. Regarding the Indus Valley Civilisation, consider the following statements 1. It was predominantly a secular civilisation and the religious element,

More information

PREFACE. south Asia. It flourished in the plain of the Indus and the. Saraswati River during third second millennium B.C.

PREFACE. south Asia. It flourished in the plain of the Indus and the. Saraswati River during third second millennium B.C. PREFACE The Harappan civilization was the earliest civilization of south Asia. It flourished in the plain of the Indus and the Saraswati River during third second millennium B.C. Harappan, Mohenjodaro,

More information

CHAPTER 1 Pre History and Indus Valley Civilisation

CHAPTER 1 Pre History and Indus Valley Civilisation 1 CHAPTER 1 Pre History and Indus Valley Civilisation PRE HISTORY The Stone Ages The Prehistoric age refers to that period of the past for which we do not have the written records therefore the knowledge

More information

SUBJECT : HISTORY. CLASS XI Chapter 1 (New) The Indus valley Civilization (English Medium)

SUBJECT : HISTORY. CLASS XI Chapter 1 (New) The Indus valley Civilization (English Medium) Date : 01-8-2018 SUBJECT : HISTORY CLASS XI Chapter 1 (New) The Indus valley Civilization (English Medium) 1 Chapter 1 The Indus Valley Civilization 1. Introduction 2. Origin, Phases, Spread, and Major

More information

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Acharya, M. (2008) Kunal Excavation, Deptt. of Archaeology & Museum Haryana. ... (2007) The Indus Civilization An

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Acharya, M. (2008) Kunal Excavation, Deptt. of Archaeology & Museum Haryana. ... (2007) The Indus Civilization An BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Acharya, M. (2008) Kunal Excavation, Deptt. of Archaeology & Museum Haryana. Agrawal, D.P. (1982) The Archaeology of India, London.... (2007) The Indus Civilization An Interdisciplinary

More information

Class:VIII. 1. What is meant by the term Civilisation? Mention some of its traits.2m

Class:VIII. 1. What is meant by the term Civilisation? Mention some of its traits.2m Lesson no: THE HARAPPAN CIVILISATION Class:VIII Define: Chalcolithic Period-When man used both stone and copper tools. Citadel-The raised area of each Harappan city. Lost Wax Process-Wax figures covered

More information

Ancient Cities Of The Indus Valley Civilization By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer READ ONLINE

Ancient Cities Of The Indus Valley Civilization By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer READ ONLINE Ancient Cities Of The Indus Valley Civilization By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer READ ONLINE If looking for the book by Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization in pdf format, then

More information

Decoding the INDUS VALLEY SCRIPT

Decoding the INDUS VALLEY SCRIPT Decoding the INDUS VALLEY SCRIPT Category : November 1990 Published by Anonymous on Nov. 02, 1990 Decoding the INDUS VALLEY SCRIPT Kak, Subhash The language of Hinduism's and one of man's earliest civilizations

More information

IASbaba.com. IASbaba s Daily Prelims Test *Day 32+

IASbaba.com. IASbaba s Daily Prelims Test *Day 32+ IASbaba s Daily Prelims Test *Day 32+ TOPIC: Ancient History & Culture 1. Mesolithic stage was the transitional stage between the Paleolithic and Neolithic stage. Which of the following is/are the characteristic/s

More information

Th I e d n us V l a llley Version 1.0

Th I e d n us V l a llley Version 1.0 The Indus Valley Version 1.0 These programmes on The World of Ancient Art students and the public. have been designed for They use material on the web to show the wealth of information that is available.

