Diwali / Deepaavali World Informative & Entertaining

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1 Introduction Contents: 01. Introduction 02. Diwali Festival of Light 03. Diwali in History 04. Five Days of Diwali & Regional Names of Diwali in India 05. Diwali Traditions & Customs 06. Diwali Meaning & Significance 07. Regional Significance of Diwali 08. Diwali Celebrations 09. Diwali Festival in India 10. Diwali in foreign countries 11. Legends of Diwali 12. Diwali Pooja 13. Diwali Recipes 14. Diwali Diyas 15. Diwali Poems 16. Diwali Songs 17. Celebrate an Environmentally Safe Diwali The festival of Diwali has been celebrated for ages and grows in attraction by the year. Everyone enjoys the goodies, the shine, glamour, and the endless enthusiasm for living that suddenly grips people around this time. But there is much more to Diwali than feasting and merrymaking. Diwali is a holy tradition, not to be put in the shade by the lights. Deepavali symbolises the victory of light over darkness. Celebrated joyously all over the country, it is a festival of wealth and prosperity. Deepavali is essentially a festival for householders. The preparations, the rituals, the entire celebration focuses on the home and family, spanning out to cover the community as a natural extension. Diwali is a festival synonymous with celebrations in India and among Indians all over the world, is an occasion for jubilation and togetherness. This is an occasion for young and the old, men and women, rich and poor - for everyone. Irrespective of their religious and economic background, the festival is celebrated throughout the country to ward off the darkness and welcome the light into their lives. At a metaphysical level, Deepawali is a festival signifying the victory of good over evil; the latter is destroyed and reduced to ashes by fireworks is the belief of the people. This festival is celebrated on a grand scale in almost all the regions of India and is looked upon mainly as the beginning of New Year.

2 Diwali is the most beautiful and the grandest festival. It is observed by the majority of people in India. The term Diwali or Deepavali meaning cluster of lamps. Deep meaning lamp, `Avali' meaning `line or row' of lamps. This Diwali which leads us into Truth and Light is celebrated on a nation-wide scale on the new moon day of the Hindu month of Ashwin falls on (October / November) every year. Diwali comes exactly 20 days after Dusshera. It is also celebrated as Welcome home (Ayodhya) of Shri Ram, Sitaji, Lakshmanji and Hanumanji after 14 years exile and Killing of Ravana (the Evil King). Diwali is one the holiest day for Jains, along with Mahavir Jayanti and Samvatsari. On Diwali, Lord Mahavir attained nirvana, 2533 years ago. During this period devotees observe fasting and chant Sutra, which contain the final pravachans of Lord Mahavir, and meditate upon him. Diwali / Deepavali 20 Days after Dusshera 5 Days of Celebrations Falls on October/November (New Moon day) Diwali Celebration Worldwide Diwali Festival of Light Well no doubt Diwali is for sure one of the biggest and the brightest Hindu festivals; it is the festival of lights, the word Deepavali literally means lights arranged in a row, it is a four day celebration, and it actually illuminates the country with brilliance of light arrangements and offers the joy and passion all with its joy. All the four days at the time of the festival offers different rituals and traditions, however the thing which remain unchanged is the celebration of life, the days of enjoyment and goodness. Every day of diwali has its own tale to celebrate, and a legends and myths to tell, the first day of the festival is called Naraka Chaturdasi, which means destroying the demon Naraka, by lord Krishna, along with his wife Sathya Bhanu. The second day of diwali is Amavasya, which marks the worship of Goddess Lakshmi, who is considered to be the goddess of wealth, in most of her benevolent mood, and it is believed that she fulfils the wishes of her devotees at the time of festival. Well in another story at the time of Amavasya, lord Vishnu, defeated Maha Bali, and sent him to the hell. However king Bali was allowed to come back to the Earth, once in

3 every year, to light up millions of lamps and to kill the darkness and the ignorance, and also in order to spread the radiance of love and wisdom. On the day three of Diwali, which is called Kartika Shudda Padyami, according to this day King Bali, gets out of the hell and once again rules the world, according to the advantage which was given by lord Vishnu. The last day of diwali, which is the fourth day is also known as the Yama dvitiya, the uniqueness about this day is that the sisters invite their brothers at their homes. Well the importance of the lights and the fire crackers and all the rituals have different stories to tell, the illumination of the entire house and the skies adorned with fire crackers is actually an expression of seeking the blessings from the heavens for good health, knowledge, prosperity, wealth and peace. As per a person s belief, the sounds of the colorful firecrackers is the display of happiness among the people who are on earth, and letting the gods known that they are having a good time and thanking him for the joy. Another reason as per the scientists is that the fumes which are produced by the fire crackers kill the insects and mosquitoes, which increase in their numbers after the rainy season. Well many people gamble at the time of Diwali, even this has a legend to it. It is said that at this particular time, Goddess Parvathi, played dice with her husband Lord Shiva, and announced that on this particular day who ever gambles will be prosperous for the complete year. Diwali is a festival which is a lot associated with the prosperity and wealth in a lot of ways, and the celebration of festival of dhanteras, which is celebrated two days earlier to Diwali. As explained earlier why we celebrate Diwali, it is basically not just the festival atmosphere in that makes this festival happy, it is possible a very good time to celebrate the welcoming of winter. Well there are many reasons, which are not just for the Hindus, but also for the other religions to have a wonderful time during the festival of lights. Well Goddess Lakshmi s Birthday the goddess of wealth Lakshmi incarnated on the new moon day ammavasyaa at the time of Kartik Month, during the stir up of the ocean, therefore the association of the festival is with Lakshmi. On the same day, god Vishnu in his fifth day of incarnation in the avatar of Vaman, rescued goddess Lakshmi from the prison of the King Bali, and this is also another reason of praying Goddess Lakshmi, at the time of Diwali.

4 On the day, which heads Diwali, God Krishna destroyed the demon King Narakaasur and rescued sixteen thousand women from his captivity. The festival of this victory over Narakasura, went on for couple of days as a victory festival. Diwali is also celebrated for the return of pandavas from the 12 years of banishment as a result of defeat in gambling in the hands of Pandavas, it was on the day of Kartik Amavasya. The citizens who admired the pandavas, celebrated the day with lights for welcoming them back home. The history of Diwali festival could be traced back all the way to ancient India, at the time when it was the harvesting season; however there are quiet a few legends about the origin of festival of lights. Some cultures believe that at this time of the year lord Vishnu and goddess Lakshmi got married. In the eastern part of the

5 country mainly in West Bengal, the festival is dedicated to the worship pf Mother Kali, who is the goddess of strength. God Ganesha, the elephant headed God, who is the symbol of wisdom and the god of auspiciousness, is worshipped in certain cultures during the festival. According to the culture of Jainism, diwali, is dedicated with extra significance to Lord Mahavirr achieve the external blessing of nirvana. Diwali according to some cultures dedicates to the return of lord Rama along with Sita and Lakshman from fourteen years of exile and for terminating demon king Ravana. For being happy celebration of the return of the king, the residents of Ayodhya, which was the capital of Lord Rama, illuminated the complete kingdom with oil lamps and firing of crackers.one of the best kings Vikramaditya was crowned on this day, even this is one of the main reasons to enjoy the event in the best way. Diwali in History The history of Diwali is replete with legends and these legends are moored to the stories of Hindu religious scriptures, mostly the Puranas. Though the central theme of all legends point out to the classic truth of the victory of the good over the evils, the mode of their presentation and the characters differ. Diwali, being the festival of lights, lighting the lamp of knowledge within us means to understand and reflect upon the significant purpose of each of the five days of festivities and to bring those thoughts in to the day today lives. The five day of Diwali The first day of Diwali is called Dhanvantari Triodasi or Dhanwantari Triodasi also called Dhan Theras. The second day of Diwali is called Narak Chaturdasi. It is the fourteenth lunar day (thithi) of the dark forthnight of the month of Kartik and the eve of Diwali. On this day Lord Krishna destroyed the demon Narakasur and made the world free from fear. The third day of Diwali is the actual Diwali. This is the day when worship for Mother Lakshmi is performed. On the fourth day of Diwali, Goverdhan Pooja is performed. The fifth day of the diwali is called Bhratri Dooj. It is a day dedicated to sisters. Hindu Mythology The Story of Rama and Sita: Lord Rama was a great warrior King who was exiled by his father Dashratha, the King of Ayodhya, along with his wife Sita and his younger brother Lakshman, on his wife's insistence. Lord Rama returned to his Kingdom Ayodhya after 14 years of exile, in which he put an end to the demon Ravana of Lanka, who was a great Pundit, highly learned but still evil dominated his mind. After this victory of Good over Evil, Rama

6 returned to Ayodhya. In Ayodhya, the people welcomed them by lighting rows of clay lamps. So, it is an occasion in honor of Rama's victory over Ravana; of Truth's victory over Evil. The Story of King Bali and Vamana Avatar (the Dwarf): The other story concerns King Bali, who was a generous ruler. But he was also very ambitious. Some of the Gods pleaded Vishnu to check King Bali's power. Vishnu came to earth in the form of a Vamana (dwarf) dressed as priest. The dwarf approached King Bali and said "You are the ruler of the three worlds: the Earth, the world above the skies and the underworld. Would you give me the space that I could cover with three strides?" King Bali laughed. Surely a dwarf could not cover much ground, thought the King, who agreed to dwarf's request. At this point, the dwarf changed into Vishnu and his three strides covered the Earth, the Skies and the whole Universe! King Bali was send to the underworld. As part of Diwali celebrations, some Hindus remember King Bali. The Defeat of Narkasur by Lord Krishna: Lord Vishnu in his 8th incarnation as Krishna destroyed the demon Narkasura, who was causing great unhappiness amongst the people of the world. Narkasura was believed to be a demon of filth, covered in dirt. He used to kidnap beautiful young women and force them to live with him. Eventually, their cries for rescue were heard by Vishnu, who came in the form of Krishna. First, Krishna had to fight with a five-headed monster who guarded the demon's home. Narkasura hoped that his death might bring joy to others. Krishna granted his request and the women were freed. For Hindus, this story is a reminder that good can still come out of evil. Krishna and the Mountain: In the village of Gokula, many years ago, the people prayed to the God Indra. They believed that Indra sent the rains, which made their crops, grow. But Krishna came along and persuaded the people to worship the mountain Govardhan, because the mountain and the land around it were fertile. This did not please Indra. He sent thunder and torrential rain down on the village. The people cried to Krishna to help. Krishna saved the villagers by lifting the top of the mountain with his finger. The offering of food to God on this day of Diwali is a reminder to Hindus of the importance of food and it is a time for being thankful to God for the bounty of nature. Sikh Festival Diwali In Sikh perspective, Diwali is celebrated as the return of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind Ji from the captivity of the city, Gwalior. To commemorate his undying love for Sikhism, the towns people lit the way to, Harmandhir Sahib (referred to as the Golden Temple), in his honour. Jain Festival Diwali Among the Jain festivals, Diwali is one of the most important one. For on this occasion we celebrate the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira who established the dharma as we follow it. Lord Mahavira was born as Vardhamana on Chaitra Shukla 13th in the Nata clan at Khattiya-kundapura, near Vaishali. He obtained Kevala Gyana on Vishakha Shukla 10 at the Jambhraka village on the banks of Rijukula river at the age of 42.

7 5 Days of Diwali Regional Names of Diwali in India Diwali / Deepaavali The customs of celebrating Diwali, the festival of light vary from region to region. Though the theme of Diwali is universal, ie, the triumph of Good over Evil, the Darkness paving way for Light and Ignorance leading to Knowledge. With warmer days turning into a mild winter, the fun-filled Deepavali is celebrated for five days from Krishna Chaturdashi to Kaartik Shukla Dwiteeya. Diwali is observed by Hindus, Sikhs & Jains, each community celebrating Diwali for different reasons. Before Diwali Days before Diwali, people start decorating their homes, preparing sweets, light up their homes with colourful lights, buy new clothes & Jewellery. But in some Indian regions the rituals of Diwali starts off two days before Danteras, ie the first day of Diwali. Such festival are: Agyaras: The Patels and the Vaishnavs begin their Diwali celebrations before Dhan Teras, on the 11th day of Ashwin. The day is devoted to preparing the choicest snacks and savouries. Wagh Baras: This day signifies the importance of women in society. Women in the house are worshiped and they buy new clothes and jewellery. First Day The first day of Diwali: Dhanteras Throughout India, the first day of Diwali is widely known as Dhanteras. This day is celebrated to revere Dhanavantri, the physician of the gods, and Goddess Laxmi. Dhanteras is also known by various other names such as: Dhanatrayodashi: Dhantrayodashi a special ritual is accomplished which is called Deepdaan. In it lamps are lit for every individual in the family and ancestors and they are floated in a river or pond. Yamadeepdaan: In India, the festival of Dhanteras is also known as Yamadeepdaan. This name is associated with Sixteen-year old son of King Hima was doomed to die but the dedication of his young wife made Yam, the God of Death, return back.

