St. Cuthbert s Catholic Community College for Business and Enterprise R.E. REVISION PACKAGE LITE SECTION 8

Transcription

1 St. Cuthbert s Catholic Community College for Business and Enterprise R.E. REVISION PACKAGE LITE SECTION 8

2 KEYWORDS open the door to success! Bible The holy book of Christians Church The community of Christians (N.B. church with a small c means a Christian place of worship) conscience An inner feeling of the rightness and wrongness of an action The Decalogue The Ten Commandments democratic processes The ways in which citizens can take part in government (usually through elections) electoral processes The ways in which voting is organised The Golden Rule The teaching of Jesus that you should treat others as you would like to be treated human rights The rights and freedoms to which everyone is entitled A group which tries to be elected into power on the basis of its policies (e.g. Labour, Conservative) A group formed to influence government policy on a particular issue The idea that Christians should base moral decisions on what it is most loving to do political party pressure group Situation Ethics social change The way in which society has changed and is changing (and also the possibilities for future change) Ask not how hard you work, but how much you learn!

3 TRADITION PRAYER MEETINGS - Synods, Councils Guided by the HOLY SPIRIT A SOURCE of AUTHORITY Tries to DISCERN GOD'S WILL Roman Catholic Church - MAGISTERIUM CHURCH OF ENGLAND SYNOD How does The Church decide? Centuries of tradition Teaching based on Bible Clergy - trained to help Little flexibility Are the leaders out of touch Not easy going to clergy PROS CONS THE CHURCH THE BIBLE The INSPIRED WORD of GOD One way GOD SPEAKS TO US A SOURCE of AUTHORITY LITERAL or LIBERAL ways of interpreting PROS CONS RELIABLE EASILY AVAILABLE CAN BE RE-INTERPRETED FOR TODAY Contains TIMELESS, UNIVERSAL ADVICE - e.g. Decalogue! SO BIG - can you find the guidance you need? SO OLD - can it advise on MODERN ISSUES? It contains CONTRADICTIONS The ways in which citizens can take part in government (usually through elections) Electoral processes - the ways in which voting is organised Political group - A group which tries to be elected into power on the basis of its policies Pressure Group - A group formed to influence government policy on a particular issue VOTING STANDING FOR ELECTION KEEPING INFORMED JOINING POLITICAL PARTIES Marches Letter writing E-campaigns CAMPAIGNING People participate by: DEMOCRATIC PROCESS GENETIC ENGINEERING - A scientific process that involves the removal of DNA from a plant or animal, altering it and putting it back again CLONING - A form of genetic engineering that produces a duplicate of a parent Is it playing GOD? No-one is perfect! Does it benefit individuals - a society - humanity? Psalm 8 says God put humans in charge of creation! Jesus came to end suffering! The THIN END of the WEDGE? ARYAN RACE - HOLOCAUST! People died to give us democracy! Politicians are accountable! "Everyone should obey the state authorities!" ROMANS 13 Comes from God? The Holy Spirit? Refined by upbringing and experiences Innate - born with it Conscience guides but does not force! An inner feeling of the rightness or wrongness of an action 8.1 Rights and Responsibilities HUMAN RIGHTS Defined in UN Universal Declaration on HR (1948) U.K. HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 Equality, freedom, security, fair trial, marriage, work, education, family, religion, opinion, rest One person's right can infringe another's freedom! CHRISTIANS CARE ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS Golden Rule! CAFOD FAIRTRADE "If one part of the body suffers - we all suffer!" Jesus said he came so that we could "HAVE LIFE IN ALL ITS FULLNESS!" (John 10) Most people seem to have one Easy to consult If you follow it - you won't feel guity! Can't always be sure Some people don't seem to have a conscience Only about the individual - not society PROS CONS CONSCIENCE SITUATION ETHICS What is the most loving thing to do? Lesser of two evils? PROS CONS Simple to apply Takes a HOLISTIC (rounded) view of a situation Follows the teaching of Jesus People may disagree on what is loving - depends on individual Some issues are too complicated Can take a long time to consider all views (c) Mike Anderson 2011

