Moral Experiences, Religion, and Global Health Values: The View from American Pews Nancy T. Ammerman, Boston University May, 2007
|
|
- Willa Stephens
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Moral Experiences, Religion, and Global Health Values: The View from American Pews Nancy T. Ammerman, Boston University May, 2007 As I understand the question before us, our task is to explore how people think about the value of global health and why they act as they do in pursuit of it. My own point of entry into this question is largely through my work on religion in the U.S. context, work that has explored how religion takes shape in individual lives and in local congregations. The moral philosophy I ll be describing, then, is one that is fairly close to the ground. It is also, I would argue, one that has enormous influence. The individuals in those religious communities are often the decisionmakers and service deliverers, and even when they are not, the resources they provide help to fund much of the health work around the world, and the votes they cast help to shape the policies and personnel that direct priorities and support. Knowing how people in U.S. religious congregations think about global health may be very important indeed. While I have done work across a number of religious traditions, what I will be describing in this paper is based in the Christian tradition. More than a decade ago, I was doing research on how local congregations respond to the various kinds of social disruption that immediately surround them new immigrant populations, industrial downsizing, exurban expansion, and the like. As part of that research, we interviewed about 300 individual congregational participants and asked them, among other things, to tell us how they would describe a good Christian life. The contours of those answers led us to formulate similar questions that could be asked in survey format to a much larger population, both in that study and in a subsequent project in the late 90s. Between the two projects, we have responses from about 6000 people, from over 50 congregations, spanning a range of Catholic and Protestant, liberal and conservative, black and white and hispanic. None of these were randomly selected, but together they provide a fairly representative picture of American Christian churchgoers. 1 How they describe a good Christian life can help us to map the range of religious and moral sensibility in this country, but it also tells us a good deal about how people participate in caring for their own communities. That, in turn, may give us some hints about how church-going Americans think about the larger world and the challenges of seeking health in that world. 1
2 What has emerged out of this research is a picture of three distinct, but overlapping orientations toward religious virtue, what I have labeled Activist, Golden Rule and Evangelical. 2 The ACTIVIST orientation is one that says good Christians ought to be actively seeking social and economic justice. Solutions to life s problems are structural, not just individual and therefore require collective action. People with an activist orientation want their churches to give high priority to supporting social action groups, they encourage their pastors to speak out on social and political issues, and they are eager to cooperate with outside groups for community betterment. One can imagine such religious people writing their representatives about support for global health initiatives, demonstrating at biotech conferences, giving to health NGOs, and perhaps supporting shareholder petitions to provide pharmaceuticals to developing nations all motivated at least in part by their basic understanding of their Christian faith. The GOLDEN RULE orientation is one that says good Christians should practice Christian values in everyday life, take care of those who are sick or needy, and share what they have with those less fortunate. They take personally the admonition to do unto others as you would have them do unto you. They tend to think in terms of family, congregation, and neighborhood, attempting to be good citizens who contribute to the well-being of the community. They say that churches should promote a strong sense of fellowship for their own members, but also provide aid and services to people in need. They don t seem to expect to change the world, but they do want to leave it a little better place than they found it. These religious people are the backbone of international charitable efforts of all sorts, and one can imagine them rallying to appeals to assist sick people in developing nations. Show them a picture of the needy person or tell them a story of disease that can be prevented or suffering eased, and they will write a check or maybe even go on a volunteer mission trip. The EVANGELICAL orientation is one that says a good Christian life starts with the heart. The most fundamental duty is to orient one s life toward God and try to bring others to faith in Christ. A good church, then, should have a strong evangelism program and support mission efforts in the nation and the world. In addition, this orientation emphasizes personal piety, saying that good Christians should spend time reading and studying the Bible, as well as in prayer and meditation, while also avoiding worldly vices (something they also want their churches to help them do). 3 It is not as immediately apparent, then, how this orientation might 2
3 affect action in behalf of global health. As I will argue, however, the evangelical orientation is not nearly so otherworldly as it might first appear. (Table 1 will provide frequency distributions on the 3 orientations) It is important to note that these orientations are not mutually exclusive. Individuals tend to value one set of virtues more than the other two to have a dominant mode -- but their valuing of each way of orienting their lives tells us something about how they engage in religious action in the world. All three scripts are available to people within the Christian tradition, and individuals may draw more or less on each of the three. While very few of our respondents would completely reject any of the three as valid descriptions of Christian living, some are more likely to be endorsed than others. Only a minority place activism at the center of their understanding of the faith, making it their dominant mode, but strong majorities include evangelical or Golden Rule orientations (or both) in their expectations about how life should be led. For the most part, in fact, people are drawing on all three narratives, even if they see one as more important than the others. Their first discourse, for instance, may be to say that faith is about personally caring for others, but they recognize that a more activist story can legitimately be told or that evangelical virtues are important, as well. In what follows, we will look for the ways each of these orientations is linked both to the public narratives of congregations and to the actions of the individuals who carry and enact them. (Table 2 about here) It is also important to note that these orientations are not perfectly correlated with particular denominations or religious traditions (see Table 2, which will give a breakdown by conservative Protestant, mainline Protestant, African American Protestant, and Catholic congregations). People in conservative Protestant churches are more likely to have an evangelical orientation than are, say Catholics or people in liberal Protestant churches; but the Golden Rule orientation is the normative center across churches of all sorts. The real difference is whether it is combined with a minority of Activists or with a minority of Evangelicals. Mapping out these distinctions gives us, I think, perhaps a more fruitful way to think about the differences we see than simply arraying the population on a liberal-conservative continuum. The differences include both questions of priority salvation of soul v salvation of 3