8 Dhan Teyras: On Dhan Teyras, fast is kept and the worship is done by lighting an earthen lamp on the main entrance of the house and offering water, vermilion, rice, jaggery and flowers to Yamaraj. Asweyuja Bahula Thrayodasi / Dhantheran: In few South Indian States this festival is known as Asweyuja Bahula Thrayodasi or Dhantheran. This day is marked by buying new utensils and silver/gold items. Second Day The second day of Diwali: Choti Diwali In every Indian household, the second day is celebrated with the lighting of 5-7 deep (Diyas) on the door and corners. It is Diwali on a smaller scale, with fewer lights lit and fewer crackers burst. The various regional names associated with the second day are:

9 Choti Diwali: Choti Diwali or 'Small Diwali' is Diwali on a smaller scale, with fewer lights lit and fewer crackers burst. This day is known as Choti Diwali in most North Indian States. Narkachaturdashi: Celebrated in all South Indian states, God Yama is worshiped on this day to get over the fear of demon Narakasura. People make an effigy of Narakasura, and burn it. Later, they take bath and burst crackers. Roop Chaturdashi: In all north Indian States, the second day of Diwali is also known as Roop Chaturdashi. On this day, Hindus takes a ritual bath and perform Sadhana (Meditation) for gain of beauty and magnetism. Kali Choudas: The day before Divali is called Kali Chaudas and on this day, a head wash and application of kajal in the eyes is believed to keep away the kali nazar (evil eye). Mahanisha / Kali Puja: The festival of Diwali is known as Mahanisha in Bengal. It is believed that Maha Kali appeared on this day, accompanied by 64,000 yoginis. Divvela Panduga / Diwali Panduga: Divvela Panduga, also known as Divili Panduga is one of the most significant festival of Andhra Pradesh that include the legend of Narakaasura, decoration of house by rangolis, oil lamps and celebration with fire crakers. Third Day The third day of Diwali: Lakshmi Puja on Diwali Accompanied by the exchange of sweets and the explosion of fireworks, the third day of Diwali as the most important and significant day. The name Diwali comes from the Sanskrit word Deepavali. Other names that vary according to the regions are: Laxmi Pujan: Diwali is synonymous with laxmi pujan. Houses are decorated, Goddess laxmi is worshiped and the women do "aarti" to their husbands, while praying for his long life.

10 Chopda Pujan: Diwali also represents the start of a new business year so all businesses close their accounts and present them to Lakshmi and Ganesh during the Chopda Pujan. Deva Diwali: Among Jains, Diwali is known as Deva Divali. It is on this day that Lord Mahavira is worshiped, sacred scriptures are recited and homes and temples are illuminated. Sukhsuptika: Among the Kashmiri Pandit, the festival of lights is known as Sukhsuptika, which literally means sleep with happiness. Kaumudi Mahostavam: In some part of Andhra Pradesh the festival of Diwali is known as Kaumudi Mahotsavam. Badhausar: In Gujarat, Diwali is known as Badhausar. On this day, Lakshmi is believed to visit the homes that are well lit. So, families decorate their houses with light, flowers and paper chains. Balindra Pooja: Diwali is also known as Balindra Pooja in many South Indian States. In the morning, a pooja offering oil to Krishna is performed. Karthigai Deepam: On Karthigai Deepam, people clean their houses and draw 'Kolams' (Rangoli) in front of the house and also place some lamps on it. Thalai Deepavali: The first Diwali of the newly wed in Tamil Nadu is known as Thalai Deepavali. Sharda Pujan: To augur success, those involved in trade and business do pujan of their new ledgers. This is known as Sharda Pujan. Bandi Chhor Diwas: Diwali is celebrated as Bandi Chhor Divas by Sikhs throughout India. The story of Diwali for the Sikhs is a story of the Sikh struggle for freedom. Diyari: The festival of Diwali is known as Diyari among the Sindhis. They celebrate this festival by performing puja to Goddess Lakmi. Fourth Day The fourth day of Diwali: Padwa & Govardhan Puja The fourth day of Diwali falls on the first day of the lunar New Year. At this time, it is new year for most of the Hindus, while for other on this day old business accounts are settled and new books are opened. The fourth day is known as: Goverdhan puja: Govardhan Puja is an occasion to worship Lord Krishna and Govardhan Parbat or Mount Govardhan, near Mathura. Bestavarsh: The fourth day is celebrated as new year and the families celebrate it by dressing in new clothes, wearing jewelery and visiting family members. Gudi Padava: The association of the New Year termed as Padava or Padavo, with Diwali also substantiates the harvest festival theory.

11 Varsha Pratipada/ Pratipad Padwa: The Fourth day is also called Varsha Pratipada or Pratipad Padwa that marks the coronation of King Vikramaditya and Vikaram-Samvat was started from this Padwa day. Annakoot: On the fourth day, Annakoot is celebrated in observance of the episode in Sri Krishna's childhood, in which He gave protection to the cowherd clan of Vrindavan from the wrath of Indra. Bali Padyam / Bali Pratipada: In Karnataka and other states, the fourth day is celebrated as Bali Paadyami or Bali Pratipada, commemorating the annual visit of demon king Bali to his subjects on Earth. Muharat Pujan: All business establishments and families perform muharat pujan or veneration of their books. Fifth Day The fifth day of Diwali: Bhai Duj The fifth day of Diwali is widely known as Bhai dooj or Bhatri Ditya, and is dedicated to the sacred bond shared between brothers and sisters. It is a big family day and the various regional names of this festival are: Bhai Phota: In Bengal this event is called 'Bhai Phota'. Two days after Kali puja, 'Bhai Phota' is celebrated. On this day, sisters keep a fast and invite their brothers to be felicitated.

12 Bhaubeej / Bhav-Bij: The fifth day of Diwali is known as Bhaubeej or Bhav-Bij among the Marathi speaking community. Bhai-Tika: The last day of Diwali is known as Bhai Tika in Nepal. Also known as brother and sister day, sisters pray to Yamraja for her brother's long life and prosperity. Yamadwitheya / Bhathru Dwithiya: As the legend goes Yamraj, the God of Death visited his sister Yamuna on this particular day. That is why this day of Bhayyaduj is also known by the name of "Yama-Dwitiya" or Bhathru Dwithiya. Gorehabba: A unique festival celebrated by a remote village of Karnataka, Gorehabba fills joy and enthusiasm in people's life. On this day the villagers start playing with the cow dung and there are also a few interesting rituals that are done. Bhatri Ditya: A festival in tune with the Diwali celebration, Bhatri Ditya is a special occasion amongst brothers and sisters and is observed as a symbol of love and affection. Bhathru Dwithiya: Bhathru Dwithiya is a significant Hindu festival that lay utmost importance to the love shared between a brother and his sister. Various rituals and customs are followed while celebrating Bhathru Dwithiya. Related Festival Kojagara: Besides Diwali, in some regions a festival called "Kojagara" is also celebrated to propitiate the Goddess of prosperity, Lakshmi. Labh Pancham: The final festival during the Diwali period is Labh Pancham. It is also known as 'Laakheni Panchmi' and 'Saubhaagya Panchmi.' Tulsi Vivah: A long awaited festival observed in every Hindu household of Goa, Tulsi Vivah is enthusiastically celebrated with the preparation of special sweet dishes. Diwali Traditions & Customs

13 Deepavali, the literal meaning of which in Sanskrit is 'a row of lamps.' Filling little clay lamps with oil and wick and lighting them in rows all over the house is a tradition that is popular in most regions of the country. Even today in this modern world it projects the rich and glorious past of our country and teaches us to uphold the true values of life. It is associated with many customs and traditions. One of the most curious customs, which characterises this festival of Diwali, is the indulgence of gambling, especially on a large scale in North India. The first day of five daylong Diwali celebrations is of great importance to the rich community of western India. Houses and business premises are renovated and decorated. Entrances are made colorful with lovely traditional motifs of Rangoli designs to welcome Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. To indicate her long-awaited arrival, small footprints are drawn with rice flour and vermilion powder all over the houses. Lamps are kept burning all through the night. Believing this day to be auspicious women purchase some gold or silver or at least one or two new utensils. Lakshmi-Puja is performed in the evenings when tiny diyas of clay are lighted to drive away the shadows of evil spirits, devotional songs- in praise of Goddess Laxmi are sung and Naivedya of traditional sweets is offered to the Goddess. There is a peculiar custom in Maharashtra to lightly pound dry coriander seeds with jaggery and offer as Naivedya In villages cattle are adorned and worshiped by farmers as they form the main source of their income. In south cows are offered special veneration as they are supposed to be the incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi and therefore they are adorned and worshiped on this day. On second day there is a traditional practice specially in Maharashtra of taking bath before sunrise with oil and "Uptan" (paste) of gram flour and fragrant powders. In northern India, especially in places like Punjab, Diwali is dedicated to the worship of Lord Rama. While in Bengal, Kali/Durga, the goddess of strength, is worshiped. Diwali is one of the few Hindu festivals, which is celebrated in every part of the country, even in states like Kerala that has Onam as its main festival. To the Jains, Deepavali has an added significance to the great event of Mahaveera attaining the Eternal Bliss of Nirvaana. Govardhan-Puja is also performed in the North on the fourth day. This day is also observed as Annakoot meaning 'mountain of food'. In temples especially in Mathura and Nathadwara, the deities are given milk bath and dressed in shining attires with ornaments of dazzling diamonds, pearls, rubies and other precious stones. After the prayers and traditional worship innumerable varieties of delicious sweets are offered to the deities as "Bhog" and then the devotees approach and take Prasad. Goddess Lakshmi is worshiped in every Hindu household. In many Hindu homes it is a custom for the wife to put the red tilak on the forehead of her husband, garland him and do his "Aarti" with a prayer for his long life. In appreciation of all the tender care that the wife showers on him, the husband gives her a costly gift. This Gudi Padwa is symbolic of love and devotion between the wife and husband. On this day newly married daughters with their husbands are invited for special meals and given presents. Diwali celebration is a very happy occasion for all.