4 KEYWORDS open the door to success! artificial insemination injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means conservation protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment creation the act of creating the universe or the universe which has been created A fertilised egg in the first eight weeks after conception embryo environment the surroundings in which plants and animals live and on which they depend to live global warming infertility the increase in the temperature of the earth s atmosphere (thought to be caused by the greenhouse effect) Not being able to have children in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) The method of fertilising a human egg in a test tube natural resources naturally occurring materials, such as oil and fertile land, which can be used by humans Giving organs to be used in transplant surgery looking after something so it can be passed on to the next generation organ donation stewardship surrogacy an arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman OR where an egg is donated and fertilised by the husband through IVF and then implanted into the wife s uterus Ask not how hard you work, but how much you learn!

5 Sewage and chemicals end up in the sea INDIVIDUALS and GOVERNMENTS CFCs damage ozone layer Every person in UK throws away 4 times their body weight in rubbish SOLUTIONS - legislation, individuals take responsibility Population increasing - 7 BILLION - doubled in last 50 years Finite (limited) amount of natural resources Fertile land for growing crops decreasing through overuse and overgrazing SOLUTIONS - recycle, renewable energy, reduce, re-use Greenhouse gases on the increase Climate is changing The most vulnerable suffer most Ice caps melting, sea levels rising POLLUTION NATURAL RESOURCES GLOBAL WARMING ISSUES STEWARDSHIP Christian Muslim PSALM 8 - God put humans in charge of creation! JOHN 10 - Jesus said "I have come that you might have life - life in all its fullness!" MATTHEW 7 - "Treat others as you would like to be treated!" STEWARDSHIP = "Looking after something so it can be passed on to the next generation" Christians try to be good stewards because the Bible tells them to be and they believe the Bible is the inspired Word of God! Muslims try to be good stewards (KHALIFA) because the Qur'an tells them to be and they believe the Qur'an is the inspired Word of Allah! The Qur'an says: The world is green and beautiful and Allah has appointed you his steward! SOLUTIONS - reduce use of fossil fuels One of the 99 Names of Allah is ALLAH THE CREATOR! Muslims believe they will be judged on how they have looked after what Allah has created! IVF (test tube baby) 1 donor can save 9 lives! 1000 die each year while on waiting list 4000 transplants per year INFO Environmental and Medical Issues INFO Artificial Insemination (husband/donor) Donation - egg/embryo Surrogacy Acceptance / Adoption? FOR - PSALM 8 - God placed humans in charge of creation. FOR - Psalm 8 - God put humans in charge of creation FOR - It's a way of reaching out to the suffering like Jesus reached out to leper (MARK 1) FOR - Situation Ethics suggests it may be the most loving thing to do FOR - a practical way of living the Golden Rule AGAINST - humans have no right to interfere with what God has created AGAINST - "Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit - you are not your own" 1 Corinthians 6 Christian responses TRANSPLANTS INFERTILITY Christian responses FOR - God gave us the knowledge and skills. Surely we should use them to help others. FOR - God intervened to give Abraham and Sarah a child when she was infertile! AGAINST - RC believe life is a gift from God and humans have no right to interfere with God's creative plan. AGAINST - IVF involves destruction of spare embryos which constitutes murder AGAINST - there is always the possibility of ADOPTION FOR - Muslims have a duty to relieve suffering FOR - living donation is permitted because donating organs is an act of charity AGAINST - Allah created life and humans have no right to interfere AGAINST - On the Last Day - bodies will be resurrected AGAINST - no postmortems allowed Muslim responses Muslim responses FOR - IVF in a marriage relationship is acceptable (as is Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH) AGAINST - life is a gift from Allah and humans have no right to interefe with what Allah has created AGAINST - surrogacy and AID (Artificial Insemination by Donor) are forbidden because they involve people outside the marriage

6 KEYWORDS open the door to success! aggression attacking without being provoked bullying intimidating/frightening people weaker than yourself conflict resolution exploitation forgiveness just war pacifism bringing a fight or struggle to a peaceful conclusion taking advantage of a weaker group stopping blaming someone and/or pardoning them for what they have done wrong a war which is fought for the right reasons and in a right way the belief that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means RELIGIOUS CONFLICT In FAMILIES Diet, Dress, Authority, Gender roles, Arranged marriages, Same sex relationships! War can be the LESSER of TWO EVILS! reconciliation respect bringing together people who were opposed to each other treating a person or their feelings with consideration the United Nations an international body set up to promote world peace and cooperation weapons of mass destruction world peace weapons which can destroy large areas and numbers of people the ending of war throughout the whole world (the basic aim of the United Nations) 1 minute per mark! Ask not how hard you work, but how much you learn!