More information

Revealing India and Pakistan s Ancient Art and Inventions

Revealing India and Pakistan s Ancient Art and Inventions Revealing India and Pakistan s Ancient Art and Inventions By Andrew Howley, National Geographic Society on 08.18.17 Word Count 1,361 Level MAX Ruins at the archaeological site of Harappa, an Indus Valley

More information

Revealing India and Pakistan s Ancient Art and Inventions

Revealing India and Pakistan s Ancient Art and Inventions Revealing India and Pakistan s Ancient Art and Inventions By National Geographic Society, adapted by Newsela staff on 08.18.17 Word Count 926 Level 970L Ruins at the archaeological site of Harappa, an

More information

What Lies in Bones: The Story of Harappa and Fallacy of Aryan Invasion

What Lies in Bones: The Story of Harappa and Fallacy of Aryan Invasion What Lies in Bones: The Story of Harappa and Fallacy of Aryan Invasion Veena Mushrif Tripathy 1 1. Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411006, Maharashtra, India Received: 17 September

More information

RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY

RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY DUS (Sindhu Saraswati) Civilization RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY Chandrika Govardhan July 23, 2016 1 In the eyes of the FDA. IF it is not written, it does not exist IF it is not decipherable, it does not exist

More information

Chapter II: The Spread of Civilization p. 23

Chapter II: The Spread of Civilization p. 23 FOCUS SHEET - Name Chapter II: The Spread of Civilization p. 23 As you read, be thinking about how geography affected the development of civilization. ALSO think about how civilizations affected each other.

More information

HOW DEEP ARE THE ROOTS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION? --An archaeological and Historical Perspective*

HOW DEEP ARE THE ROOTS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION? --An archaeological and Historical Perspective* HOW DEEP ARE THE ROOTS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION? --An archaeological and Historical Perspective* B. B. Lal Former Director General Archaeological Survey of India For nearly half-a-century, India has been

More information

Takht-e-Bahi (Throne of Origins)

Takht-e-Bahi (Throne of Origins) Takht-e-Bahi (Throne of Origins) The Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i- Bahlol situated about 80 kilometers from Peshawar, has ruins of an ancient Buddhist monastery

More information

HIST-WHI MVHS Z Saunders Early Man and River Civ Test Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions

HIST-WHI MVHS Z Saunders Early Man and River Civ Test Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions HIST-WHI MVHS Z Saunders Early Man and River Civ Test Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions [Exam ID:29612S 1 Which number on this map represents the region where archaeologists believe the first

More information

SOL 4 - World History I. Ancient Persian, India & China

SOL 4 - World History I. Ancient Persian, India & China SOL 4 - World History I Ancient Persian, India & China Zoroastrianism was the main Persian religion, although other religions were tolerated. Persian Empire Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian

More information

ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY MODULE 2 THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY MODULE 2 THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY MODULE 2 THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION The Indus valley civilization, a bronze age civilization, like the other three civilizations of the ancient world which developed along the

More information

Era 1 and Era 2 Test. 1. Which geographic feature was most important to the development of the early river valley civilizations?

Era 1 and Era 2 Test. 1. Which geographic feature was most important to the development of the early river valley civilizations? 1. Which geographic feature was most important to the development of the early river valley civilizations? A. fertile soils B. high mountains C. vast deserts D. smooth coastlines 2. The study of culture

More information

Art of India Ch. 4.2

Art of India Ch. 4.2 Art of India Ch. 4.2 Indus Valley Civilization 2500 BC-1500 BC The earliest Indian culture Ended 1500 BC Located in Modern Pakistan Used to stamp seals on official documents. Some of the earliest evidence

More information

Sales Office : B-48, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi Tel. : / Editorial Team : Copyright Publisher

Sales Office : B-48, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi Tel. : / Editorial Team : Copyright Publisher Head Office : B-32, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017 Sales Office : B-48, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017 Tel. : 011-26692293 / 26692294 Editorial Team : Moushumi

More information

Chapter 6 Geography of Early India

Chapter 6 Geography of Early India Chapter 6 Geography of Early India India is so huge that many geographers call it a subcontinent! subcontinent-a large area of land that is a part of a continent. Subcontinents are usually separated from