14 Diwali Meaning & Significance Diwali / Deepaavali Deepavali is a festival where people from all age groups participate. They give expression to their happiness by lighting earthen 'diyas' (lamps), decorating the houses, bursting firecrackers and inviting near and dear ones to their households for partaking in a sumptuous feast. The lighting of lamps is a way of paying obeisance to god for attainment of health, wealth, knowledge, peace, valor and fame. It is one time in the whole year that children volunteer to leave their beds long before the day begins. In fact, the traditional oil bath at 3 a.m, is the only chore that stands between them and the pre-dawn adventures. They emerge, scrubbed clean to get into their festive attire, and light up little oil lamps, candles and scented sticks (agarbathis), the wherewithal for setting alight crackers and sparklers. On Diwali night, little clay lamps are lit in Hindus homes, but now a days colored electric lamps are also used. What is the significance of lighting a lamp? There is a logical answer to this question. It is through the light that the beauty of this world is revealed or experienced. Most civilisations of the world recognise the importance of light as a gift of God. It has always been a symbol of whatever is positive in our world of experience. To Hindus, darkness represents ignorance, and light is a metaphor for knowledge. Therefore, lighting a lamp symbolises the destruction, through knowledge, of all negative forces- wickedness, violence, lust, anger, envy, greed, bigotry, fear, injustice, oppression and suffering, etc. Competition is stiff, and even the little girl in silk frocks and their finery are watching out for the best sparklers and flowerpots, the rockets and Vishnuchakras, which light-up the night sky like a thousand stars. Grown-ups are the soul of generosity. Festive bonhomie abounds. Regional Significance of Diwali The origin of Diwali festival is not known, but it has gathered a number of legends around it over the centuries. In the northern and the western regions of India, its origin is attributed to the return of Lord Ram to his kingdom after defeating the demon king Ravana. The joyous people of Ayodhya, his capital, celebrated his

15 arrival. In the eastern states, Diwali is associated with the story of Narakasura who had menaced his people with tyranny. In the regions of Maharashtra and Mysore, Diwali is linked with the legendary king Bali who was immensely popular with his subjects for his generosity. However, king Bali had become arrogant and conceited, and provoked the wrath of godly people. His generosity was put to test by Lord Vishnu who appeared in the disguise of a dwarf, and asked him for a piece of land equal to three steps. When Bali granted his wish, Lord Vishnu took the form of a super giant person, and with his two steps covered Bali's entire kingdom. With his third step he pushed Bali to the underland. Since then, his people celebrated his arrival on this day, locally called Bali Padyami. In the north, most communities observe the custom of lighting lamps. However, in the south, the custom of lighting baked earthen lamps is not so much part of this festival as it is of the Karthikai celebrations a fortnight later. The lights signify a welcome to prosperity in the form of Lakshmi, and the fireworks are supposed to scare away evil spirits. In Punjab, the day following Diwali is known as tikka when sisters make a paste with saffron and rice and place an auspicious mark on their brother's foreheads as a symbolic gesture to ward off all harm. Likewise, on the second day of the month of Kartik, the people of Maharashtra exchange gifts. In Maharashtra, it is the thirteenth day of Ashwin, the trayodasi, that is observed as a festival commemorating a young prince whom Yama, the God of Death, had claimed four days after his marriage. Filled, however, with compassion for the luckless youth, the legend goes, Yama promised that those who observed the day would be spared untimely death-and so the lamps that are lit to mark the festival are placed facing south, unlike on other festive days, because south is the direction mythologically assigned to Yama. For the Bengalis, it is the time to worship Goddess Kali, yet another form of Durga, the divine embodiment of supreme energy. Kali is the Goddess who takes away darkness. She cuts down all impurities, consumes all iniquities, purifies Her devotees with the sincerity of her love. Diwali Celebrations How are these events done in India? Fireworks Exchange of Gifts Lighting of Diyas Food! Worship to Goddess Lakshmi (of Wealth) In your home, how do you celebrate Diwali? Share with us how it s done in India and US How Diwali is celebrated in other part of World

16 Diwali Festival in India "Diwali", the festival of lights, illuminates the darkness of the New Year's moon, and strengthens our close friendships and knowledge, with a selfrealisation! Diwali is celebrated on a nation-wide scale on Amavasya - the 15th day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Ashwin, (October/November) every year. It symbolises that age-old culture of India which teaches to vanquish ignorance that subdues humanity and to drive away darkness that engulfs the light of knowledge. Diwali, the festival of lights even to-day in this modern world projects the rich and glorious past of India. Every year on the dark nights of Diwali the sound of firecrackers announces the celebration of the favorite festival of Indians. Homes are decorated, sweets are distributed by everyone and thousands of lamps are lit to create a world of fantasy. Of all the festivals celebrated in India, Diwali is by far the most glamorous and important. Enthusiastically enjoyed by people of every religion, its magical and radiant touch creates an atmosphere of joy and festivity. The ancient story of how Diwali evolved into such a widely celebrated festival is different in various regions and states of India. In the north, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and the surrounding areas, Diwali is the day when King Rama's coronation was celebrated in Ayodhya after his epic war with Ravana, the demon king of Lanka. By order of the royal families of Ayodhya and Mithila, the kingdom of which Sita was princess, the cities and far-flung boundaries of these kingdoms were lit up with rows of lamps, glittering on dark nights to welcome home the divine king Rama and his queen Sita after 14 years of exile, ending with an across-the-seas war in which the whole of the kingdom of Lanka was destroyed. On the day of Diwali festival, doorways are hung with torans of mango leaves and marigolds. Rangolis are drawn with different colored powders to welcome guests. The traditional motifs are often linked with auspicious symbols of good luck. Oil diyas are arranged in and around the house. Because of these flickering lamps, the festival has acquired its name: Dipawali or Diwali meaning 'a rows of lamps'. On this day, people buy something for the house or some jewelry for the women of the house. It is auspicious to be buy something metallic, such as silver. Whatever may be the fables and legends behind the celebrations of Diwali, all people exchange sweets, wear new clothes and buy jewelry at this festive time. Card parties are held in many homes. Diwali has become commercialised as the biggest annual consumer spree because every family shops for sweets, gifts and fireworks. However, in all this frenzy of shopping and eating, the steady, burning lamp is a constant symbol of an illuminated mind. Diwali in North India In the North, Diwali festivities start at Dussehra. There are numerous legends and local customs associated with this festival, but common to all is the lighting of

17 homes, pathways, temples, and even government buildings, with hundreds of small clay lamps and candles. Firecrackers, thought to frighten away evil spirits are also used with abandon, which makes this a particular popular festival for children. On Diwali day, shops remain open till the afternoon, believing that good sales on Diwali day predict a prosperous year ahead. In the corporate sector, the process of buying and distributing Diwali gifts begins several days before the big day, and slowly picks up pace. Sweets and dry fruits are the most common gifts, as are silver coins. But gifts also range from silver dishes and other household gifts to suit-pieces. In north India, around every street corner can be found the temporary stages for holding the Ramlila - a dramatic rendition of the story of the Ramayan, which continues for several evenings, culminating in the defeat of Evil (Ravana) by Good (Ram). In Himachal, as in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi, gambling with cards picks up and reaches peak on the night of Diwali. Although traditionally Diwali is not celebrated by the Sikhs, they do participate in the festival to the extent of making a trip to the Gurudwara, and then lighting candles in the evening and letting off firecrackers as well. Puja Houses are decorated and a Lakshmi puja is organised. Often the women of the house do "aarti" to their husbands, garlanding him and putting a "tika" on him, while praying for his long life. In some houses, there is a ritual of immersing a silver coin in a tumbler of milk. The milk is then sprinkled lightly in the rooms of the house. Prashad is kept in front of the idol throughout the night. Diya Patterns In Himachal, every indoor corner of the house is lit up carefully, and a large diya, bigger than usual, is kept in the temple or puja place and is guarded all night through. In Bihar and UP, it is not always one large diya, but four smaller ones, intricately shaped, which surround the puja place and the women of the house sit guard all night to ensure they do not go out. Even the diyas placed outside, around the house are jealously guarded and re-lit at once, if the wind puts them out. Diwali Recipes Some of the Diwali specialties made are: "patandas" - dosa like but made of flour and eaten with shakkar (jaggery powder) and ghee; "askloo" - pakodas made out of rice atta and eaten with either shakkar ghee or chutney; "poodas" or "mal poohas"-- which are made of flour and sugar syrup and eaten with a chutney. Diwali in South India In the South, Diwali festival often commemorates the conquering of the Asura Naraka, a powerful king of Assam, who imprisoned tens of thousands of inhabitants. It was Krishna who finally subdued Naraka and freed the prisoners. Diwali Festival in the south is celebrated in the Tamil month of aipasi (thula month) 'naraka chaturdasi' thithi, preceding amavasai. The preparations begin the day before, when the oven is cleaned, smeared with lime, four or five kumkum dots are applied, and then it is filled with water for the next day's oil bath. The house is washed and decorated with kolam (rangoli) patterns with kavi (red oxide). In the pooja room, betel leaves, betel nuts, plaintain fruits, flowers, sandal paste, kumkum, gingelly oil, turmeric powder, scented powder are kept. Crackers and new dresses are placed in a plate after smearing a little kumkum or sandal paste. Celebrations in The Morning: Deepavali celebrations begins early in the morning. The eldest family member applies sesame oil on the heads of all the family members. Then, it's off for a bath, beginning with the youngest in the family. They emerge with new clothes and a look of anticipation at the thought of bursting crackers, which symbolises the killing of the demon king Narakasur.

18 Lehiyan: But before that comes Lehiyan, the bitter concoction, to cleanse the system of its festive over-eating! Then to the crackers. Murukku: A puja is performed for the family deities in the morning. Breakfast consists of murukku, a sweet dish and, of course, idli or dosa. Wish fulfilment: Some communities believe that when Narakasur was to be killed, Lord Krishna asked him his last wish. Narakasura replied that he wanted to enjoy the last day of his life in a grand manner and Diwali was celebrated. That was the beginning and the practice continued. In The Evening: In the evening, lamps are lighted and crackers are burst. As most of the cracker manufacturing units are in Tamil Nadu, there is no dearth of fireworks here. During Thalai Deepavali, the newly weds go to the bride's parental home for revelry. Taking blessings from the elders, they burst the first crackers of the day. Usually a vast range of crackers is bought, with costs running into thousands of rupees. The Diwali Celebrations include a visit to the temple, gifts of clothes and jewelry, gorging on sweets and receiving blessings of elders. The groom's parents, brothers and sisters come down to join in the celebrations. Diwali in Foreign Countries Diwali in Nepal: Nepal is a landlocked country nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas. Nepal, a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual society is the only Hindu Kingdom of the world Diwali in Nepal is known as Tihar. Is like in India, Diwali is celebrated here to honor the goddess of wealth and god of prosperity Lakshmi and Ganesh respectively. The second day is for Dogs as the Vahana of Bhairava. Preparation of delicious food especially meant for the dog is a typical characteristic of the day. Lights and lamps are lit to illuminate the entire surrounding and some of the specialty items are prepared to mark the third day of the festival. Fireworks, Lamps and crackers are widely used. The fourth day is dedicated to Yama, the Hindu God of Death. Diwali in Malaysia Fascinating in its diversity, Malaysia has many mesmerising charms and attractions. It is comprising of a harmonious multi-ethnic mix of Malays, Malaysia promises a colorful potpourri of culture traditions Hindu community of Malaysia celebrates Diwali as a symbol of triumph of good over evil. The Malaysian people call Diwali as Hari Diwali. The south Indian traditional of oil bath precedes the festivities. The celebration includes visits to temples and prayers at household altars. Small lamps made from clay and filled with coconut oil and wicks are a common sight to signify the victory of Lord Rama, the hero of the Hindu epic Ramayana, over the demon king Ravana. Diwali is celebrated almost all over the Malaysia except in Sarawak & Federal Territory of Labuan. Diwali in Indonesia The name Indonesia came from two Greek words: "Indos" meaning Indian and "Nesos" meaning islands. The majority of population follows Islam. Hindus of Indonesian island of Bali is famous for celebrating the festival of Diwali, as a majority of the population here are Indians. The celebration and rituals of the festival is mostly similar to that celebrated by their counterparts in India.

19 Diwali in Myanmar Sharing the eastern boarder of India, Myanmar has a good number of Hindus. The day is celebrated by worshipping of God. A good number of lights or traditional lamps are lit to illuminate the home inside and out side. Delicious foods are cooked and new garments are worn. Traditional dancing and music follow to mark the occasion. Diwali in Singapore Diwali celebration holds a significant place in the calendar of festivals of Singapore. The festival of light Diwali is popularly known in Singapore as Deepavali. The celebration process of the festival is also a lot similar to that of southern India. Marking the importance of the festival day, most of the offices and commercial institutions / organisations remain closed on this day. Diwali in SriLanka Sri Lanka is on the extreme southeastern point of India. Related to the epic of Ramayana. The festival is marked by illumination, making of toys of enamel and making of figures out of crystal sugar popularly known as Misiri. The sugar crystals take the place of sweets. Burning of crackers in the evening of the festival is a common practice of this festival. Diwali in Japan Japan, the land of the rising sun also celebrates Diwali (Deepawali) as the day, which awards happiness, progress, prosperity and longevity in life. The festival here is celebrated in a unique way which is not common in India. People go out into the orchards and gardens and hang lanterns and paper made hanging structures on the branches of trees. Dance and music continues throughout the night. Putting on new clothes and going for boating and broom cleaning of the house are also some of the other related activities. The places of worship are decorated with beautiful wallpapers to bring in the festive mood and the auspicious beliefs related to the festival. Diwali in Thailand Loy Krathong is a "Festival of Lights" similar to Diwali and is celebrated in Thailand in the Oct-Nov period. A small raft (krathong) made of banana leaves, and decorated with flowers and topped by a candle flame, is set adrift on the waterways (of Thailand), under a full moon, by many at the same time. There is fireworks too. Deities thanked include Mae Kongka (known as Mother Ganga (Ganges) in the Indian subcontinent)." Diwali in South Africa The South African culture is a mix of variety of cultures. It had the largest immigrant Indian community in the world a decade prior to the colonisation by the United States of America. The immigrant Indians are concentrated in the eastern regions of Natal and Transvaal of the country. Diwali also holds an important place in the festival calendar of the region. Most of the Hindus here are from Gujarat and Tamil Nadu and continue to follow their regional variations of Hinduism. Diwali in Kenya and Tanzania They also celebrate the major Indian or Hindu festivals of the Hindu calendar. The significance, customs and belief related to the festival of light, therefore is almost same like that of India. Illumination, worshipping of God and Goddess of wealth and prosperity are some of the common practice. Diwali is also declared as a National holiday in Kenya.