7 Set up after WW2 to prevent further wars Universal Declaration of Human Rights AIMS to maintain peace, foster good relations, assist in world development UNICEF UNHCR W.H.O. Self defence To right an injustice Greed, jealousy, money Revenge, religious differences Desire for power, mineral wealth, land War is almost always wrong - you are killing the image of God! Some times - it may be LESSER OF 2 EVILS" War can be JUST! Post war land distribution - Palestine and Israel Injustice fostered terrorism Revenge for led to Iraq and Afghanistan War is ALWAYS wrong! War is EVIL Conflicts should be resolved peacefully! Violence never creates a LASTING PEACE Works through its own agencies CATHOLIC CHURCH Possible JUST causes?? PACIFISTS (e.g. QUAKERS) War is sometimes needed to conquer evil and establish peace GREATER JIHAD - Struggle within a person to conquer evil LESSER JIHAD - Going to war for a just cause Declared by a RELIGIOUS LEADER Waged like the JUST WAR Theory Causes which are sinful JIHAD (HOLY WAR) WAR should be: Muslims must fight if Islam is threatened MIDDLE EAST CHRISTIANS MUSLIMS The UNITED NATIONS CAUSES OF WAR WAR PEACE and CONFLICT BULLYING CHRISTIANS OPPOSE IT MUSLIMS OPPOSE IT RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN FAMILIES FORGIVENESS and RECONCILIATION CHRISTIANS MUSLIMS All made "IN THE IMAGE OF GOD" (Genesis 1) GOLDEN RULE (Matthew 7) LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOUR AS YOU LOVE YOURSELF (Mark 12) BULLYING is EVIL "Everyone is equal in the eyes of Allah" Islam is a faith of respect and compassion Muslims will be JUDGED by Allah on how they have treated others! EAST IS EAST Diet, Dress Authority, gender roles Arranged marriages Same sex relationships BUT FORGIVING EVIL... Father, forgive them (Jesus at Crucifixion - Luke 23) Lord's Prayer - "Forgive us our trespasses...(luke 11) The Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15) Jesus said: "You must forgive 70 times 7!" The Qu'ran teaches forgiveness The prophet Muhammad is an example of forgiveness On Judgement Day, Muslims will be judged by Allah Asking forgiveness should a part of daily life! Reinforces bad behaviour Does not give justice to the victims Can lead to greater evil Blessed are the peacemakers - Matthew 5 A war which is fought for the right reasons in the right way JUST CAUSE e.g. self-defence Reasonable force Must stop when objective reached Only combatants targetted Declared by lawful authority Chance of success Last resort THOMAS AQUINAS - A JUST WAR?? HOW CHRISTIAN GROUPS WORK FOR PEACE QUAKERS EAPPI Non-political pacifists who are trusted Work as go-betweens Campaign for nuclear disarmament Lobby UK govt for peaceful foreign policy Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel Live for 3 months with each side Observe and report Listen to and support 2011 Mike Anderson

8 addiction KEYWORDS open the door to success! A recurring compulsion to engage in an activity regardless of its bad effects capital punishment crime deterrence judgement justice law reform rehabilitation responsibility retribution sin The death penalty for a crime or offence An act against the law The idea that punishments should be of such a nature that they will put people off committing crimes The act of judging people and their actions Due allocation of reward and punishment the maintenance of what is right Rules made by Parliament and enforceable by the courts The idea that punishments should try to change criminals so they will not commit crimes again Restore to normal life Being responsible for one s actions The idea that punishments should make criminals pay for what they have done wrong An act against the will of God Ask not how hard you work, but how much you learn!