More information

Indus Valley Civilization: Enigmatic, Exemplary, and Undeciphered

Indus Valley Civilization: Enigmatic, Exemplary, and Undeciphered ESSAI Volume 8 Article 21 4-1-2011 Indus Valley Civilization: Enigmatic, Exemplary, and Undeciphered Charise Joy Javonillo College of DuPage Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.cod.edu/essai

More information

THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION MODULE - 1 3 THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION In the previous chapter you learnt that the people in the prehistoric times used tools and weapons made of stone. Later man started using metals. Copper was the first

More information

Indian Empires: Mauryan and Gupta

Indian Empires: Mauryan and Gupta Indian Empires: Mauryan and Gupta After a civilization falls, what impact does it have on history? How do belief systems unite or divide people? Geography Deccan Plateau, dry, sparsely populated Mountains

More information

3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.

3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture. Indian History (Mains) PAPER - I 1. Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature,

More information

Name: Date: Period: #: Chapter 9: Outline Notes Ancient India

Name: Date: Period: #: Chapter 9: Outline Notes Ancient India Name: Date: Period: #: Lesson 9.1 Early Civilizations Chapter 9: Outline Notes Ancient India The Geography of India: India and several other countries make up the of India. o A subcontinent is a large

More information

Indian Empires: Mauryan and Gupta

Indian Empires: Mauryan and Gupta Indian Empires: Mauryan and Gupta After a civilization falls, what impact does it have on history? How do belief systems unite or divide people? Geography Deccan Plateau, dry, sparsely populated Mountains

More information

VI- History Post Mid Question Bank

VI- History Post Mid Question Bank VI- History Post Mid Question Bank 1. How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilization? Answer: Actual pieces of cloth have been found in Mohenjodaro, attached to the lid of

More information

Asia in the Past. Indus Civilization

Asia in the Past. Indus Civilization Indus Civilization Asia in the Past Who were people living in this civilization? What did they do? How did they live? In which cities did they live? How well were the cities designed? How long did this

More information

Lesson 1: Geography of South Asia

Lesson 1: Geography of South Asia Lesson 1 Summary Lesson 1: Geography of South Asia Use with pages 122 127. Vocabulary subcontinent a large region separated by water from other land areas monsoon season the rainy season subsistence farming

More information

Ancient Wisdom. Ancient human had achieved a lot before start of civilizations In many places they had discovered:

Ancient Wisdom. Ancient human had achieved a lot before start of civilizations In many places they had discovered: Use of skin Ancient Wisdom Ancient human had achieved a lot before start of civilizations In many places they had discovered: Use of fire Weaving wool, cotton and flax to make cloths Hunting animals and

More information

HISTORY ASSIGNMENTS. Assignment 1 What, Where, How and When? Q.1. Answer in a word:

HISTORY ASSIGNMENTS. Assignment 1 What, Where, How and When? Q.1. Answer in a word: Assignment 1 What, Where, How and When? Q.1. Answer in a word: Q.2. Very short answers. HISTORY ASSIGNMENTS The place where rice was first grown. The area along the south of the Ganga. The earliest composition

More information

Chapter 4: Early Societies in South Asia

Chapter 4: Early Societies in South Asia Chapter Overview An agricultural economy and its accompanying Neolithic communities emerged on the Indian subcontinent sometime after 7000 B.C.E. Eventually some of the Neolithic villages further evolved

More information

UNIT 9 DIFFUSION AND DECLINE

UNIT 9 DIFFUSION AND DECLINE UNIT 9 DIFFUSION AND DECLINE Structure 9.0 Objectives 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Decline of Harappa: The Archaeological Evidence 9.3 Theories of Sudden Decline 9.3.1 Floods and Earthquakes 9.3.2 The Shifting

More information

Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and Kuwait.

Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and Kuwait. Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations Google Classroom Facebook Twitter Email Overview Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and Kuwait. Early

More information

Chapter 6. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6 1

Chapter 6. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6 1 Chapter 6 Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6 1 recognize reasons that cultural groups develop or settle in specific physical environments identify the location of early civilizations on a map identify

More information

Antrocom Journal of Anthropology

Antrocom Journal of Anthropology Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology vol. 14. n. 1 (2018) 139-147 - ISSN 1973 2880 Antrocom Journal of Anthropology journal homepage: http://www.antrocom.net Femininity in Proto-historic South Asian

More information

Media and Lost History. Kanchan Luthra Assistant Prof. Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai

Media and Lost History. Kanchan Luthra Assistant Prof. Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai Media and Lost History Kanchan Luthra Assistant Prof. Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce, Mumbai kanchan.luthra@sarafcollege.org Abstract: History has actually become history. The society is

More information

The Aryan Invasion Theory Myth. Sibin Mohan HSC Discussion Series Feb 21, 2007 NC State University

The Aryan Invasion Theory Myth. Sibin Mohan HSC Discussion Series Feb 21, 2007 NC State University The Aryan Invasion Theory Myth Sibin Mohan HSC Discussion Series Feb 21, 2007 NC State University Indo-Aryan Migration Note : idea of an invasion has all but been ruled out. Basically a theory originating

More information

The earliest inhabitants of India settled along the banks of the

The earliest inhabitants of India settled along the banks of the NAME HR The answers to be used in these questions are to be taken from the Textbook: WORLD HISTORY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS from pages 218-244 1. India is a which is a large landmass that is like a continent,

More information

Intermediate World History A: From Prehistory Through the Middle Ages

Intermediate World History A: From Prehistory Through the Middle Ages Intermediate World History A: From Prehistory Through the Middle Ages Course Overview Course Outline Number of Lessons and Scheduling materials COURSE OVERVIEW K¹² Intermediate World History A surveys

More information

Religious Practices and Cult Objects during the Iron Age IIA at Tel Reh.ov and their Implications regarding Religion in Northern Israel

Religious Practices and Cult Objects during the Iron Age IIA at Tel Reh.ov and their Implications regarding Religion in Northern Israel Amihai Mazar Religious Practices and Cult Objects during the Iron Age IIA at Tel Reh.ov and their Implications regarding Religion in Northern Israel This article presents evidence relating to religious

More information

ANCIENT INDIA. The land and the Climate

ANCIENT INDIA. The land and the Climate ANCIENT INDIA India is located in southern Asia. On a map, India looks like a huge triangle of land pushing into the Indian Ocean. Natural barriers separate India from the rest of Asia. The Bay of Bengal

More information

India Notes. The study of Ancient India includes 3 time periods:

India Notes. The study of Ancient India includes 3 time periods: India Notes The Indian Civilization The study of Ancient India includes 3 time periods: Indian Geography The 1 st Indian Civilization began along the River now located in the country of. Many people know

More information

Chapter 2 Reading Test

Chapter 2 Reading Test Chapter 2 Reading Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following have scholars advanced as a possible explanation for the

More information

Mauryan, Kūshan, &Gupta Empire India

Mauryan, Kūshan, &Gupta Empire India Mauryan, Kūshan, &Gupta Empire India Background Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) 2 Major Cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro 2 Major Rivers: Indus & Ganges River Seasonal monsoons brought water to crops

More information

UTKAL UNIVERSITY HISTORY

UTKAL UNIVERSITY HISTORY UTKAL UNIVERSITY +3 (CBCS) SYLLABUS 1 ST SEMESTER HISTORY SL CORE PAPER PAGE NO. 1 Core-1 HISTORY OF INDIA- I 2 2 Core-2 FORMATIONS AND CULTURAL PATTERNS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3 3 DSC-1.1 HISTORY OF INDIA

More information

Downloaded from

Downloaded from SYLLABUS TERM I History: 1 What, Where, How and When 2 On the Trail of the Earliest People 3 In the Earliest Cities 4 What Books and Burials Tell us Civics: 1 Understanding Diversity 2 Diversity & Discrimination