4 body, but also of strategy personal caring v structural change. Each, in its own way may shape how people think about pursuing the health of the world. Orientation and Action: Doing Good in the World But does this mapping actually tell us anything more? In our late 1990s research, we were interested in how congregations are connected to the work of caring for their communities and the larger world. 4 In addition to focusing on the organizational issues, we again surveyed individual churchgoers, this time including questions about how they enact the public dimension of their faith. We asked people to report how often they participate in SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS in the community and how often they offer INFORMAL HELP to people in need. The first was intended to identify activity that was not directly sponsored by the church but that did have a formally-organized base. The second was intended to capture activities like providing transportation, meals, childcare, respite care, and the like work that might or might not be officially organized and might or might not be connected to the church. 5 Finally, we asked attenders to tell us how much they gave in 1997 to SECULAR CHARITY. 6 While nearly eighty percent of churchgoers claim that they provide informal assistance at least occasionally, only fifty-nine percent do so through organized community service organizations, and less than half gave more than $100 to organized charities. 7 [I ll add comparisons to the general population on these measures.] Controlling for key demographic factors -- education, income, age, presence of children, and rural v urban residence -- actions in service to the community are indeed related to different orientations toward how Christians should live. Activists are simply more likely to engage in all three forms of service engagement. Understanding Christian virtue in terms of seeking social justice is a way of thinking about religious life that is linked to participation in organized service agencies and giving to secular charities, but includes informal assistance, as well. People who strongly endorse Activist accounts of Christian living are people who think they should be making a difference in the world and seem to appreciate the way community organizations make that possible. There is also a positive link between a Golden Rule orientation and organized volunteerism, secular charitable giving, but especially with informal caring. Whether more or less educated, rural or urban, more or less well off, young or old, parent or not, those most 4
5 committed to this Golden Rule account of virtuous living are more likely to report regular participation in doing just what that account says they should do person-to-person caring for others. 8 The Evangelical orientation presents a much more complicated picture. Here too there is a link to informal caring, but it is not so clear that the most evangelical Christians are committed to organized volunteerism or to secular charity. This finding parallels many other studies that show conservative Protestants more engaged in building up bonding social capital within their own communities than in building bridging capital through links with secular organizations. Taking both income and overall generosity into account, the stronger the person s commitment to Evangelical virtues, the less likely they are to be a generous giver to non-church-based charity. To fully understand how service and giving are linked to the Evangelical orientation it is necessary to bring a new set of considerations into the picture. It is not enough simply to take into account the sorts of demographic differences represented by education and income and place of residence. For all our respondents, the link between orientation and action is mediated by institutions. Narratives about good Christian living exist in a particular interactional context, so we need to know how community service activities are situated in relationship to networks of membership and participation in the church and beyond. By virtue of completing our survey, we know that these people at least occasionally attend worship services, but there was a great deal of variation among them in what other connections they have to their congregation and beyond. We asked them to tell us how often they participate in church-based Sunday school or religious education, in parish fellowship activities, and in church-based mission groups and service activities, as well as in various other church groups beyond Sunday School. More than any other factor we have yet examined, level of church participation is a key to understanding community service activities. It tells us nothing about the amount of money a person is likely to contribute to secular charities, but it tells us a great deal about whether community service organizations and informal forms of helping are included in a person s pattern of activity. 9 People who make time to go to Sunday school or to show up at church picnics or to participate in a church mission group are also likely to make time to deliver meals to a sick neighbor or volunteer at the town soup kitchen. Being part of various small groups in the community whether spiritual or secular has similar, if smaller effects. People who participate in one thing are simply more likely to participate in other things as well. 5
6 That strong connection between church participation and community service is the key to understanding how the Evangelical orientation is related to public engagement. The people who are most likely to be highly active church participants are those with an Evangelical orientation toward life, and their sheer levels of participation increase the likelihood that both informal assistance and organized community service will result. In other words, there are two countervailing forces at work for Evangelicals. On the one hand, an Evangelical life narrative, with its emphasis on personal piety and otherworldly salvation, does not contain the obvious emphasis on this-worldly community service that an Activist or Golden Rule orientation may contain; and when other demographic factors are taken out of the picture, the orientation itself seems to be a negative force. On the other hand, that same Evangelical narrative strongly encourages active participation in a local congregation through which wider participation in the community may be both expected and facilitated. Because people committed to an Evangelical orientation are the most active participants in churches, the net result is more informal help and at least marginally more community volunteerism beyond the church itself in spite of the negative impact the orientation itself might have. 10 Across all three types of community engagement formal, informal, and financial differing ways of accounting for a good Christian life create narrative expectations about the value of engagement in service. Golden Rule narratives of mutual care evolve especially into informal assistance in the community, but also unfold in organized volunteering and giving. Activist narratives of seeking justice and change evolve into organizational participation and financial support for agencies serving the world. Evangelical narratives of eternal salvation and personal piety are unlikely to include such worldly engagement at all, but mediating and facilitating these individual narratives are the religious cultures of the congregations in which people are involved. Sheer participation in any religious community seems to engender practices of caring and organizational connections that make it more possible that persons will be invited into the networks through which service and advocacy happen. Knowing about these individual orientations and practices provides, then, a picture of how American Christians may respond to appeals on behalf of the health of the world. Some, albeit a minority, may eagerly bring their faith into the policy arena, speaking as easily of empowerment, justice, and peace as of wholeness and caring (Intl mission journal article). Many others indeed the majority will respond easily to appeals to serve and assist. They recognize 6