20 Diwali in Britain The occasion is marked by visit to the local temple to worship the shrine to Lakshmi, which they have made for Diwali. Eating special sweets, burning of incense sticks, lighting the home and surroundings and the blowing of the conch shell follows the prayer session in the Lakshmi temple. The festival here is celebrated is in one of the cold, damp and windy months in Britain. The enthusiasm of the festival celebration makes the task of leaving small lamps on windowsills or by open doorways possible ignoring the chill. Diwali in Australia Australia the wonderful island country on Indian Ocean. For Hindu here Diwali is one of the festivals that is celebrated with enthusiasm. The lightening of lamps and Diyas is a common practice. However, the nonavailability of the appropriate material of or some other reason have influenced and given in the touch of modernity in the celebration of the festival of light Diwali in Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad is the most southern of the Caribbean, colorful islands of the West Indies. The Diwali celebration has a unique flavor here in the Caribbean island nation. The Diwali celebrations are usually marked as an occasion to unify the nation that consists of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Indo-Trinidadians and Afro- Trinidadians. The festival day is regarded as a National holiday. The functions and celebrations also have an official imprint as the Ministers of the Government also participate in the celebrations sometimes. The celebrations continue for over a week and the headquarters of the National Council of Indian Culture at Diwali Nagar becomes the focal point. Diwali celebrations in Guyana The Co-operative Republic of Guyana in Southern America celebrates Diwali according to the Hindu calendar and declared as a national holiday in the official calendar of Guyana The celebration of the festival includes, distribution of sweets, illuminating the inside and out side of the house, exchange of greetings, cleaning of houses and wearing of new clothes. The celebrations hold special significance for the people of Guyana The distribution of sweet signifies the importance of serving and sharing whereas exchange of greeting cards denotes the goodwill of each other. They believe that wearing new cloth is the symbol of healthy souls in healthy bodies. Cleaning of their homes and keeping them well illuminated in and outside is a practice meant to illuminate the road for Goddess Lakshmi so that while goddess Lakshmi visits their home she faces no problem of light as the diwali night is regarded as the darkest night of the year. Diwali- festival of light Conclusion Nobel Poet, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore has so aptly put forth the true significance of Diwali in these beautiful lines: The night is black Kindle the lamp of LOVE With thy life and devotion."

21 WISH YOU ALL VERY HAPPY & PROSPURAS DIWALI & NEW YEAR Legends of Diwali Diwali, the festival of lights, celebrates the abundance of autumn harvest and is dedicated to various gods and goddesses. The festival also marks an important date in the Indian calendar, as the North Indian kingdom of Avadha has celebrated this as the last day of Lord Rama's long exile of fourteen years. As the citizens of Ayodhya eagerly awaited their beloved prince's return, they lit thousands of lamps to guide his flying vimana to their city. The darkest night of the year gave way to a glorious morning as Rama returned with his wife and brothers to his ancestral kingdom of Avadha. Diwali also celebrates the gracious nature of the three goddesses, Lakshmi, Kali and Saraswati. Dhanteras (two days before Diwali) is dedicated to Lakshmi, whose blessings are essential for a prosperous, fruitful and peaceful life. Kali-Chudash (the day before Diwali) is dedicated to Maha Kali whose strength we seek to maintain the wealth we have. Strength, physical, mental and spiritual, is essential for all of us to lead a happy life. Diwali itself is dedicated to goddess Saraswati. Knowledge is the ultimate wealth, for it cannot be stolen from you; it is also the ultimate strength, for it often defeats brute force. The Legends Goddess Lakshmi: The Goddess of wealth, Lakshmi was incarnated on the new moon day (amaavasyaa) of the Kartik month during the churning of the ocean (samudramanthan), hence the association of Diwali with Lakshmi. Vishnu Rescued Lakshmi: On this very day, Lord Vishnu in his fifth incarnation as Vaman-avtaara rescued Lakshmi from the prison of King Bali and this is another reason of worshipping Ma Larkshmi on Diwali. Krishna Killed Narakaasur: On the day preceding Diwali, Lord Krishna killed the demon king Narakaasur and rescued 16,000 women from his captivity. The celebration of this freedom went on for two days including the Diwali day as a victory festival. The Return of the Pandavas: According to the great epic 'Mahabharata', it was 'Kartik Amavashya' when the Pandavas appeared from their 12 years of banishment as a result of their defeat in the hands of the Kauravas at the game of dice (gambling). The subjects who loved the Pandavas celebrated the day by lighting the earthen lamps. The Victory of Rama: According to the epic 'Ramayana', it was the new moon day of Kartik when Lord Ram, Ma Sita and Lakshman returned to Ayodhya after vanquishing Ravana and conquering Lanka. The citizens of Ayodhya decorated the entire city with the earthen lamps and illuminated it like never before. Coronation of Vikramaditya: One of the greatest Hindu King Vikramaditya was coronated on the Diwali day, hence Diwali became a historical event as well. Importance of Dussehra All that is good in mankind is concentrated in the deeds of the god-king Ram, the ruler of Ayodhya. Lord Rama, the moral man with his moral way of life are the reasons for celebrating India's popular festival of Dussehra and Diwali. Diwali comes exactly 20 days after Dussehra on Amavas (new moon), during fortnight of kartik, some time in October or November.

22 On the day of Dussehra, Ram, killed the great demon Ravan, who had abducted Ram's wife Sita to his kingdom of Lanka. Ram, along with his brother Lakshman and devoted follower Hanuman, and an army of monkeys fought a great battle to rescue his lovely wife Sita. The war against Ravan lasted for ten days. Sita had been returned to her husband Ram and they now make their way to Ayodhya in triumph and glory. Thus, it is on the Diwali day that Lord Ram, the incarnation of Lord Vishnu in the Treta Yug, returned to his capital Ayodhya after the exile of fourteen years. Consequently, to commemorate the return of Ram, Sita and Lakshman to Ayodhya, people celebrate Diwali with the bursting of crackers and by lighting up their houses with earthen diyas. This grand style of celebration have continued, year after year. To this day, the whole of Ramayana is enacted in dramas staged in huge pandals and maidans, in cities, towns and villages, on the occasion of Dussehra and Diwali. Rama Return to Ayodhya Rama, the ancient idol of the heroic ages, the embodiment of truth, of morality, the ideal son, the ideal husband, and above all, the ideal king. After ten days of fierce war with Ravana, the victorious Rama, Laxmana and Sita preapared to return to Ayodhya. There was joyous shouts of Victory to Rama, Veer Hanuman ki Jai - Victory to Hanuman. Gods from the Heaven poured flowers and garlands to celebrate and show their pleasure. Celebration in Ayodhya Here in Ayodhya, Bharata, Ram's beloved brother, eagerly waited for the arrival of Rama, Laxmana and Sita. He had counted every day of those fourteen years that Rama had to suffer in forest as a result of his mother's folly. He had ruled as the representative Rama, living like a monk -sanyasi. Rama's wooden shoes adored the throne during his absence. Bharata encouraged people of Ayodhya to celebrate the return of Rama with pomp and show. Actually there was no need to pass any order. The whole Ayodhya was eager to welcome her heroes. The whole city was decorated with flowers and garlands. Every house adored beautiful look of cleanliness and was lighted with candles and lamps. Perfumes and scent filled the air. Every street was cleaned and watered, and decorated with hand-painted colorful designs. Brothers Meet There was mad rush to see Rama first. Bharata and Rama hugged each other, tears flowing down their eyes. Rama inquired about the well being of Kaikeyi first, then about his mother Kaushalya and Sumitra. Soon, Rama was given his due honour as King of Ayodhya. Formal sacrificial ceremony was performed with gaiety and pomp and Rama ruled Ayodhya wisely. Everyone including animals and trees were happy and contented. Diwali As Harvest Festival Diwali signifies Harvest Festival. As it occurs at the end of a cropping season and has along with the above customs, a few others that reinforce the hypothesis of its having originated as a harvest festival. Every harvest normally spelt prosperity. The celebration was first started in India by farmers after they reaped their harvests. They celebrated with joy and offered praises to God for granting them a good crop. On the second day of Deepavali, a ritual that is strongly suggestive of the origin of Deepavali as an harvest festival is performed. Worship of the Goddess of Wealth, Laxmi and performance of Aarti are a part of the harvest festival. On this day delicacies are prepared from pounded semi-cooked rice called Poha or Pauva. This rice is taken from the fresh harvest available at that time. This custom is prevalent both in rural and urban areas especially in Western India.

23 In rural areas, Diwali signifies only this aspect. The reason being the fact that Diwali which is celebrated sometime in October/November co-incides with the end of a harvesting season, known as the Kharif season when the fresh crop of rice is available. Therefore, Diwali is also considered by many rural hindus to be the harvest festival when farmers offer prayers, and express their gratitude to the Almighty for the bounty they received from him. Killing of Narakasura Narakasura ruled the kingdom of Pradyoshapuram. Puranas have it that Naraka, son of Bhudevi, acquired immense power from a blessing given by Lord Brahma after a severe penance. Under his rule, the villagers suffered a lot of hardship as the demon tortured the people and kidnapped the women to be imprisoned in his palace with his invincible might. Unable to bear the tyranny of the demon, the celestial beings pleaded with Lord Krishna to save them from his torture. But Naraka had a boon that he would face death only at the hands of his mother Bhudevi. So, Krishna asks his wife Sathyabhama, the reincarnation of Bhudevi, to be his charioteer in the battle with Naraka. When Krishna fell unconscious after being hit by an arrow of Naraka, Sathyabhama takes the bow and aims the arrow at Naraka, killing him instantly. Later Lord Krishna reminds her of the boon she had sought as Bhudevi. The Narakasura Vadh by Sathyabhama could also be taken to interpret that parents should not hesitate to punish their children when they step in to the wrong path. The message of Naraka Chaturdashi Parva is that the good of the society should always prevail over one's own personal bonds. It is interesting to note that Bhudevi, mother of the slain demon Naraka, declared that his death should not be a day of mourning but an occasion to celebrate and rejoice. It is said Lord Krishna had an oil bath to rid himself off the blood spattered on his body when Naraka was killed. The tradition is followed and people offer prayers on the previous day of the Naraka Chaturdashi to the vessel in which water is being heated for having bath. Hindus light fireworks, which are regarded as the effigies of Narakasura who was killed on this day. Emergence of Lakshmi Lakshmi is the Hindu Goddess who governs all form of wealth and success and the paths, means and results of all forms of prosperity. As the Consort of Lord Vishnu, who is the god of preservation, Lakshmi Devi is the goddess of health and beauty. Sri Lakshmi embodies sublime beauty, siddhi, peace, strength, balance, auspiciousness, opulence and wisdom. Lakshmi's Incarnation into being The story of Lakshmi's birth begins when the Devas (minor gods) were in a race against the Asuras (demons) to obtain amrit (the nectar of immorality). The Devas consulted Vishnu who was on earth as Kurma, a tortoise. They decided they would churn the oceans for the amrit. They created to churn by the threading the serpent Vasuki around Mount Mandara. Kurma dived to the ocean floor and balanced Mount Mandara on his back. In the grip of Kurma's cosmic clutch, the mountain could not sink into the ocean bed. The gods churned and received the Nectar of Immortality from Lakshmi Devi and then fourteen treasures came to their hands. Lakshmi Chose Vishnu as Her Consort. Vishnu carried Lakshmi from the ocean into His heaven. Each time Vishnu descends on earth as an avatar. He is accompanied by an avatar of Lakshmi.