More information

Ancient India. Section Notes Geography and Early India Origins of Hinduism Origins of Buddhism Indian Empires Indian Achievements

Ancient India. Section Notes Geography and Early India Origins of Hinduism Origins of Buddhism Indian Empires Indian Achievements Ancient India Section Notes Geography and Early India Origins of Hinduism Origins of Buddhism Indian Empires Indian Achievements History Close-up Life in Mohenjo Daro Quick Facts The Varnas Major Beliefs

More information

The 10 most important finds from Khirbet Qeiyafa

The 10 most important finds from Khirbet Qeiyafa The 10 most important finds from Khirbet Qeiyafa 1. Olive pits for 14C dating Radiometric dating: 1020-980 BC Khirbet Qeiyafa shows that fortified cities appeared in Judah in the time of King David and

More information

Himalaya Tallest mountains in the world. Hindu Kush To the NW, above the Indus river.

Himalaya Tallest mountains in the world. Hindu Kush To the NW, above the Indus river. Ancient India Himalaya Tallest mountains in the world. Hindu Kush To the NW, above the Indus river. Khyber Pass Mountain pass in the Hindu Kush. This was the passage for invaders who entered India. 29,

More information

Harappan Migrations: A Perspective about the Gujarat Harappans

Harappan Migrations: A Perspective about the Gujarat Harappans Harappan Migrations: A Perspective about the Gujarat Harappans Prabodh Shirvalkar 1 1. Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411006, Maharashtra, India (Email: prabodh.s@gmail.com)

More information

Summer Assignment AP World History

Summer Assignment AP World History 2015-2016 Summer Assignment AP World History Hello, My name is Mrs. Jackson, I will be your AP World History teacher for the 2015-2016 school year. I look forward to a great year with you guys! Over this

More information

CENTRAL PLACE ASPECTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY: A STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN MAHASTHANGARH, BANGLADESH

CENTRAL PLACE ASPECTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY: A STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN MAHASTHANGARH, BANGLADESH IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) ISSN(E): 2321-8878; ISSN(P): 2347-4564 Vol. 2, Issue 2, Feb 2014, 29-36 Impact Journals CENTRAL PLACE ASPECTS

More information

Textbook in History. RangaRakes. tamilnavarasam.com

Textbook in History. RangaRakes. tamilnavarasam.com Textbook in History PART I THEME ONE 1 BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES The Harappan Civilisation THEME TWO 28 KINGS, FARMERS AND TOWNS Early States and Economies (c.600 BCE-600 CE) THEME THREE 53 KINSHIP, CASTE

More information

April 2018 to September 2018

April 2018 to September 2018 TERMWISE SYLLABUS SESSION-2018-19 CLASS-XII TERM I April 2018 to September 2018 SUBJECT- HISTORY CONTENT CHAPTER 1- The Story of the First Cities: Harappan Archaeology: Early urban centres. Story of discovery:

More information

India Notes. How do the different monsoons affect the climate of India?

India Notes. How do the different monsoons affect the climate of India? India Notes The Indian Civilization The study of Ancient India includes 3 time periods: 1. Harappan Civilizations 2. Aryan INvasions & Rule 3. Indian Empires (Mauryan & Gupta) Indian Geography The 1 st

More information

APWH. Physical Geo. & Climate: India 9/11/2014. Chapter 3 Notes

APWH. Physical Geo. & Climate: India 9/11/2014. Chapter 3 Notes APWH Chapter 3 Notes Physical Geo. & Climate: India Deccan Plateau & Hindu Kush Major bodies of water: Indus and Ganges, Indian Ocean, etc. Mountain Ranges: Himalayas, Ghats, etc. Desert: Thar Monsoons:

More information

PÀ ÁðlPÀ gádå G À Áå ÀPÀgÀ CºÀðvÁ ÀjÃPÉë (PÉ- Émï) KARNATAKA STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST (K-SET) FOR LECTUERSHIP

PÀ ÁðlPÀ gádå G À Áå ÀPÀgÀ CºÀðvÁ ÀjÃPÉë (PÉ- Émï) KARNATAKA STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST (K-SET) FOR LECTUERSHIP PÀ ÁðlPÀ gádå G À Áå ÀPÀgÀ CºÀðvÁ ÀjÃPÉë (PÉ- Émï) KARNATAKA STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST (K-SET) FOR LECTUERSHIP Subject: ARCHAEOLOGY Subject Code: 33 Syllabus and Sample Questions Note: There will be two question

More information

www.anilrana13014.weebly.com www.k8449.weebly.com C O N T E N T S Foreword Why Study History? iii vii 1. WHAT, WHERE, HOW AND WHEN? 1 2. ON THE TRAIL OF THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 11 3. FROM GATHERING TO GROWING

More information

INDUS SEALS & INDUS SCRIPT :

INDUS SEALS & INDUS SCRIPT : INDUS SEALS & INDUS SCRIPT : No one should be surprised if the Indus Valley writing system also showed some Sumerian influence, and this has become obvious, for perhaps a dozen Indus signs were borrowed

More information

World History Unit 1 Lesson 1 Geography, etc

World History Unit 1 Lesson 1 Geography, etc Unit 1 Lesson 1 Geography, etc Cartographers,, or map makers, face two primary problems when drawing maps: 1) showing proper size, & 2) showing accurate shape. The processes, or methods, used by cartographers

More information

World History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide

World History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide World History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide This review guide is exactly that a review guide. This is neither the questions nor the answers to the exam. The final will have 75 content questions, 5 reading

More information

BIBLIOGRAPHY. I) Data collected at the time of explorations and surface collection is mentioned below.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. I) Data collected at the time of explorations and surface collection is mentioned below. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary sources I) Data collected at the time of explorations and surface collection is mentioned below. Antiquities Bangles Beads Coins Discs Textile Dies Figurines Pottery Seals Seals Tools

More information

Social: classes, status, hierarchy, gender, population (demography)

Social: classes, status, hierarchy, gender, population (demography) Social: classes, status, hierarchy, gender, population (demography) Political: authority, laws, military Religious: creation, death, the supernatural, faith, morality, priesthood, places of worship, scriptures

More information

SCIENCE: Ecology - Resources Students will know the natural origin of the materials used to make common objects.

SCIENCE: Ecology - Resources Students will know the natural origin of the materials used to make common objects. SCIENCE: Ecology - Resources Students will know the natural origin of the materials used to make common objects. Docents identified several raw materials and objects that can be used to explain the process

More information

Persian Ceramics. History and Design from Prehistoric to Contemporary. A lecture by: Shabanali Ghorbani. Art University of Isfahan

Persian Ceramics. History and Design from Prehistoric to Contemporary. A lecture by: Shabanali Ghorbani. Art University of Isfahan Persian Ceramics History and Design from Prehistoric to Contemporary Art University of Isfahan A lecture by: Shabanali Ghorbani This lecture was held on May 16, 2016 at Clay Place at Standard exhibit space

More information

INDIA MID-TERM REVIEW

INDIA MID-TERM REVIEW INDIA MID-TERM REVIEW 1. The Indus valley civilization The Indus valley civilization, along with the Aryan culture, is one of the two ancient origins of Indian civilization. The Indus valley civilization,

More information

By: Amanbir Kaur Wazir and her family

By: Amanbir Kaur Wazir and her family By: Amanbir Kaur Wazir and her family I spent the: -summer with my family in India when I was 2 years old -winter months when I was 5 -and again when I was 9 years old. My family and our large Sikh circle

More information

BRHAMI THE DIVINE SCRIPT

BRHAMI THE DIVINE SCRIPT BRHAMI THE DIVINE SCRIPT Ashoka inscription at Naneghat, junnar Brahmi is considered to be one of the most ancient scripts in the sub-continent of India. According to tradition Brahma, the God of Knowledge,

More information

Name: Period 1: 8000 B.C.E. 600 B.C.E.