7 a basic connection and obligation among human beings all are God s children. If you tell them how to help, they are likely to respond. A substantial minority, the evangelicals, may not respond directly to any of your appeals. The most ideologically committed of them may not respond at all. But even within this community, many also share golden rule inclinations, and most have been taught by the practices of their churches, if not by the teachings, that helping needy people is a virtue. Indeed, their overseas connections have always pushed them in the direction of holistic approaches that combine preaching and healing. Little wonder that some of the largest development NGOs today are heavily supported by just these evangelical believers. Organized for Action: The Continuing Legacy of the Missions Movement Indeed, understanding the moral commitments of American churchgoers to global health requires that we recognize the formidable institutional history and current activity of overseas faith-based organizations. 11 The religious impulse to reach beyond the nearby world is by no means a novel product of twenty-first century globalization. Nor is it confined to Conservative Protestant denominations. U.S. overseas missionary work began, in fact, in 1810, in Bradford, Massachusetts, when Congregationalists (successors to the Puritans and precursors to today s United Church of Christ) formed the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. A combination of Christian conversion, western education, democratic ideals, and capitalist imperialism were the complicated mix that constituted American missions throughout the nineteenth century. 12 By the early twentieth century, a debate was emerging in that movement. Should missionary activity be primarily about literally preaching the gospel, or should it be about an evangelism that includes education, health, economic development, and (eventually) human rights? In 1910, the elite leaders of the western world s mission organizations gathered in Edinburgh for a conference that would begin liberal Protestantism s movement from activist missionary preaching to the ecumenism of the later World Council of Churches (founded 1948). On the other side of the theological fence, a fundamentalist movement in America would increasingly condemn the liberal social gospel (Hutchison 1987, 125). By the 1960s and 70s, many Mainline Protestant denominations were out of the overseas missions business entirely, and most of those that remained were working in cooperation with indigenous churches. The mirror image of these declining numbers can be found in 7
8 denominations such as the Southern Baptists and the Assemblies of God, both of whom saw their overseas staff grow exponentially in the mid-twentieth century. In addition, hundreds of new independent mission-sending agencies have been founded and now support personnel in numbers that rival or exceed the total of missionaries supported by all American denominations combined. There are, interestingly, real ironies in the pattern of institutional strength and support. Those who speak most about saving souls sometimes spend more actual dollars in development aid than those who say they are interested in development. A comparison between the Episcopal Church and the Seventh-Day Adventists is instructive here. Both are hierarchically organized globally-based churches, but Adventists have only about half as many U.S. members as the Episcopal church. Still, Adventists support more than ten times the overseas personnel, an equivalent mission budget, and a relief and development budget that dwarfs Episcopal efforts. 13 In 2000, the Episcopal Church made about $7 million in development grants, while the Adventist agency handed out $107 million. Anglicans spend most of their overseas mission budget in support of existing Anglican churches in parts of the world that were formerly colonized. Michael Hamilton claims that in 1992, all categories of U. S. Protestant overseas ministry activity amounted to $2.27 billion dollars. Over half was raised by parachurch groups, and the largest of these are now heavily committed to humanitarian work along with evangelization (World Vision being the largest). Another third of the total overseas ministry budget came from the Conservative Protestant denominations, and as the Adventist example demonstrates, a significant portion of those budgets went to humanitarian aid, as well. Less than one sixth of all overseas ministry dollars were raised by the Mainline Protestant denominations (Hamilton 2000, 119). Even if every dollar they raised went to relief and development, Mainline churches would ironically be far outstripped by the evangelical denominations and parachurch agencies in providing overseas material aid. Whether in a conservative church or a liberal one, links to overseas ministry are likely to take on a combination of spiritual and material dimensions. Even within Mainline Protestantism, rump mission agencies, such as the Good News movement in Methodism, continued to capture the imagination of people in the pews. Indeed, more than two-thirds (69%) of the individual Mainline members we surveyed said that it was very important or extremely important to them that their congregations support mission efforts in the nation and the world. Even where denominational officials have shunned the idea of sending missionaries to convert the heathen, American churchgoers retain something of the old 8
9 missionary zeal not so much to convert as to share the bounty of American resources and, increasingly, to be connected ( in solidarity ) with people across cultural and economic divides. The religious impulses of the American people continue to be channeled into significant organizing on behalf of people around the world who are in need. The agencies and denominations that embody those impulses also establish critical bridges between large segments of the American public and ordinary citizens of the rest of the world. The resulting connections are, indeed, increasingly likely to have a personal face. In many congregations, the old-time practice of hearing visiting missionaries on furlough has been supplemented (or supplanted) by stories from missionary websites and correspondence that reaches the remotest mission stations. Much as World Vision and the Christian Children s Fund have personalized overseas charity by inviting people to sponsor a specific child, some denominations have created similar sponsorship programs. Connections to missions are embodied in persons and stories, and many denominations are intentional about making sure that both are widely available. Direct mission involvement of church members adds new stories to those supplied by denominational mission books and historic mission lore. Likewise, mission support activities in local churches often begin with stories told to toddlers in their weekday Bible club, but now extend to the stories brought home by adult volunteers who have seen the work firsthand. Short-term volunteer mission trips are increasingly popular across American Protestantism, accounting, as well for one sector of growth in the Catholic overseas force, as well. In the denominational churches, small and large, many of the traditional mechanisms of connection are still in place. Nineteenth century mission-minded women took inspiration from the New Testament story of the widow who gave her last mite as an offering in the Temple. In her honor, American women created mite boxes, and some denominations still use them today. These sorts of combined efforts allow even the smallest church to feel that it is part of the task of spreading the gospel a gospel that almost always includes the health and wellbeing of the recipients. Whatever we may think of the idea of sending missionaries, two important insights can be taken from this story. First, the organizational structures of American church-going are likely to facilitate awareness and connection between individuals in the U.S. and people on the ground in widely scattered parts of the world. Before anyone else knows there is trouble in the Sudan, 9