24 Meaning of Lakshmi As a female counterpart of Lord Vishnu, Mata Lakshmi is also called "Shri", the female of the Supreme Being. Goddess Lakshmi means "Good Luck" to Hindus. The word "Lakshmi" is derived from the Sanskrit word "Laksya", meaning 'aim' or 'goal', and she is the goddess of wealth and prosperity, both material and spiritual. Also 'lakh' which means "one hundred thousand' as a monetary unit in India, is the first part of Lakshmi's name, symbolising her blessings that pour forth abundantly. Diwali Story Dhan Teras falls two days before Diwali. The word Dhan means wealth and Teras means 13th day of lunar fortnight. God Yama yam is worshipped on this day to provide prosperity and well being. As such this day has a great importance for the community of North & Western India. Houses and Business premises are renovated and decorated. Entrances are made colourful with lovely traditional motifs of Rangoli rangolee designs to welcome the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. To indicate her long-awaited arrival, small footprints are drawn with rice flour and vermilion powder all over the houses. Lamps are kept burning all through the nights. Celebrations include shopping of new clothes, jewellery, new utensils, sweets and beautiful lanterns, especially for Dhantrayodashi. On the occasion, corporate and any enterprise find it the perfect time to gift their employees. Gift hampers are marked with corporate name and logo; also used for promotional handouts. As per a legend, when the gods and demons stirred the ocean for Amrit (the potion which makes one immortal), Dhanavantri - physician of the gods - who is also supposed to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu emerged from beneath the waters carrying the jug containing the potion. According to another legend, King Hima s sixteen-year-old son was preordained to die on the third day following his marriage because of snakebite, according to soothsayers. On the critical day, his wife

25 illuminated the house by lighting up numerous lamps. She took out all the ornaments and gold and silver coins piled them up at the entrance of her husband s room. She related tales to the people gathered at their house and also sang songs through the night. Yama (god of death) arrived at the fated time in the guise of a serpent. However, the bright lighting in the house dimmed his vision. He couldn t sight the prince s chamber. So he made himself comfortable by seating himself on the pile of ornaments and coins. As he sat there, he could not help, but get enchanted by the songs rendered by prince s wife. At daybreak on the following day, he left the place with his mission unfulfilled. Thus, the wife was successful in saving her husband s life. It became a sacred day, and Dhanteras also came to be referred as Yamadeepdaan. So on Dhanteras lamps are aflame throughout the night for the worship of Lord Yama. Dhan Teras Muhurat Dhan Teras - Yamay Deep Daan & Laxmi Pujan Muhurat DEEPAVALI (Diwali): Lakshmi DEEPAVALI or Diwali means a row of lights. It falls on the last two days of the dark half of Kartik (October-November). For some it is a three-day festival. It commences with the Dhan-Teras, on the 13th day of the dark

26 half of Kartik(hindu month), followed the next day by the Narak Chaudas, the 14th day, and by Deepavali proper on the 15th day. According to the legends Lakshmi, Goddess of wealth, was incarnated on the new moon day (amaavasyaa) of the Kartik month during the churning of the ocean (samudra-manthan), hence the association of Diwali with Lakshmi. From that day she is worshipped as the symbol of wealth and prosperity. It is also said that on this very day Lord Vishnu rescued Goddess Lakshmi from the prison of Demon king bali and for that reason Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped on the day of Diwali. In Bengal the festival is dedicated to the worship of Kali. It also commemorates that blessed day on which the triumphant Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana. On this day also Sri Krishna killed the demon Narakasura. In South India people take an oil bath in the morning and wear new clothes. They partake of sweetmeats. They light fireworks which are regarded as the effigies of Narakasura who was killed on this day. They greet one another, asking, Have you had your Ganges bath? which actually refers to the oil bath that morning as it is regarded as purifying as a bath in the holy Ganges. Everyone forgets and forgives the wrongs done by others. There is an air of freedom, festivity and friendliness everywhere. This festival brings about unity. It instils charity in the hearts of people. Everyone buys new clothes for the family. Employers, too, purchase new clothes for their employees. Waking up during the Brahmamuhurta (at 4 a.m.) is a great blessing from the standpoint of health, ethical discipline, efficiency in work and spiritual advancement. It is on Deepavali that everyone wakes up early in the morning. The sages who instituted this custom must have cherished the hope that their descendents would realise its benefits and make it a regular habit in their lives. In a happy mood of great rejoicing village folk move about freely, mixing with one another without any reserve, all enmity being forgotten. People embrace one another with love. Deepavali is a great unifying force. Those with keen inner spiritual ears will clearly hear the voice of the sages, O Children of God! Unite, and love all. The vibrations produced by the greetings of love which fill the atmosphere are powerful enough to bring about a change of heart in every man and woman in the world. Alas! That heart has considerably hardened, and only a continuous celebration of Deepavali in our homes can rekindle in us the urgent need of turning away from the ruinous path of hatred. On this day Hindu merchants in North India open their new account books and pray for success and prosperity during the coming year. The homes are cleaned and decorated by day and illuminated by night with earthen oil-lamps. The best and finest illuminations are to be seen in Bombay and Amritsar. The famous Golden Temple at Amritsar is lit in the evening with thousands of lamps placed all over the steps of the big tank. Vaishnavites celebrate the Govardhan Puja and feed the poor on a large scale.

27 This year celebrate the Festival of Lights Pushpanjali Mantras for Ma Lakshmi - Puja on Diwali Pushpanjali Mantra Mantras for offering flowers to Goddess Lakshmi I have heard of the Goddess from the teachers and the scriptures and have tried to mediate upon Her. I now beseech the same Goddess Lakshmi to motivate me to mediate upon Her. I have heard of Lord Ganesh from the teachers and scriptures and have mediated upon him. I pray to Lord Ganesh to motivate me to mediate upon him. I have prepared this collection of flowers by procuring flowers which grow in this season from different places. Oh, great Goddess, kindly accept my offering of flowers. Deepavali Poojan Ki Samagri : List of items for Diwali Puja Following is the list of important materials (samagri) required to perform Maha Lakshmi Puja, Kuber Puja, Tula Maan and Deepavali puja.

28 And also Ganesh Puja, Navagrah Puja, Shodashmatruka Puja, MahaKaali Puja, Maha Sarswati Puja, 1. Lakshmi and Ganesha 2. Gold and/or Silver coin embossed with picture of Goddess Lakshmi, new Currency notes 3. Vastra (new cloth) for Laxmi & Ganesh 5. Cash Register/Accounts Books 6. Coins Bag 7. Pen 8. Ink Pot (Black) 10. Dhoop, Agarbati 11. Pure Ghee, Curd, Honey, Pure Water (Ganga Jal) 12. Panchamrit (Mixture of Milk, Curd, Honey, Sugar, Ghee) 13. Turmeric Powder 14. Kalawaa, Attar - (Scent) 15. Kalash, 2 mtr white and red cloth (each) 16. Handy towel 17. Coconut with water and Gola 18. Dry Fruits, Flowers including Lotus 19. Durvaa 20. Betel leaves, betel nuts 21. Bataashe, Khaand ke Khilone, Sweets 22. Sarees 23. Kheel, Loung, choti Elaichi, mango tree leaves 24. Kesar, Sindoor, Kumkum 25. Vandanvaar for entrance Gate 26. Sankha - Conch 27. Ghanta - bell 28. Jewelleries -golden/silver articles (if available)

29 29. Abhishek Patra Diwali / Deepaavali 30. Utensil/Bowl (½ Gallon) (Stainless Steel/Plastic) for keeping used water types of Fruits (Mango, Banana, Apple, Orange, Grapes, Pear, Peach etc ) 32. Janve Jod (Pair of Holy thread) 33. Akshata (Rice Grains mixed with Kumkum) - (250 gms) 34. Ashtagandha (Scented Orange Powder) 35. Chandan (Sandlewood) 36. Flower Garland (For murti & photos of dieties used in pooja) 37. Plates / Trays (Stainless steel/plastic) for keeping the Pooja Material 38. Small/big Diyas 39. Cotton wicks 40. Sesame oil /Mustard oil and Match box Mantras, Jaap, Tone, Totake for Diwali Try these Mantras, Jaap, Tone and Totake on the occassion of diwali to bring prosperity, wealth and happiness in life. Om Aim LaxmiN ShreeM kamaldhaarinni kalhansee Swaaha During chanting of the above mantra, pray to Ma Lakshmi for fulfillment of your one wish. You will be benefited by wealth and Prosperity. Jai Maa Lakshmi Aum HreeN DuN Durgayai Namah Jai Mata Di

30 Om shreem hreen kleen glaun gan gannapataye var varadaye namah Chant the above mantra using Rudraksha Mala, daily 108 times, by sitting before Lord Ganesha. Jai Shree Ganesha Great Mantras of Ganesha, Laxmi and Kuber - a must on diwali To invoke the blessings of Lord Krishna, Ganesha, Maa Laxmi, Maa Durga, Maa Saraswati and God Kuber, chant the following mantras on the eve of Deepavali festival (during night). Ganesha s Mantras Om shree ganneshaay namah Om Maa Durga s Mantras Om AiN HreeN KleeN Chaamunnddaayai Vichche Om Mata Lakshmi s Mantras Om Shree Mahaalachhmyai Ch Vidamahe Visshnnu Pat`n`yai Ch Dheemahi tan`no Lachhmee Prachodayaat` Om Om HreeN Asshttalachh`myai Daarid`r`y Vinaashinii Sarv Sukh SamrrdhdiN Dehi Dehi HreeN Om Namah Lord Krishna s Mantras Om Namo Bhagavate Vaasudevaay Om Maa Saraswati s Mantras (for students and knowledge seekers)

31 Om Sarasvatii Mayaa Drrsshttvaa, Veenna Pustak Dhaaranneem`. hans Vaahinee Samaayukta MaaN Vidhaa Daan Karotu men Om God Kuber s Mantras Om Kuber: tvam` Dhanaadheesh: Grrhe te Kamalaa Sthitaa. Maam` Deveem` Presshayaasu tvam`, mad` Grrhe te Namo namah Om Diwali Pujan Vidhi : How to Perform Lakshmi Puja on Deepavali Shree MahaLakshmi Pujan Vidhi Details of Puja essentials (puja samagri) has already been given in this site. Initial Puja and Preparation Step by step Poojan Aarti and Pushpanjali Kshamaa Aarti and Pushpanjali mantras for goddess Lakshmiji has already been given somewhere in this site. Visarjan On this Diwali Ma Lakshmi may visit your Home * Conditions Apply

32 Maa Lakshmi is said to be unsteady and transient and does not stay at one place for long. Since everyone desires that she stay within the home permanently, prayers are offered to Maa Lakshmi. It is believed that the art of attracting Goddess Laxmi through devotion is secret and difficult to achieve. This is because of a strict direction by Vishvamitra vishvaamitra, who directed that the procedures must be kept secret and taught to a capable successor only at the end of one s life. It is believed that during the churning of the ocean by the gods and the asurs when Lakshmi appeared, Indra offered prayers that pleased Her. In blessing, she told him that whoever receives the 12-letter mantra from him and repeats it devotedly during the three prayers everyday shall attain prosperity like Kuber. This was the beginning of prayers to Ma Lakshmi. In the Ravana Samhita, Ravana has said that devotion to Lakshmi is an outstanding devotion, and that he learnt it from Kuber, the God of Wealth. He said that with that knowledge he was able to make Lanka prosperous. In the Mahabharata, Udyogparv, it is said: Patience, self-control, control over the senses, compassion, gentle speech and holding no grudges against friends and others promote glory and prosperity. In the Goraksh Samhita, Guru Gorakhnath has also described devotion to Lakshmi a outstanding. Lord Krishna stressed that through devotion to Lakshmi great prosperity can be attained as He did in Dwarka. In the Hitopadesh, 178, it is said: Whoever is enthusiastic, active, capable in his work, not addicted to vice, grateful and devotedly friendly shall find that Lakshmi voluntarily comes to reside in his home. The Most Auspicious Time for Lakshmi Puja on Diwali Lakshmi Puja Muhurta on Diwali Subh Chaughadia, Singh Lagna & Mahanisith Kaal *Kark Lagna-until