Name: Period 1: 8000 B.C.E. 600 B.C.E. Chapter 4: Early Societies in South Asia Chapter 5: Early Society in Mainland East Asia Chapter 6: Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania 1. In the Rig Veda, the following lines relate to the sacrifice

More information

Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History III: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - The Material Culture [Kindle Edition] By Mukhtar Ahmed

Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History III: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - The Material Culture [Kindle Edition] By Mukhtar Ahmed Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History III: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - The Material Culture [Kindle Edition] By Mukhtar Ahmed If you are searching for a ebook by Mukhtar Ahmed Ancient Pakistan

More information

Harappa bricks in Raghopura Diara, Vaishali dist., near Patna. Narrative of Artha samgraha of a Hindu civilization.

Harappa bricks in Raghopura Diara, Vaishali dist., near Patna. Narrative of Artha samgraha of a Hindu civilization. Harappa bricks in Raghopura Diara, Vaishali dist., near Patna. Narrative of Artha samgraha of a Hindu civilization. Prologue The place is called Raghopura Diara. A diara is a land newly formed by the recession

More information

Chapter 3: Early Civilizations in India & China

Chapter 3: Early Civilizations in India & China Chapter 3: Early Civilizations in India & China Section 1:Cities of the Indus Valley Section 2: Kingdoms of the Ganges Section 3: Early Civilization in China Section 1:Cities of the Indus Valley Summary:

More information

1. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT AND THE SURROUNDING REGION

1. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT AND THE SURROUNDING REGION SOUTHWESTERN CHRISTIAN SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY STUDY GUIDE # 8 : ANCIENT INDIA 3,000 BC 200 BC LEARNING OBJECTIVES STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

More information

GUJARAT UNIVERSITY. INDIAN CULTURE-INDOLOGY M.A. SEMESTER-3 Studies in Indian Epigraphy-1 INCL- 501

GUJARAT UNIVERSITY. INDIAN CULTURE-INDOLOGY M.A. SEMESTER-3 Studies in Indian Epigraphy-1 INCL- 501 Studies in Indian Epigraphy-1 INCL- 501 UNIT -1 1. Epigraphy definition Indian Epigraphy 2. Beginning of Epigraphy in India 3. Epigraphy as a source of History 4. History of the decipherment of ancient

More information

The City School PAF Chapter Comprehensive Worksheet MAY 2018 History Class 6 (Answering Key)

The City School PAF Chapter Comprehensive Worksheet MAY 2018 History Class 6 (Answering Key) The City School PAF Chapter Comprehensive Worksheet MAY 2018 History Class 6 (Answering Key) The City School/ PAF Chapter/ Comprehensive Worksheet/ May 2018/ History/ Class 6 / Ans Key Page 1 of 6 SECTION

More information

Downloaded from

Downloaded from His What Books and Burials Tell Us 1 1.Match the followings: Column I Column II (A)Sukta (i) Sacrifice (B)Chariots (ii) Well said (C)Yajna (iii) Used in battle (D)Dasa (iv) Slave (A) A-(ii); B-(iii);

More information

THEME 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early states and economics (C 600 BCE 600 CE)

THEME 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early states and economics (C 600 BCE 600 CE) THEME 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns Early states and economics (C 600 BCE 600 CE) Key concept in nut shell Several developments in different parts of the subcontinent (India) the long span of 1500 years following

More information

The Rise of Civilization: Art of the Ancient Near East C H A P T E R 2

The Rise of Civilization: Art of the Ancient Near East C H A P T E R 2 The Rise of Civilization: Art of the Ancient Near East C H A P T E R 2 Map of the Ancient Near East Mesopotamia: the land between the two rivers; Tigris and Euphrates Civilizations of the Near East Sumerian

More information

Unit 4: Ancient River Valley Civilizations - India

Unit 4: Ancient River Valley Civilizations - India Unit 4: Ancient River Valley Civilizations - India Standard(s) of Learning: WHI.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilization of Persia, India, and China in terms of chronology, geography,

More information

What is Civilization?