10 people in churches are likely to have seen an or checked out a website or even collected money or medicine to send with a team of volunteers. Even when American schools aren t teaching geography, American churches often are. These are organizationally vital networks of connection that hold enormous potential for global health. The second insight to be taken from this is that even when the rhetoric sounds like winning souls is the only thing on people s minds, they are very likely to want people to be healthy of body, as well. That s not to say the issues are easy, but it is to say that the moral vision that dominates American religion is one that understands the search for healing and wholeness to be a Christian virtue. There is, it seems to me, enormous space for common concern and cooperative activity. Notes 1 I ll fill in more detail on the sample and representativeness. 2 These concepts are more fully developed in Nancy T. Ammerman, "Golden Rule Christianity: Lived Religion in the American Mainstream," in Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice, ed. David Hall (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997) and Nancy T. Ammerman, "Organized Religion in a Voluntaristic Society," Sociology of Religion 58, no. 3 (1997). 3 The standardized item alphas for the three scales are.78,.76, and.84, respectively. 4 The following section on forms of community service draws from my article, "Religious Narratives, Community Service, and Everyday Public Life," in Taking Faith Seriously, ed. Mary Jo Bane, Brent Coffin, and Richard Higgins (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005). 5 Responses ranged from never (0) to weekly or more (4). 6 Categories ranged from nothing (0) to $5000 or more (7). 7 The levels of community involvement we are reporting appear to be quite comparable to those being reported by a massive new study of American churchgoers. They report 38% having donated to secular charities, for instance, while our overall figure is 41%. See Evan Silverstein, Survey Finds High Rate of Turnover in the Pews [ ] (PCUSANEWS, 2002 [cited January 17, 2002]); available from presbynews.topic@ecunet.org. 10
11 8 Marc A. Musick, John Wilson, and William B. Bynum Jr, "Race and Formal Volunteering: The Differential Effects of Class and Religion," Social Forces 78, no. 4 (2000), found that people who think helping others is important in making life worth living were more likely to volunteer. Ours is a more elaborate and religiously-based measure, but their findings help to support the notion that ways of talking about what constitutes a good life are in fact linked to strategies of voluntary action. 9 Controlling for education, income, age, presence of children, and rural residence, the correlation between church participation and informal help is +.38 and between church participation and community service organization participation is Differences between evangelical and mainline Protestants (using denomination as the measure) are also documented in Robert Wuthnow, "Mobilizing Civic Engagement: The Changing Impact of Religious Involvement," in Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999). As Becker and Dhingra point out, however, it is important not to assume therefore that evangelicals are not involved in the community. It is just that they are less likely to engage in these particular types of community activity. See Penny Edgell Becker and Pawan H. Dhingra, "Religious Involvement and Volunteering: Implications for Civil Society," Sociology of Religion 62, no. 3 (2001). McKenzie documents a similar pattern in non-electoral political participation. Those he categorizes as fundamentalists go to church services more frequently, and it is that selfselection effect that accounts for an apparent positive relationship between attendance and political activism. He curiously posits that religious orientation is the actual exogenous variable, but does not test a model so specified. See Brian D. McKenzie, "Self-Selection, Church Attendance, and Local Civic Participation," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40, no. 3 (2001). 11 This section draws in part on chapter 6 in Nancy T. Ammerman, Pillars of Faith: American Congregations and Their Partners (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 2005). 12 Excellent histories of the nineteenth and early twentieth century missions movement can be found in Dana L. Robert, Women in Mission: A Social History of Their Thought and Practice (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1997) and William R. Hutchison, Errand to the 11
12 World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). 13 These comparative accounts were compiled from information accessed 9/3/02 from and and The Anglican Domain:Countries and Provinces accessed 9/4/02. 12
Nancy Ammerman On. American Congregations. Interviewer: Tracy Schier
Nancy Ammerman On Interview with Nancy T. Ammerman American Congregations Interviewer: Tracy Schier As of July 2003, Nancy T. Ammerman moved from Hartford Seminary to Boston University where she assumed
More informationINTRODUCTION. Vital-ARe-We-4.pdf, or by ing
INTRODUCTION FACTS about Local and Global Mission Programs and Giving A Report of UCC Results from the FACT Study Marjorie H. Royle, Ph.D. Clay Pots Research November, 2011 This report is one in a series
More informationHow Are Worshipers Involved in the Community?
How Are Worshipers Involved in the Community? Findings from the U.S. Congregational Life Survey Congregations and worshipers focus on their communities in a wide variety of ways, from helping the poor
More informationHispanic Members of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): Survey Results
Hispanic Members of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): Survey Results Teresa Chávez Sauceda May 1999 Research Services A Ministry of the General Assembly Council Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) 100 Witherspoon
More informationThe American Religious Landscape and the 2004 Presidential Vote: Increased Polarization
The American Religious Landscape and the 2004 Presidential Vote: Increased Polarization John C. Green, Corwin E. Smidt, James L. Guth, and Lyman A. Kellstedt The American religious landscape was strongly
More informationSurvey Report New Hope Church: Attitudes and Opinions of the People in the Pews
Survey Report New Hope Church: Attitudes and Opinions of the People in the Pews By Monte Sahlin May 2007 Introduction A survey of attenders at New Hope Church was conducted early in 2007 at the request
More informationViews on Ethnicity and the Church. From Surveys of Protestant Pastors and Adult Americans
Views on Ethnicity and the Church From Surveys of Protestant Pastors and Adult Americans Protestant Pastors Views on Ethnicity and the Church Survey of 1,007 Protestant Pastors 3 Methodology The telephone
More informationChurch Leader Survey. Source of Data
Hope Channel Church Leader Survey Center for Creative Ministry June 2014 Source of Data An Email request was sent to the officers of fthe union conferences and union missions, and the members of the General
More informationThe Fifth National Survey of Religion and Politics: A Baseline for the 2008 Presidential Election. John C. Green
The Fifth National Survey of Religion and Politics: A Baseline for the 2008 Presidential Election John C. Green Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics University of Akron (Email: green@uakron.edu;
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY: A Survey Highlighting Christian Perceptions on Criminal Justice
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: A Survey Highlighting Christian Perceptions on Criminal Justice Fielded by Barna for Prison Fellowship in June 2017 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS Overall, practicing, compared to the general
More informationConnecting Faith to Works
Connecting Faith to Works Strategies for Working with Faith-Based Organizations JO ANNE SCHNEIDER Faith communities have always provided for those in need in the United States, founding hospitals, social
More informationCenter for Applied Research in the Apostolate
Special Report: Parish Life Today About CARA CARA is a national, non-profit, Georgetown University affiliated research center that conducts social scientific studies about the Catholic Church. Founded
More informationAnthony Stevens-Arroyo On Hispanic Christians in the U.S.