33 International Diwali / Lakshmi Puja Muhurat USA & Canada International Diwali Muhurta Time Calculation by Pundit Mahesh Shastriji Calculate your Laxmi Puja (Deepavali) Muhurta Time is believed to be correct. You may also consult your pundit/purohit. Diwali Pooja A Diwali pooja is worship to the Deities of the Hindu Religion in the form of prayer, offerings and sacrifices. The day of Diwali is important since it signifies the worship and praise of devotees to the various deities; but most importantly, it is a day of praise to Goddess Lakshmi and by extension the divine mother of the entire universe and the earthly (physical) mother. Most devout Hindus perform the Dipavali Pooja in a fixed, ritualistic pattern, by celebrating in praise and offerings to Lord Ganesh, Lord Shiva, the Nine Planets, Kalsa (representing the Universe) and Mother Lakshmi. During the Dipavali Poojan, offerings are made to the fire (Agni devta), which is viewed as the mouth of the Divine- it is the actual feeding of the God. During Diwali Pooja, sixteen prescribed steps occur (symbolic of the sixteen ceremonies to be completed in the life span of a Hindu) including the welcoming of the Deity, giving the Deity a place to sit, the washing of the feet, decorating the Deity, and the offering of food items, clothing or money to seek blessings. Fresh, sweet-scented flowers along with specific herbs and plants are used, as well as Jhal/Phaag (a combination of milk, ghee, honey and spices). The planting of flags with significant colors associated with the deities is used to symbolise the offerings. In addition, this particular Pooja not only celebrates happiness with light, but with song, chanting, tasting of food, ringing of bells, and the blowing of Conch shells as blessings are bestowed among family members. Tiny lamps of clay are lighted to drive away the shadows of evil spirits and Selfenlightenment is expressed. It is believed that on this day Lakshmi visits each household and showers her blessings on man for plenty and prosperity. Once the ceremonial worship is finished in the evening, sweets are offered to the goddess as "Naivedya" and distributed as "Prasad". Feasts are arranged and gifts are exchanged on this day. Gaily dressed men, women and children go to temples and fairs, visit friends and relatives. One of the most curious customs, which characterises this festival of Dipavali, is the indulgence of gambling, especially on a large scale in North India. It is believed that Goddess Parvati played dice with her husband, Lord Shiva on this day and she decreed that whosoever gambled on Diwali night would prosper throughout the ensuring year. This tradition of playing cards- flush and rummy with stakes on this particular day continues even to day.

34 Diwali Puja Process Diwali is the festival of Laxmi, the Goddess of prosperity and wealth. It is believed that Goddess Laxmi visit everyone during Diwali and brings peace and prosperity to all. On the night of Diwali "Lakshmi-Pujan" is performed in the evenings. A traditional Pujan is performed after sunset in all the homes. Five pieces of ghee diyas (lamps) are lit in front of the deities, naivedya of traditional sweets is offered to the Goddess and devotional songs are sung in praise of Goddess Laxmi. After Deepawali Puja people light diyas (lamps) in their homes to usher in light and clear the darkness from the world. In villages cattle are adorned and worshipped by farmers as they form the main source of their income. In south, cows are offered special veneration as they are supposed to be the incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi and therefore they are adorned and worshipped on this day. Step By Step Diwali Pujan: First clean the Puja room and then Bathe each Deity (Lakshmi & Ganesh) first with water, then with panchamitra/or rose water, followed by water once more Now put Deepak (Lamp) in front of the Deities - As the tiny diyas of clay are lighted to drive away the shadows of evil spirits Make a Panchamitra with 5 ingredients of milk, curd, ghee (clarified butter), sugar & Honey. Place Few mithais, snacks & fruits as a prashad. Make offerings of flowers, Abir (red colour), Sindoor (vermillion) and Haldi (turmeric). Light the Agarbatti (incense sticks) and lamps filled with Ghee. Now make offerings of Fruit, Sweet dishes (mithai), Salty snacks (Mathis, Ghathia, Namakpare) and offer Dakshina (token money), which could be given to the poor. In the end offer paan (betel leaves), cloves. Now pray to the deities to seek their blessings. Ganesh Pooja : Ganesh Puja is a must for deepavali Puja. (Lord Ganesha is to be worshipped in all pujas before any other God or Goddess.) (Ganesh Aarti is sung) Laxmi Pooja : Place Lotus and other flowers at her feet as an offering. A silver coin is placed in front of the Goddess during the puja. Now perform Aarti with flowers in hand (Lakshmi Aarti is sung). After Deepawali Pujan have the Prasad and go out to burst Diwali Crackers. Diwali Aarti Shree Ganesh Aarti Jai Ganesha Jai Ganesha Jai Ganesha Deva Maata Jaaki Parvati Pitaa Mahadeva Ladoowan Ka Bhog Lage Sant Karen Sevaa Jai Ganesh Deva Eka Dant Dayavant Chaar Bhujadhari Maathe Par Tilak Sohe Muse Ki Sawaari Paan Chadhe Phool Chadhe Aur Chadhe Mevaa Jai Ganesh Deva Andhe Ko Aankh Det Kohin Ko Kaaya Banjhan Ko Putra Det Nirdhan Ko Maaya Surya Shama Sharan Aaye Safal Kijye Sevaa Jai Ganesh Deva

35 Maa Lakshmi Aarti Jai lakshmi maataa, Maiyaa jaya lakshmi maataa Tumako nishadina dhyaavata, Hara vishnu vidhaataa "Glory to you, O Mother, glory to you, mother Lakshmi. Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma meditate on you everyday and night." Brahmaanii, rudraanii, kamalaa, Tuuhii hai jaga maataa Suurya chandramaa dhyaavata, Naarada rishi gaataa "You are yourself the consort of Brahma, Rudra and Vishnu and the mother of the world. The sage Narada sings your praises and the Sun and the Moon meditate on you." Durgaa ruupa nirantara, sukha sampati daataa Jo koi tumako dhyaavata, riddhi siddhi dhana paataa "As Durga, you grant both happiness and prosperity; and he who centres his attention on you becomes a recipient of all riddhis and siddhis-prosperity and Accomplishment." Tuuhii hai paataala basantii, Tuuhii shubha daataa Karma prabhaava prakaashaka, Jaganidhi ke traataa "None but you dwell in the nether regions of the earth and you alone ensure good luck, bring to light the effect of Karma (action) and protect all worldly treasures." Jisa ghara mein tuma rahatii, saba sadaguna aataa Kara sake koii kara le, mana nahin ghabaraataa "All the virtues collect themselves where you have your dwelling ; with your grace and favour even the impossible becomes possible without causing any nervous agitation." Tuma bina yagya na hove, Vastra na koii paataa Khaana paana kaa vaibhava, Saba tumase hii aataa "No sacrifice can be performed without you (your grace), no one can obtain any garment (to cover his body); it is from you that one obtains one's sustenance (food and drink)." Shubha guna mandira sundara, Kshirodadhi jaataa Ratana chaturdasha tuma hii, Koii nahiin paataa "O daughter of the Ocean of Milk and the beauteous temple of all propitious virtues, you are a living mass of all the fourteen gems with which none else is endowed." Aartii lakshmii jii kii, Jo koii nara gaataa Ura aananda umanga ati, Paapa utara jaataa "Whosoever hymns this prayer to Lakshmi is purged of his sins and experiences the ecstasy of joy." The Universal Aarti Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare Swami Jaya Jagadheesha Hare Bhakta janonke sankat Bhakta janonke sankat Kshan me door kare

36 Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "Om! Victory to You, Hari, Ruler of the Universe, You make the troubles of your devotees vanish in a second" Jo dhyave phal pave Dhukh bin se man ka Swami dhukh bin se man ka Sukha sampati Ghar ave Sukha sampati Ghar ave Kasht mite tan ka Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "Whoever thinks of You, gets results without any mental grief, Happiness and wealth come to his home, And his bodily woes vanish." Mata pita tum mere Sharan padum mi kis ki Swami sharan padum mi kis ki Tum bina aur na dooja Tum bina aur na dooja Asha karum mi kis ki Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "You are my mother and my father, Who else can I seek refuge from? There is no one else other than You for me, Who shall I yearn for?" Tum pooran Paramatma Tum Antaryami Swami Tum Antaryami Parabrahma Parameshwara Parabrahma Parameshwara Tum sab ke Swami Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "You are whole and You are the Supreme Self, You are the Indweller in every being. O Supreme God, O Supreme Ruler, You are the Master of everybody" Tum karuna ke sagar Tum palan karta Swami Tum palan karta Mi sevak tum swami Mi sevak tum swami Kripa karo bharta Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "You are the Ocean of Mercy, You are the Ruler, I am your servant and you are the Master, Please show mercy my Lord" Tum ho ek agochar Sab ke pranapati Swami sab ke pranapati Kis vidhi miloom dayamaya Kisi vidhi miloom dayamaya Tum ko mi kumati Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "You are the Unseen, You are the Master of everyone's life, How can I meet You, O Abode of Kindness"

37 Deena bandhu dukh harta Tum rakshak mere Swami tum rakshak mere Apane hast uthavo Apane hast uthavo Dwar khada mi tere Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "O friend of the downtrodden, O remover of grief, You are my protector, I am standing at your door, Please raise Your hand to assure me." Vishaya vikar mithavo Pap haro deva Swami pap haro deva Shraddha bhakti badhavo Shraddha bhakti badhavo Santan ki seva Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "Please eradicate all material desires in me, And remove my sins, Increase my love for You and let me serve You" Tan man dhan sab kuch hi tera Swami sab kuch hi tera Tera tujh ko arpan Tera tujh ko arpan Kya lage mera Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "My body, my mind, my wealth, And my everything belongs to You, I offer what is Yours to You, What is there that is mine? Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare Swami Jaya Jagadheesha Hare Bhakta janonke sankat Bhakta janonke sankat Kshan me door kare Om Jaya Jagadheesha Hare "Om! Victory to You, Hari, Ruler of the Universe, You make the troubles of your devotees vanish in a second" Lakshmi Pooja Lakshmi was the daughter of the sage Bhrigu and took refuge in the ocean of milk when the gods were sent into exile. Lakshmi was reborn during the Churning of the Ocean. As soon as the gods saw Lakshmi, they all fell in love with her beauty. Shiva claimed Lakshmi as his wife, but since he had already taken the Moon, her hand was given to Vishnu, whom Lakshmi herself preferred. Lakshmi is the goddess of light, beauty, good fortune and wealth. While Laxmi is generally worshiped to achieve success, she does not reside long with anyone who is lazy or desire her only as wealth. Steps of Lakshmi Pooja

38 Spread a new cloth on a raised platform: Place a handful of grains in the center and, on this, place a kalash (pitcher) made of gold, silver, copper, or terracotta. Fill threefourth of the kalash with water and place a betel nut, a flower, a coin, and some rice grains in it. Arrange five kinds of leaves or mango leaves in the kalash. Place a small dish on the kalash and fill it with rice grains. Draw a lotus with turmeric powder ( haldi ) over the rice grains and place the idol of goddess Lakshmi over it, along with coins. Place the idol of Ganesha: In front of the kalash, on the right (South-West direction), place the idol of Ganesha. Also place ink and books related to your business or occupation on the platform. Light a lamp and begin the puja by offering haldi, kumkum, and flowers to the platform on which the kalash is placed. Then offer haldi, kumkum, and flowers to the water that is to be used for the puja. Invoke the river goddesses to be part of this water. Invoke goddess: Lakshmi by reciting the Vedic mantras addressed to her. One can also recite the mantras mentioned in the Puranas or simply take some flowers in your hands, close your eyes, and think of goddess Lakshmi being showered with gold coins by two elephants standing on either side of Her and chant Her name. Then offer the flowers to the idol. Place the idol of Lakshmi: Place the idol of Lakshmi in a plate and bathe it with water, panchamrit (a mixture of milk, curd, ghee or clarified butter, honey, and sugar) and then with water containing some gold ornament or a pearl. Wipe the idol clean and place it back on the kalash. Alternately, you can just sprinkle water and panchamrit on the idol with a flower. Offerings: Offer sandal paste, saffron paste, perfume ( itr ), haldi, kumkum, abeer, and gulal to the goddess. Offer a garland of cotton beads to the goddess. Offer flowers, especially the marigold flowers and leaves of Bel (wood apple tree). Light an incense stick and dhoop. Make an offering of sweets, coconut, fruits, and tambul. Make an offering of puffed rice and batasha. Pour some puffed rice, batasha, coriander seeds, and cumin seeds over the idol. Safe where you keep money and jewelry; Worship this safe as a symbol of Lord Kuber. Aarti: Finally, perform the aarti for goddess Lakshmi. Always remember that She abhors loud noise. So the aarti should be accompanied only by a small bell. Do not clap hands, as is the practice when performing aarti for other gods. A peaceful and sublime atmosphere should prevail during the diwali day pujan. Do not light crackers while the puja is on or immediately after it. Ganesh Puja Ganeshji is a must for Diwali pooja as he is to be worshiped in all pujas before any other god or goddess. Traditionally on Diwali night, Ganesh shares the altar with Lakshmi. Shree Ganesh is the god of good beginnings and the fabled remover of obstacles. In the Hindu pantheon, the two are unrelated, Ganesh being the son of Shiva and Parvati. However, when placed side by side, Lakshmi Ganesh hold out promise of a year of fulfillment, free from wants. During the Ganesh puja, the idol of goddess Lakshmi is placed on the left and Lord Ganesha, the elephant headed god is kept on the right. Lakshmi is the goddess of