What is Civilization? What is Civilization? A large group of people with a defined and well organized culture who share certain things in common: Political- common established government Social- common cultural elements like

More information

General Info Location: south central Asia Peninsula in the Indian Ocean at equator Borded by China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh Climate Temperate - Abov

General Info Location: south central Asia Peninsula in the Indian Ocean at equator Borded by China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh Climate Temperate - Abov India General Info Location: south central Asia Peninsula in the Indian Ocean at equator Borded by China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh Climate Temperate - Above 70 degrees Monsoon Seasons 3 Major land regions

More information

India and China Chapter 3.

India and China Chapter 3. India and China Chapter 3 http://www.studentsfriend.com/sfcimage/map13see.jpeg Geography Impacts Early India India is a subcontinent Hindu-Kush and Himalaya Mountains to north Indus and Ganges Rivers in

More information

COURSE CONTENTS (1 ST & 2 ND SEMESTERS ONLY) (Effective from the Academic Year onwards)

COURSE CONTENTS (1 ST & 2 ND SEMESTERS ONLY) (Effective from the Academic Year onwards) B.A. (HONOURS) HISTORY (Three Year Full Time Programme) COURSE CONTENTS (1 ST & 2 ND SEMESTERS ONLY) (Effective from the Academic Year 2011-2012 onwards) DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF DELHI DELHI

More information

6th Grade - Chapter 4 Mesopotamia. Sumerians & Mesopotamian Empires

6th Grade - Chapter 4 Mesopotamia. Sumerians & Mesopotamian Empires 6th Grade - Chapter 4 Mesopotamia Sumerians & Mesopotamian Empires Lesson 1: The Sumerians The Sumerians made important advances in areas such as farming and writing that laid the foundation for future

More information

India and the Indian Ocean Basin

India and the Indian Ocean Basin Date Chapter 16 India and the Indian Ocean Basin A Review of the India s history up 500 CE Key Developments 2500 BCE Urban civiliza on first appeared in the Indian sub-con nent with the Indus Valley civiliza

More information

DBQ 1.: ACHIEVEMENTS OF ANCIENT CIVIIZATIONS

DBQ 1.: ACHIEVEMENTS OF ANCIENT CIVIIZATIONS DBQ 1.: ACHIEVEMENTS OF ANCIENT CIVIIZATIONS Historical Context Early civilizations arose in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, EWpt, China, and India. These earliest civilizations made important and lasting

More information

Mesopotamia (The Tigris & Euphrates) Egypt (The Nile River Valley) India (The Indus River) China (The Yellow River)

Mesopotamia (The Tigris & Euphrates) Egypt (The Nile River Valley) India (The Indus River) China (The Yellow River) Mesopotamia (The Tigris & Euphrates) Egypt (The Nile River Valley) India (The Indus River) China (The Yellow River) 1 IF TIME- Introduction to the Civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia: https://youtu.be/alvndhwyhee

More information

Early Civilizations Review

Early Civilizations Review Early Civilizations Review An area with common physical features is called a. region The study of the ways of past cultures through the items they left behind is. archaeology The practice of worshipping

More information

6. Considerable stimulus for international trade throughout the Near East.

6. Considerable stimulus for international trade throughout the Near East. Session 4 - Lecture 1 I. Introduction The Patriarchs and the Middle Bronze Age Genesis 12-50 traces the movements of the Patriarchs, the ancestors of the Israelites. These movements carried the Patriarchs

More information