Anthony Stevens-Arroyo On Hispanic Christians in the U.S. By Tracy Schier Anthony Stevens-Arroyo is professor of Puerto Rican and Latino Studies at Brooklyn College and Distinguished Scholar of the City
More informationFaith Perspectives on Building Strong Volunteer Programs
Andrews University From the SelectedWorks of Curtis VanderWaal October, 2014 Faith Perspectives on Building Strong Volunteer Programs John Gavin Curtis J VanderWaal, Dr., Andrews University W. Ellis Available
More informationOn the Relationship between Religiosity and Ideology
Curt Raney Introduction to Data Analysis Spring 1997 Word Count: 1,583 On the Relationship between Religiosity and Ideology Abstract This paper reports the results of a survey of students at a small college
More information2015 SURVEY of NORTH AMERICA'S LARGEST CHURCHES
Worship 2015 SURVEY of NORTH AMERICA'S LARGEST CHURCHES Please estimate the average attendance at all total regular weekend worship services (Friday, Saturday and Sunday) for the last several years. If
More informationAmerica s Changing Religious Landscape
Religion & Public Life America s Changing Religious Landscape Christians Decline Sharply as Share of Population; Unaffiliated and Other Faiths Continue to Grow The Christian share of the U.S. population
More informationProtestant pastor views of denominations
Protestant pastor views of denominations 2 Methodology The telephone survey of Protestant pastors was conducted March1-9, 2010 The calling list was randomly drawn from a list of all Protestant churches.
More informationGLORIA DEI LUTHERAN CHURCH HAMPTON, VIRGINIA
You and Your Congregation 1. How often do you go to worship services at this 1% This is my first time 0% Hardly ever or special occasions only 1% Less than once a month 5% Once a month 26% Two or three
More informationFIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH ITHACA, NEW YORK
You and Your Congregation 1. How often do you go to worship services at this 1% This is my first time 2% Hardly ever or special occasions only 6% Less than once a month 8% Once a month 20% Two or three
More informationUK to global mission: what really is going on? A Strategic Review for Global Connections
UK to global mission: what really is going on? A Strategic Review for Global Connections Updated summary of seminar presentations to Global Connections Conference - Mission in Times of Uncertainty by Paul
More informationEvangelical Attitudes Toward Israel
Evangelical Attitudes Toward Israel Representative Survey of 2,002 Americans With Evangelical Beliefs Sponsored by Chosen People Ministries and Author, Joel C Rosenberg 2 Methodology LifeWay Research conducted
More informationPortrait of a Regional Conference Revisited
Portrait of a Regional Conference Revisited The Allegheny East Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church By Monte Sahlin & Paul Richardson Monte Sahlin has conducted several major research projects
More informationThe Mainline s Slippery Slope
The Mainline s Slippery Slope An Introduction So, what is the Mainline? Anyone who has taught a course on American religious history has heard this question numerous times, and usually more than once during
More informationGenerally speaking, highly religious people are happier and more engaged with their communities
Page 1 of 23 A spectrum of spirituality: Canadians keep the faith to varying degrees, but few reject it entirely Generally speaking, highly religious people are happier and more engaged with their communities
More informationI N THEIR OWN VOICES: WHAT IT IS TO BE A MUSLIM AND A CITIZEN IN THE WEST
P ART I I N THEIR OWN VOICES: WHAT IT IS TO BE A MUSLIM AND A CITIZEN IN THE WEST Methodological Introduction to Chapters Two, Three, and Four In order to contextualize the analyses provided in chapters
More informationInternational religious demography: A new discipline driven by Christian missionary scholarship
International religious demography: A new discipline driven by Christian missionary scholarship In our previous blog we noticed that the religious profile of Indian Subcontinent has changed drastically
More informationCHURCH GROWTH UPDATE
CHURCH GROWTH UPDATE FLAVIL R. YEAKLEY, JR. Last year, I reported that churches of Christ in the United States are growing once again. I really do not have much to report this year that adds significantly
More informationNote: Results are reported by total population sampled; and sub-samples. See final page for details.
The 11th Biannual Youth Survey on Politics and Public Service Field Dates: October 4 October 16, 2006 Master Questionnaire; N=2,546 18-24 Year Olds Margin of Error: ± 1.9% Note: Results are reported by
More informationDriven to disaffection:
Driven to disaffection: Religious Independents in Northern Ireland By Ian McAllister One of the most important changes that has occurred in Northern Ireland society over the past three decades has been
More informationTHE PRESBYTERIAN HUNGER PROGRAM
THE PRESBYTERIAN HUNGER PROGRAM HOW IT WORKS IN RESPONDING TO WORLD HUNGER THE COMMON AFFIRMATION ON GLOBAL HUNGER In 1979 the General Assemblies of the two predecessors of the Presbyterian Church (USA)
More informationMission Praxis in Smaller Membership Churches
Mission Praxis in Smaller Membership Churches Demographics of Sample Group 131 Respondents Smaller Membership Church Pastors 90% related to Caskey Center for Church Excellence (n=118) Louisiana (n=68)
More informationWhat Do Congregations Do? The Significance of Christian Congregations to American Civic Life
Word & World Volume 27, Number 3 Summer 2007 What Do Congregations Do? The Significance of Christian Congregations to American Civic Life MARK CHAVES he role of religion and churches in modern societies
More informationA Smaller Church in a Bigger World?
Lecture Augustana Heritage Association Page 1 of 11 A Smaller Church in a Bigger World? Introduction First of all I would like to express my gratitude towards the conference committee for inviting me to
More informationWhy Churches Get Stuck At 200
Why Churches Get Stuck At 200 Stuck Churches In America One might ask the question, How does the stuck church scenario effect the church in general? In other words, are there many stuck churches on the
More informationCivil Society and Community Engagement in Angola: The Role of the Anglican Church
Africa Programme Meeting Summary Civil Society and Community Engagement in Angola: The Role of the Anglican Church Anglican Bishop of Angola Associate Fellow, Africa Programme, Chatham House Chair: J.