39 wealth and prosperity and also personifies beauty, grace, and charm. She is normally depicted seated on a lotus with gold coins. Lord Ganesh has many functions in the Hindu pantheon. He is the Lord of Wisdom and the remover of obstacles. Hindus believe that he must be kept happy to ensure smooth passage on the road to accomplishments. For this reason, he is worshiped together with Lakshmi during Diwali, the Festival of Lights. Then, Lakshmi is worshiped for wealth and prosperity, while Ganesh is worshiped first to ensure that any obstacles to obtaining wealth and prosperity are removed. Shri Laxmi-Ganesh Puja takes place on Diwali by placing their idol on a platform, making various offerings of sandal paste, saffron paste, perfume(itr), haldi, kumkum, abeer, gulal, garland of cotton beads, flowers, especially the marigold flowers and leaves of Bel (wood apple tree). Incense stick and dhoop is lit and offering of sweets, coconut, fruits, and tambul are made. At the end of pooja, aarti dedicated to Lord Ganesh is sung by the devotees. Diwali New Year Diwali or Deepawali, is not only festival of lights, but also marks the beginning of the Hindu new year. It is one of the most important Indian national celebrations as it is believed that the Hindu goddess of good luck visits homes that are brightly lit. Children make "deeps" which are small clay lamps to light and bring the good luck goddess to their home so they can receive new clothes and toys. The first day of Diwali is also a New Year of Business. All companies pay off debts and their cars are decorated with flowers and palm leaves to bless the vehicles to run well in the new year. The customs of wearing new garments and exchanging gifts and greetings have come to be associated with Diwali, probably because of this New Year celebrations. Accordingly most of the traditions of a New Year celebration are all present. The occasion sees the spring-cleaning and white-washing of houses; decorative designs or rangolis are painted on floors and walls to greet the new year. Fresh flowers, exchanges of gifts, new clothes, meeting with friends and family, and feasting are part of the colorful festival. Each region of India celebrates Diwali in its own way, but the lighting of many small earthenware oil lamps is common throughout the country, setting homes and gardens aglow with twinkling lights. The lamps are symbolic of the victory of the light of goodness and knowledge over the darkness of evil and ignorance. The lighting of the lamps is also a way for people to show thanks for the good things in their lives. Kali Puja "My child, you need not know much in order to please Me. Only Love Me dearly. Speak to me, as you would talk to your mother, if she had taken you in her arms." Maa Kali is the fearful and ferocious form of the mother goddess Durga. She assumed the form of a powerful goddess and became popular with the composition of the Devi Mahatmya, a text of the 5th - 6th century AD. Here she is depicted as having born from the brow of Goddess Durga during one of her battles with the evil

40 forces. As the legend goes, in the battle, Kali was so much involved in the killing spree that she got carried away and began destroying everything in sight. To stop her, Lord Shiva threw himself under her feet. Shocked at this sight, Kali stuck out her tongue in astonishment, and put an end to her homicidal rampage. Hence the common image of Kali shows her in her mêlée mood, standing with one foot on Shiva's chest, with her enormous tongue stuck out. Kali Puja is done to diminish the ego and all negative tendencies that hinder spiritual progress and material prosperity. Performed on the night of Kartik Amavasya, which falls in October/November, Kali Puja is an intense invocation to the fearsome goddess. The main purpose of the puja is to seek the help of the goddess in destroying evil - both in the outside world and within us. The legend goes that long ago the demons, Shambhu and Nishambhu, disturbed the peace of Indra, the king of gods, and his empire (heaven). After extensive and endless battles, the gods lost all hope and the demons became stronger. The gods took refuge in the Himalayas, the holy mountains, the home of Lord Shiva and Parvati. The shaken gods sought protection from Mahamaya Durga, the goddess of Shakti. Kali was born from Durga's forehead as Kal Bhoi Nashini, created to save heaven and earth from the growing cruelty of the demons. Along with Dakini and Jogini, her two escorts, she set on her way to end the war and kill the devils. There was chaos all around. After slaughtering the demons, Kali made a garland of their heads and wore it around her neck. In the bloodbath, she lost control and started killing anyone who came her way. The gods started running for their lives. The only source of protection seemed Lord Shiva, Durga's consort. Seeing the endless slaughter, Shiva devised a plan to save the world. He lay down in the path of the rampaging Kali. When the goddess unknowingly stepped on him, she regained her senses. The well-known picture of Ma Kali, with her tongue hanging out, actually depicts the moment when she steps on the Lord and repents. That momentous day is celebrated ever since. Kali, also called Shyama Kali, is the first of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of Durga. Kali Puja is performed essentially to seek protection against drought and war, for general happiness, health, wealth, and peace. It is a tantrik puja and performed only at midnight on Amavasya (new moon night) in November. Diwali Recipes Diwali is the festival of lights, crackers and sweets. Days before the festival, the females of the family start preparing traditional delicacies for the family and friends. On Diwali, there is a custom to exchange sweets to the friends and neighbors that is why Diwali can t even be imagined without sweets and savories that are specially made at home. The list of Diwali special sweets is exhaustive. Gulab Jamun, Gajar Ka Halwa, Besan Ke Ladoo, Karanji and Jalebis are the most commonly made sweets on this occasion. Apart from sweet dishes, there are several other delicacies that are made on the occasion of Diwali, Dahi-bhalle and Ghathiya are the two most popular of them. The Diwali cuisines also depend upon the culture and family traditions. From north to south and east to west India, several mouth watering delights are prepared in various manners depending upon the prevailing custom and taste of the family members. Here we have provided you with the recipes of few traditional mouth watering recepies. We have also listed some of the unusual Diwali recipes. Now you can try your hand at these too!

41 Badam Phirni: On the occasion of Diwali, no Indian family can do without sweet dishes. Most of the families prefer making things that are liked by every body. Though the list of those universally liked Indian dishes is exhaustive, one sweet dish that we are going to tell you here is the Badam Phirni. Mostly made of almond, rice flour and milk, the Badam Phirni is scrumptious and fulfilling. Ingredients 12 nos. Almonds 4 tablespoons Rice flour 21/2 cups Milk 5 tablespoons Sugar 8 strands Saffron 1 teaspoon Cardamom powder Method Blanch and grind the almonds to a fine paste with 1/2 cup milk. Mix together the ground almond paste and rice flour and keep aside. Bring the milk to a boil. Add the sugar and stir till the sugar dissolves. Keep aside a tablespoon of hot milk and dissolve the saffron in it. Add the almondrice mixture into the boiling milk along with the saffron. Stir continuously for a few mintues till the milk thickens and attains a custardlike consistency. Sprinkle in the cardamom powder. Take off fire and cool to room temperature. Pour into individual bowls, garnish with almonds and pistachios and refrigerate.

42 Gulab Jamun: Diwali seems imperfect without umpteen varieties of sweet and scrumptious dishes. Though there are lots of sweet dishes that you can prepare on Diwali, the lipsmacking Gulab Jamun has no substitute. Liked by almost everybody, there are sweet softballs with delightful aroma and luscious taste. Ingredients 1 cup Carnation Milk Powder 1/2 cup Bisquick - Pancake mix (Instead of Bisquick Pancake mix, use 1/2 cup all purpose flour and 1/2 tsp baking soda) 2 tablespoons butter -melted Whole milk just enough to make the dough 2 cups Sugar 1 cup water Oil for frying Method Make the dough by combining the milk powder, Bisquick, butter. Add just enough whole milk to make a medium-hard dough. Divide the dough into portions. Make balls by gently rolling each portion between your palms into a smooth ball. Place the balls on a plate. Cover with a damp yet dry kitchen towel. Heat the oil on high and then lower the heat to medium. Slip in the balls into the hot oil from the side of the pan, one by one. They will sink to the bottom of the pan, but do not try to move them. Instead, gently shake the pan to keep the balls from browning on just one side. After about 5 mins, the balls will rise to the surface. The Gulab Jamuns should rise slowly to the top if the temperature is just right. Now they must be gently and constantly agitated to ensure even browning on all sides. If the temperature of the oil is too high then the gulab jamuns will tend to break. So, adjust the temperature to ensure that the gulab jamuns do not break or cook too quickly. The balls must be fried very slowly under medium temperatures. This will ensure complete cooking from inside and even browning. The syrup should be made earlier and kept warm. To make the hot sugar syrup add mix the 2 cups of sugar to 1 cup of water. Add 4-5 cardamom pods,

43 slightly crushed and a few strands of "Kesar". Mix with a spoon and then heat at medium heat for 5-10 minutes until sugar is all dissolved in water. Do not overheat, that will caramelise the sugar. Transfer this hot syrup into a Corning serving dish. Keep warm on stove. Add the fried gulab jamuns directly into the warm syrup. Leave gulab jamuns in syrup overnight for best results. They can be served warm or at room temperature. Peda Diwali brings along with itself immense joy and celebrations. It is a day to burst crackers, decorate the home with bandawars and diyas and feast with all the near and dear ones. People in different parts of the country make different kinds of sweet dishes on festive occasions out of which Kheer, Jalebi, Sheera, Ladoo Ingredients 1/2 kg. Soft white khoya 2 1/2 cups (approx.300gms) sugar powdered 1/2 tsp. cardamom powder 1 tsp. cardamom seeds semi crushed 1 tbsp. slivered or crushed pistachios Method Grate khoya with a steel (not iron) grater. Add powdered sugar and mix well. Put mixture in a large heavy or nonstick pan. Heat first on high for few minutes.the on slow till done. Make sure to stir continuously, while on heat. When mixture thick and gooey, add cardamom. Mix well, and take off fire. Allow to cool, gently turning occasionall Use cookie moulds, or shape pedas with palms into patty rounds. Mix pistachios and cardamom seeds and press a bit on top of each. If using moulds, first sprinkle some at bottom. Take some mixture and press into mould. When set well, invert and carefully, unmould.

44 Tip Given above is the basic recipe. Any color (yellow, orange, green, cochineal), essence (pineapple, orange, pista, chocolate), topping (almonds, walnuts, cashews), can be added to the recipe. You can also add any of following for varied flavors: cashew powder 1/2 cup, cocoa 2 tbsp (then increase sugar by 1/2 cup), walnuts powdered 1/2 cup, etc. Besan Ke Ladoo Ladoos are one of the most liked Indian sweets. Be it a festive occasion or any pooja at home, any happy moment in an Indian family is incomplete without a ladoo. On the occasion of Diwali, ladoo is of special significance because it is considered auspicious to offer ladoo to Lord Ganesha at the Lakshmi-Ganesh Poojan. Ingredients 4 cups Gram Flour 1 cup Pure Ghee 2 cups sugar 1 tsp Powdered Cardamom 1/2 cup chopped Almonds and Raisins Method Heat the ghee in a pan. Add the gram flour and fry it on a low flame stirring continuously till brown. Once it is browned, let it cool. Add powdered cardamom and sugar. Mix well. Add chopped almonds and raisins. Shape into ladoos and serve.