9 Laws define the VALUES that are important to society Laws PRESERVE RIGHTS and FREEDOM for people in society Laws need to be enforced OR they will be ignored Without laws there would be ANARCHY Criminals need to be punished otherwise it is not fair to law-abiding citizens PUNISHMENT makes criminals take responsibility for their actions Laws should be JUST (fair) LAW and JUSTICE SOME KEYWORDS ANARCHY - where law and order have completely broken down and normal life is impossible JUSTICE - due allocation of reward and punishment CRIME - an act against the law LAWS - rules made by Parliament and enforceable by the courts AN EYE FOR AN EYE - Exodus 21 "FATHER, FORGIVE THEM!" - Luke 23 DO NOT JUDGE OTHERS - PLANK, SPLINTER - Matthew 7 Christians need to be THE HANDS OF JESUS and THE VOICE OF JESUS Christians should act for justice in all areas of life! GOLDEN RULE - Matthew 7 CRIME & PUNISHMENT POVERTY, DISCRIMINATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, TRADE CHRISTIAN IDEAS of JUSTICE ARE ROOTED IN THE BIBLE - THE INSPIRED WORD OF GOD CAPITAL PUNISHMENT -The death penalty for a crime or offence FOR AGAINST PROTECTS society DETERS others Gives JUSTICE to victim's families Does NOT DETER, e.g. USA has it but still murders take place MISTAKES happen and they can't be put right Makes society into murderers GOOD SAMARITAN - Luke 10 JESUS REACHED OUT TO LEPER - Mark 1 In the exam, don't forget religious perspectives! DRAWBACK - does not lead to reforming criminals DRAWBACK - can be expensive and be seen as being soft DRAWBACK - could be too harsh DRAWBACK - can be very expensive DRAWBACK - sometimes the damage is far more than physical! RETRIBUTION - punishments should make criminals pay for what they have done wrong and realise the harm they have done REFORM - punishments should try to change criminals so they will not commit crimes again (REHABILITATION) DETERRENCE - punishments should put people off committing crimes PROTECTION - punishments should protect society from criminals REPARATION - punishments should make the criminal repair the damage they have done to society SOME PUNISHMENTS FULFIL MORE THAN ONE PURPOSE Has damaging effects on society and individuals Jesus turned water into wine! John 2 Jesus shared wine at the Last Supper! Mark 14 BUT some Christians say the effect is so damaging - you should not drink. St. Paul wrote "YOUR BODY IS A TEMPLE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT" 1 Corinthians 6 Genesis 1 promotes the idea that "GOD GAVE LIFE SO ONLY GOD SHOULD TAKE IT" If it were being introduced today - would alcohol be allowed? ALMOST CERTAINLY NOT THEORIES of PUNISHMENT ALCOHOL Inter-related CRIME and PUNISHMENT DRUGS CHRISTIANS and CAPITAL PUNISHMENT MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES "Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit" 1 Corinthians 6 Prescription drugs are permitted because they do good Recreational drugs are not encouraged because they do harm Effects - addictive, appearance, health, relationships, employment, crime FOR AGAINST EXODUS 21 - an eye for an eye... EXODUS 20 - Do not commit murder SO anyone who does deserves punishment! Everyone should obey the state authorities - St Paul in ROMANS 13 Father, forgive them! (Jesus on cross) Luke 23 Genesis 1 promotes the idea that GOD GAVE LIFE SO ONLY GOD SHOULD TAKE IT! Jesus said "Do not judge other... take the plank out of your own eye, before the speck from your brother's" - MATTHEW 7 MUSLIMS believe they should be JUST because... CAPITAL PUNISHMENT ALCOHOL and DRUGS Allah is just The Qur'an tells them to be just Shariah Law requires everyone to be treated equally One of the 5 pillars of Islam is ZAKAT - to look after the poor (2.5%) Permitted because the Qur'an permits it The person must have a FAIR TRIAL For MURDER or for UNDERMINING MUSLIM AUTHORITY (including adultery, terrorism and homosexuality The victim's family is consulted In some cases, BLOOD MONEY can be paid so that the murderer is pardoned. Alcohol (and gambling) is totally forbidden - because of the Qur'an Prescription drugs are permitted Recreational drugs are banned as they harm society "Everyone is equal in the eyes of Allah" Mike Anderson 2011