More informationMiracles, Divine Healings, and Angels: Beliefs Among U.S. Adults 45+
Miracles, Divine Healings, and Angels: Beliefs Among U.S. Adults 45+ with Hispanic Oversample Report written by G. Oscar Anderson, Research Analyst Member Value Research Knowledge Management Survey conducted
More informationTRUE OR FALSE: MYTHS OF THE CHRISTIAN DONOR
TRUE OR FALSE: MYTHS OF THE CHRISTIAN From Exclusives Exploring Brand Loyalty to Retail Stores DONOR GREY MATTER RESEARCH & CONSULTING PHOENIX, ARIZONA 2013 INTRODUCTION In the world of non-profit and
More informationTHE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH AN ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOT) Roger L. Dudley
THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH AN ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOT) Roger L. Dudley The Strategic Planning Commission of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
More informationReligions and Civic Social Capital
Churches & Charity in the Immigrant City. Rutgers University Press, 2009 Immigrant Religions and Civic Social Capital Alex Stepick, Ph.D. Visiting Fulbright Professor, Humboldt University Director, Immigration
More informationSIKHISM IN THE UNITED STATES What Americans Know and Need to Know
SIKHISM IN THE UNITED STATES What Americans Know and Need to Know On behalf of the National Sikh Campaign, Hart Research Associates conducted qualitative and quantitative research to uncover how Americans
More informationEvangelical Attitudes Toward Israel Research Study
Evangelical Attitudes Toward Israel Research Study Evangelical Attitudes Towards Israel and the Peace Process Sponsored By Chosen People Ministries and Author Joel C. Rosenberg Table of Contents Page Executive
More information[MJTM 16 ( )] BOOK REVIEW
[MJTM 16 (2014 2015)] BOOK REVIEW Barry Hankins and Thomas S. Kidd. Baptists in America: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. xi + 329 pp. Hbk. ISBN 978-0-1999-7753-6. $29.95. Baptists in
More informationHOLY TOLL: THE IMPACT OF THE RECESSION ON US ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
ALEXEI D. KRINDATCH (AKRINDATCH@AOL.COM), RESEARCH COORDINATOR ASSEMBLY OF CANONICAL ORTHODOX BISHOPS IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA HOLY TOLL: THE IMPACT OF THE 2008 2009 RECESSION ON US ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN
More informationReport on the Results of The United Church of Canada Identity Survey 2011
Report on the Results of The United Church of Canada Identity Survey 2011 Fieldwork completed May/June 2011 Report prepared for: Emmanuel - Ottawa Jane Armstrong Research Associates Identity Survey 2011
More informationNORTH AMERICAN DIVISION 2004 CONGREGATIONS STUDY. Roger L. Dudley and Gene Heinrich
NORTH AMERICAN DIVISION 2004 CONGREGATIONS STUDY Roger L. Dudley and Gene Heinrich In the autumn of 2004 a survey was sent to a sample of Seventh-day Adventist congregations in the North American Division.
More informationPart 3. Small-church Pastors vs. Large-church Pastors
100 Part 3 -church Pastors vs. -church Pastors In all, 423 out of 431 (98.1%) pastors responded to the question about the size of their churches. The general data base was divided into two parts using
More informationEast Bay Jewish Community Study 2011
East Bay Jewish Community Study 2011 Demographic Survey Executive Summary Facilitated by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research Executive Summary The Jewish Community of the East Bay is imbued with a rich array
More informationThe Center for Middletown Studies completed the Muncie Churches and Civic
Muncie Churches and Civic Engagement Project Overview Center for Middletown Studies January, 2018 The Center for Middletown Studies completed the Muncie Churches and Civic Engagement Project during 2016
More informationOUR MISSION OUR VISION OUR METHOD
REACH THE WORLD A Strategic Framework adopted by the Executive Committee of the Inter-European Division of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists for the period 2016 2020 OUR VISION We envision
More informationUnited Methodist? A RESEARCH STUDY BY UNITED METHODIST COMMUNICATIONS
What does it mean to be United Methodist? A RESEARCH STUDY BY UNITED METHODIST COMMUNICATIONS TO A DEGREE, THE ANSWER TO THAT QUESTION DEPENDS ON ONE S ROLE, KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE. A NEW U.S.-BASED
More information* * * * * 1. A permanent stream of income for capital expansion (campus multiplication) is different from a one-time building fund drive.
Treasuring Christ Together Expanding the Vision to Include the Global Diaconate, Church Planting, and Campus Multiplication Approved by the Council of Elders Bethlehem Baptist Church 4-27-04 In response
More informationOur Core Values 5 Our Strategic Focus Areas and Objectives 6 Growth in discipleship 9 Emphasis on Mission Awareness and Involvement 12 Education 14
REACH THE WORLD A Strategic Framework adopted by the Executive Committee of the Inter-European Division of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists for the period 2016 2020 4 Our Core Values 5
More informationHIGH POINT UNIVERSITY POLL MEMO RELEASE 4/7/2017 (UPDATE)
ELEMENTS Population represented Sample size Mode of data collection Type of sample (probability/nonprobability) HIGH POINT UNIVERSITY POLL MEMO RELEASE 4/7/2017 (UPDATE) DETAILS Adults in North Carolina.
More informationHealthy, Vital, Growing Churches: What Works & What Doesn t. Monte Sahlin Ohio Conference February 18, 2012
Healthy, Vital, Growing Churches: What Works & What Doesn t Monte Sahlin Ohio Conference February 18, 2012 USA Today March 16, 2011 n Seventh-day Adventist Church is the fastest-growing Christian denomination
More informationTHE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH AN ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOT) Roger L. Dudley
THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH AN ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOT) Roger L. Dudley The Strategic Planning Committee of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
More informationChristians drop, 'nones' soar in new religion portrait
Christians drop, 'nones' soar in new religion portrait A Pew Research survey found the number of Christians in the U.S. is declining, while the number of unaffiliated adults is increasing. Video provided
More informationCHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH FINDINGS. Introduction. D.Min. project. A coding was devised in order to assign quantitative values to each of the
CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction The survey (Appendix C) sent to 950 women alumnae of Dallas Seminary resulted in 377 (41%) valid surveys which were used to compute the results of this D.Min.