45 Jalebi Diwali is incomplete without sweet and scrumptious dishes. One of the most delicious of them is the sugar dipped, beautiful and orange Jalebis. In a country like India where umpteen varieties of sweets are available, Jalebi is a universal favorite. Not only on Holi, Diwali or any festive occasions, Jalebi is something which is included in the regular diet of all the people born with a sweet tooth. Ingredients 2 cups All purpose flour (maida) 11/2 tbsp. fine grained semolina or rice flour 1/4th tsp. baking powder 2 tbsp curd (plain yogurt) 11/4th cups warm water 1/2 tsp. saffron threads, slowly dry-roasted and powdered 3 cups sugar 2 2/3rd cups water 1/2 tsp green cardamom seeds powder 11/2 tbsp. kewra water or rose water Ghee or vegetable oil for frying Method Mix the flour, semolina or rice flour, baking powder, curd and 3/4th cup of the water in a bowl (preferably a ceramic bowl). Mix well with a whisk. Mix well and then add remaining water and 1/8th tsp. of saffron powder, and whisk until smooth. Set aside for about 2 hours to ferment. Whisk thoroughly before use. Prepare string syrup by dissolving sugar in the water. Just before the syrup is ready add saffron and cardamom powder. Heat oil in a kadhai. Pour the batter in a steady stream (or coconut shell with a hole) into the kadhai to form coils. Make a few at a time. Deep fry them until they are golden and crisp all over but not brown. Remove from the kadhai and drain on kitchen paper and immerse in the syrup. Leave for at least 4-5 minutes so that they soak the syrup. Take them out of syrup and serve hot.

46 Rasmalai On the occasion of lights- Diwali-people enjoy feasting on mouth-watering recipes. Since there is a practice of exchange of sweets on this occasion, it has almost become a custom in every family to prepare umpteen numbers of scrumptious traditional sweets and distribute them amongst relatives and neighbours. People generally prefer making sweets that are universally liked. Ingredients 2 lbs Cows Milk or Ricotta cheese 1/2 cup sugar 32 oz half & half milk A pinch of saffron 1/4 tsp crushed cardamom seeds 1/2 cup blanched almonds 2 tbsp crushed green pistachios Method Mix the cheese with sugar and little cardamom powder and spread out on a baking tray. Bake at 350 degrees for 35 minutes or wait till it sets. It should not get brown. Remove from oven, cool at room temperature and cut into 2" squares. Place them in a dessert bowl.

47 Mix the other ingredients, except the pistachios well in a separate dish and pour over the squares. Decorate with pistachios, chill for 2-3 hours and then serve. Channar Payesh On the occasion of Diwali unlike every year when you are busy making Gujiya and Gajar Ka Halwa, you must try something new this time. The new dish given here is Channar Payesh and it is made up of condensed milk, nuts and raisins. A mouthwatering delight to all the dairy products lover, the Channar Payesh is a very easy-to-make kind of recipe. The Channar Payesh tastes the best when it is served chilled. Ingredients 1/2 litre Milk 1 Tin condensed milk 2 tablespoons Sugar 1 cup Water 2 tablespoons Nuts 2 tablespoons Raisins Method Make thin syrup of the sugar and water. Put the chenna (cottage cheese) in a bowl and add the hot syrup into it, blending it thoroughly. Boil milk in a deep bottomed pan. Add the condensed milk. Simmer for 1-2 minutes. Cool till just warm. Add the milk mixture into the channa, a spoon at a time. Mix vigorously to form a homogenous mixture till all the milk is used up. Pour into a bowl. Mix in the nuts and raisins. Serve chilled.

48 Karanji On the occasion of Diwali people all over the country prepare best dishes at their home. There are so many varieties of Diwali dishes that it is difficult of decide what to make and what not! However, the salty and yummy Dahi-bhalle and the sweet and scrumptious Karanji are the two special dishes that do not have a substitute on Diwali. Ingredients For Stuffing: 1 cup grated dry coconut 1 cup powdered sugar 1 pinch nutmeg powder 1 pinch dry ginger powder 4 elaichi 2 tsp maida 2 tsp poppy seeds 2 tbsp mixed dry fruit pieces For Dough: 1 cup maida 1 tsp ghee (butter) salt (pinch) warm milk (for doughing) Method In order to prepare Karanji, you will have to first prepare dough and then prepare the stuffing. Once you are done with both of them, you simply need to fill the stuffing and deep fry the Karanji. Dough Preparation: Mix 1 cup maida, 1 tbsp ghee, a pinch of salt and warm milk to prepare the dough, try to keep the dough a little hard.

49 Stuffing Preparation: 1. Roast dry coconut. 2. Roast maida in ghee. 3. Roast poppy seeds. 4. Mix all the above ingredients and mill them finely. Karanji Preparation: 1. Roll small oval shaped puris from the hard dough. 2. Now place the prepared stuffing in the middle of it. 3. Stick both the corners of the puri by applying some water or milk so that it will seal properly. Remember not to apply too much of water as it will not seal properly. 4. Deep fry it till it becomes brownish color. 5. Serve it hot or cold as you wish. Rawa Ladoo On the festival of lights - Diwali - preparing delicious sweets is a very old tradition. People indulge themselves in making lip smacking sweets, to serve them to their guests and exchange as gifts. Ladoo is a very popular Indian sweet, which has a number of variety. Rawa ladoo is one such variant, which is easy to make as well as tastes delicious. Ingredients 2 cups Semolina (rawa) 1/2 cup Powdered Sugar 1 cup Ghee 1 tbsp broken Cashew Nuts 1 tbsp Raisins, fried 1 tsp Cardamom Powder, fried Method Heat 1 tsp. ghee in a pan and dry roast the rawa (semolina) till golden color. Grind the fried rawa and powdered sugar in a mixer, to make a fine powder. Heat the remaining ghee and add the powdered rawa, cashew nuts, raisins and cardamom powder. Mix thoroughly. While still warm, make the mixture into small lemon-sized balls. Cool the rawa ladoos and store them in an airtight container.

50 Doodh Pak Diwali is an occasion you can get to taste umpteen numbers of sweet dishes. Though Jalebi, Gujiya, Gulab Jamun and Gajar ka Halwa are well known and commonly seen of Diwali, Doodh Pak, an equally scrumptious dish is a little less known. Made of almond and milk, it is mostly popular in north and west India. Loved by people who relish on dairy products, the Doodh Pak makes an excellent dessert. Ingredients 1/2 cup Almonds 1 litre Milk 250 grams Sugar 1 teaspoon Cardamom powder 1 teaspoon Saffron 1 tablespoon Pistachios 11/2 tablespoon Raisins Method Soak the almonds in warm water for 1 hour. Peel and grind to a fine paste. Dissolve the saffron in 1 tablespoon of warm milk and keep aside. Boil the milk in a heavy bottomed pan, stirring constantly. Add the almond paste and simmer for minutes, stirring regularly. Add the saffron, sugar, pista and raisins. Cook on a very low flame till thick. Sprinkle cardamom powder. Serve hot or chilled. Tip: You can use 1/2 cup rice instead of almonds. If using rice, soak it in warm water for 45 minutes and grind to a fine paste. Kesar Kaju Barfi

51 On the occasion of Diwali, every Indian home is full of umpteen numbers of sweet delicacies. One of the most popular amongst them is the Kesar Kaju Burfi. Also known as Kaju Katli, it is a diamond-shaped sweet, made of cashew nuts and sugar. As this sweet dish is moderately sweet in taste and rich with scrumptious taste of cashew-nuts, it is preferred by all the people who do not like extremely sugary items. Ingredients 500 gm Kaju (cashew nuts) 300 gm Sugar 1/2 tsp Kesar (saffron) 1/4 tsp Orange Color 2 Chandi Warak Method Soak the cashew nuts in water for 3 hours. Drain the water from cashew nuts and grind them finely. In a pan, mix sugar and cashew nuts, and roast on low heat, stirring constantly. Add saffron and orange color to the pan and roast them, till the mixture gets cooked properly. Remove the pan from flame. On the rolling board, place butter paper and pour the mixture on it. Now place another butter paper on top, sandwiching the mixture in-between the two papers. Flatten the mixture with the help of a rolling pin, moved over the butter paper. Remove the butter paper from top and place silver warak on top of the barfi. Cut the burfi pieces in diamond shape and serve.

52 Shakkarpare Shakkarpare is a melt-in-the-mouth sweet, made especially on festivals in India. On the occasion of Diwali, people in northern parts of the country enjoy making shakkar pare, an easy to make recipe, which doesn t require too many ingredients. Moreover, you can relish on the sweet for many days, because it has a long shelf life. Ingredients 1 cup whole wheat flour 11/2 cup maida (plain flour) 1/3 cup sugar Water 1 tsp Saunf 1/3 cup ghee Ghee to deep fry Method Mix all the ingredients except sugar. Blend well. Add little amount of water, while mixing the ingredients, and then knead it into a soft dough. Divide the dough into equal parts and roll out into thick chappatis, without using any dry flour. Cut the rolled out chappatis with a cookie cutter or knife, into small diamond shapes. Lift the cut chapattis with spatula and keep them aside on a dry cloth, for about one hour. In the meantime, make a sugar syrup by heating the sugar with water over medium flame. Do not caramelise the sugar. Once the syrup becomes thick, remove it from the flame and set it aside. Deep fry the cut chapattis in hot ghee, over slow flame, until light golden brown. Drain the ghee well and then dip the fried treat into the already prepared sugar syrup. After you have prepared the shakkarpare, set them aside to cool and then store them in an air tight container.

53 Gajar Ka Halwa When we talk is about Indian desserts, one name that undoubtedly comes into every person's mind is the traditional Gajar ka halwa prepared on every Indian home in almost all the festivals. On the occasion of Diwali, Gajar ka Halwa is an unavoidable part of the menu. When served hot, the Gajar Ka Halwa tastes wonderful. Ingredients 1 kg Carrots 1 litre Milk 1 teaspoon Cardamom seeds 3/4 cup Water 3 tablespoons Ghee 2 tablespoons Raisins 2 tablespoons Almonds 2 tablespoons Pistachios 450 grams Sugar Method Wash and grate the carrots. Soak the raisins in water for 30 minutes. Blanch and shred the nuts. Put the water to boil, when it starts boiling add the grated carrots. Cook for 5-7 minutes. Add the milk. Cook on a low flame for 1 hour stirring occasionally. Add sugar, mix well and cook till the sugar has dissolved and all the milk has been absorbed. Add ghee and simmer for 2-3 minutes. Add the slightly crushed cardamoms and the raisins. Mix well. Remove from heat and arrange in a serving dish. Garnish with almonds and pistachios. Serve cold, hot or at room temperature.

54 Kheer Diwali is a festival of crackers, lights and sweets. Every Indian home is flooded with sweet dishes on the occasion of Diwali. Thousand varieties of sweet dishes are prepared by the many families residing in the country. However, out of them, the one dish that remains special for every one is the traditional kheer. Made up of rice, milk and various kinds of dry fruits, kheer is one of the most popular Indian desserts. Ingredients 1/4th cup Long grain Rice (washed and drained) 4-5 cups Milk 2-3 Cardamom Seeds (crushed) 2 tbsp. Almonds (blanched silvered) A pinch of Saffron Threads, soaked in a little hot milk 1 tbsp Pistachio Nuts (skinned & chopped) 1 tbsp Raisins (optional) 2-3tbsp Sugar Method Put the rice, milk and cardamom in a pan, bring to boil and simmer gently until the rice is soft and the grains are starting to break up.

55 Add almonds, pistachio, saffron and raisins and simmer for 3-4 minutes. Add the sugar and stir until completely dissolved. Remove from heat and serve either warm or chilled. Ghathia On the occasion of Diwali when everybody around is busy making sweet dishes, tasty, crunchy and salty Ghathia or Namak Pare are great relief. Though it is not full time dish, it can be used as snacks and munchies anytime anywhere. Ghathias are like finger chips in shape. Made of either white flour or maida, the Ghathias are light snacks which can be served alone or along with any sweet dish like Gujiya or Gulab Jamun. Ingredients 1/2 kg Wheat Flour 11/2 cups Water 1/2 tsp Ajwain 2 tbsp Oil Oil for frying as required Salt according to taste Method Sieve the wheat flour and rub the oil into it. Then add the salt, Ajwain and mix well. Make a well in the center, add enough water and knead into a stiff dough. Heat oil in a kadhai, to smoking point. Roll out the dough into big size Chapati (flat round Indian bread)and cut it into long strips. Now put these long strips into the hot oil. Remove from the oil when crisp and golden brown in color. Drain on tissue paper, cool and store in airtight containers. Lapsi