More informationURBAN CHURCH PLANTING STUDY Stephen Gray & LifeWay Research
URBAN CHURCH PLANTING STUDY STUDY PARTICULARS 15 church planting groups participated in this study Church plants were started between 2003 and 2006 Urban was defined according to the church s zip code
More informationOver the last years all of us have watched the geography of the
1. Things Have Changed, or Toto, We re Not in Kansas Any More Over the last years all of us have watched the geography of the American church undergo a radical transformation. It s almost as if there has
More informationthe 2018 Connection The Alabama-West Florida United Methodist Conference
the 2018 Connection The Alabama-West Florida United Methodist Conference January 15, 2018 Dear Ministry Partners, As we launch into a new year, I continue to be amazed at the ministry taking place through
More informationProtestant Pastors Views on the Environment. Survey of 1,000 Protestant Pastors
Protestant Pastors Views on the Environment Survey of 1,000 Protestant Pastors 2 Methodology The telephone survey of Protestant pastors was conducted in September 26 October 3, 2012 The calling list was
More informationNEWS RELEASE. Cloning Opposed, Stem Cell Research Narrowly Supported PUBLIC MAKES DISTINCTIONS ON GENETIC RESEARCH
NEWS RELEASE FOR RELEASE: TUESDAY, APRIL 9, 2002, 4:00 P.M. Cloning Opposed, Stem Cell Research Narrowly Supported PUBLIC MAKES DISTINCTIONS ON GENETIC RESEARCH FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andrew
More informationFaith-sharing activities by Australian churches
NCLS Occasional Paper 13 Faith-sharing activities by Australian churches Sam Sterland, Ruth Powell, Michael Pippett with the NCLS Research team December 2009 Faith-sharing activities by Australian churches
More informationUniversity System of Georgia Survey on Student Speech and Discussion
University System of Georgia Survey on Student Speech and Discussion May 2008 Conducted for the Board of Regents University System of Georgia by By James J. Bason, Ph.D. Director and Associate Research
More informationThe World Church Strategic Plan
The 2015 2020 World Church Strategic Plan The what and the why : Structure, Objectives, KPIs and the reasons they were adopted Reach the World has three facets: Reach Up to God Reach In with God Reach
More informationStewardship, Finances, and Allocation of Resources
Stewardship, Finances, and Allocation of Resources The May 2003 Survey Table of Contents HIGHLIGHTS... i OVERVIEW...ii STEWARDSHIP IN CONGREGATIONS... 1 Approaches to Stewardship... 1 Integrating Stewardship
More informationJanuary Parish Life Survey. Saint Paul Parish Macomb, Illinois
January 2018 Parish Life Survey Saint Paul Parish Macomb, Illinois Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate Georgetown University Washington, DC Parish Life Survey Saint Paul Parish Macomb, Illinois
More informationTHE PURSUIT OF GENEROSITY
THE PURSUIT OF GENEROSITY Passing the Plate: Why American Christians Don t Give Away More Money by Christian Smith and Michael O. Emerson (Oxford University press: 2008) In their December 10 th, Wall Street
More informationsurveying a church s attitude toward and interaction with islam
3 surveying a church s attitude toward and interaction with islam David Gortner Virginia Theological Seminary invited our alumni, as well as other lay and ordained church leaders affiliated with the seminary,
More informationAmerican Congregations Reach Out To Other Faith Traditions:
American Congregations 2010 David A. Roozen American Congregations Reach Out To Other Faith Traditions: A Decade of Change 2000-2010 w w w. F a i t h C o m m u n i t i e s T o d a y. o r g American Congregations
More informationPastor Views on Tithing. Survey of Protestant Pastors
Pastor Views on Tithing Survey of Protestant Pastors 2 Methodology The phone survey of 1,000 Protestant pastors was conducted August 30 September 18, 2017 The calling list was a stratified random sample,
More informationPan African Orthodox Christian Church
Introduction Pan African Orthodox Christian Church Greetings, Hope and trust all is well! We are writing to share with you and request your support with a new church initiative. As we prepare for our 60th
More informationChristians Say They Do Best At Relationships, Worst In Bible Knowledge
June 14, 2005 Christians Say They Do Best At Relationships, Worst In Bible Knowledge (Ventura, CA) - Nine out of ten adults contend that their faith is very important in their life, and three out of every
More informationPortraits of Protestant Teens: a report on teenagers in major U.S. denominations
Boston University OpenBU Theology Library http://open.bu.edu Papers & Reports 2005 Portraits of Protestant Teens: a report on teenagers in major U.S. denominations Schwadel, Phil National Study of Youth
More informationYoung Adult Catholics This report was designed by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) at Georgetown University for the
Center Special for Applied Research in the Apostolate. Report Georgetown University. Washington, D.C. Serving Dioceses, Parishes, and Religious Communities Since 196 Fall 2002 Young Adult Catholics This
More informationLatino/a Seminarians Vocational Motivations and Views about the Church s Role in Society
Vol. 4, No. 7, September 2007 A series of policy and research briefs from the Institute for Latino Studies at the University of Notre Dame Latino/a Seminarians Vocational Motivations and Views about the
More informationRELIGION MORE PROMINENT, MUSLIM-AMERICANS MORE ACCEPTED
1150 18 th Street, N.W., Suite 775 1150 18 th Street, N.W., Suite 975 Washington, D.C. 20036 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel (202) 955-5075 Tel (202) 293-3126 Fax (202) 955-0658 Fax (202) 293-2569 www.pewforum.org
More informationLocal Churches in Australia Research Findings from NCLS Research
Local Churches in Australia Research Findings from NCLS Research Dr Ruth Powell Director, NCLS Research Associate Professor, ACU 2016 NCLS Church Life Pack Seminar March and April 2017 For Citation: Powell,
More informationThe Australian Church is Being Transformed: 20 years of research reveals changing trends in Australian church life
The Australian Church is Being Transformed: 20 years of research reveals changing trends in Australian church life Dr Ruth Powell Director, NCLS Research Australia May 2015, Malaysia Powell, R. (2015).
More informationNigerian University Students Attitudes toward Pentecostalism: Pilot Study Report NPCRC Technical Report #N1102
Nigerian University Students Attitudes toward Pentecostalism: Pilot Study Report NPCRC Technical Report #N1102 Dr. K. A. Korb and S. K Kumswa 30 April 2011 1 Executive Summary The overall purpose of this
More informationChristian Media in Australia: Who Tunes In and Who Tunes It Out. Arnie Cole, Ed.D. & Pamela Caudill Ovwigho, Ph.D.
Christian Media in Australia: Who Tunes In and Who Tunes It Out Arnie Cole, Ed.D. & Pamela Caudill Ovwigho, Ph.D. April 2012 Page 1 of 17 Christian Media in Australia: Who Tunes In and Who Tunes It Out
More informationAugust Parish Life Survey. Saint Benedict Parish Johnstown, Pennsylvania
August 2018 Parish Life Survey Saint Benedict Parish Johnstown, Pennsylvania Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate Georgetown University Washington, DC Parish Life Survey Saint Benedict Parish
More informationThe Vocation Movement in Lutheran Higher Education
Intersections Volume 2016 Number 43 Article 5 2016 The Vocation Movement in Lutheran Higher Education Mark Wilhelm Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/intersections
More informationTransformation 2.0: Baseline Survey Summary Report
Transformation 2.0: Baseline Survey Summary Report Authorized by: The Presbytery of Cincinnati Congregational Development Task Force Conducted and Produced by The Missional Network 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationYour Church Participation
Your Church Participation * 1. How long have you been a member of Windham Presbyterian Church? (how long you have attended, as a member or friend, is next) Not a member 2-4 years 10-19 years One year or
More informationChurch Member Survey number Total Respondents
Church Member Survey number Total Respondents TASKS OF THE CHURCH The survey listed a number of tasks that a local church is likely to perform. Congregational members were asked to evaluate these tasks
More informationSurvey of Church Members
Survey of Church Members conducted for the Allegheny East Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church Bradford-Cleveland-Brooks Leadership Center Oakwood University August 2008 Introduction A random
More information3. WHERE PEOPLE STAND
19 3. WHERE PEOPLE STAND Political theorists disagree about whether consensus assists or hinders the functioning of democracy. On the one hand, many contemporary theorists take the view of Rousseau that
More informationWho we are here. Introduction. Recommended Process. What is this tool?
Who we are here What is this tool? This tool is a guided exercise that helps programme staff understand how World Vision s identity at the global level is expressed at the programme level. This exercise
More informationAppendix 1. Towers Watson Report. UMC Call to Action Vital Congregations Research Project Findings Report for Steering Team
Appendix 1 1 Towers Watson Report UMC Call to Action Vital Congregations Research Project Findings Report for Steering Team CALL TO ACTION, page 45 of 248 UMC Call to Action: Vital Congregations Research
More informationAdams, R.G., & Stark, B.J. (1988). Church Conservatism and Services for the Elderly. Journal of Religion and Aging, v.4 no.3/4:
Church Conservatism and Services for the Elderly By: Rebecca G. Adams and Bonnie J. Stark Adams, R.G., & Stark, B.J. (1988). Church Conservatism and Services for the Elderly. Journal of Religion and Aging,
More informationWhat makes churches grow? What recent Adventist research reveals
Ministry, November 2004 What makes churches grow? What recent Adventist research reveals By Monte Sahlin What factors need to be present for a local congregation to grow, and for the global body of Christ
More informationFACTS About Non-Seminary-Trained Pastors Marjorie H. Royle, Ph.D. Clay Pots Research April, 2011
FACTS About Non-Seminary-Trained Pastors Marjorie H. Royle, Ph.D. Clay Pots Research April, 2011 This report is one of a series summarizing the findings of two major interdenominational and interfaith
More informationMISSIONS POLICY THE HEART OF CHRIST CHURCH SECTION I INTRODUCTION
MISSIONS POLICY THE HEART OF CHRIST CHURCH SECTION I INTRODUCTION A. DEFINITION OF MISSIONS Missions shall be understood as any Biblically supported endeavor to fulfill the Great Commission of Jesus Christ,
More informationIntroduction Defining the Challenge Snap Shot of Church Culture Intersecting Strategies How to Enter (Relationship) How to Stay (Respect) How to
1 Introduction Defining the Challenge Snap Shot of Church Culture Intersecting Strategies How to Enter (Relationship) How to Stay (Respect) How to Depart (Revelation) Survey by: Pew Forum s On Religion
More informationDoing Good in American Communities: Congregations and Service Organizations Working Together
Boston University OpenBU School of Theology http://open.bu.edu STH Articles, Papers & Essays 2001 Doing Good in American Communities: Congregations and Service Organizations Working Together Ammerman,
More informationReformed Church. But we cannot forget a fifth strand, the Afro- Christian tradition, which
History and Polity Paper Angela Wells April 2012 Through reading, studying and praying about the denomination of the United Church of Christ, I have found that our historical roots inform our theology,
More informationDo not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your minds...
Gathering For God s Future Witness, Discipleship, Community: A Renewed Call to Worldwide Mission Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your minds... Romans 12:2 Gathering
More informationBasic Church Profile Inventory Sample
Introduction Basic Church Profile Inventory Sample This is a sample of all the questions contained in Hartford Institute's Church Profile Inventory Survey that can be completed online. A church that chooses
More information