1 Thessalonians 3:6 (NRSV) 1 Thessalonians 3:10 (NRSV) 1 Thessalonians 4: What is dispensationalism? John Nelson Darby ( )

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1 1 Thessalonians 3:10 (NRSV) Night and day we pray most earnestly that we may see you face to face and restore whatever is lacking in your faith. 1 Thessalonians 3:6 (NRSV) Timothy has just now come to us from you, and has brought us the good news of your faith and love. The wider context suggests Paul isn t talking about their doctrine. That is, they aren t lacking knowledge. By contrast, both 1:3 and 5:8 both name a trio of faith, hope, and love. (The three terms also appear in 1 Cor 13:13.) Is the problem with the Thessalonians hope? Is their confidence flagging? 1 Thessalonians 4:13 18 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about those who have died, so that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have died. For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will by no means precede those who have died. For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel s call and with the sound of God's trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air; and so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage one another with these words. What is dispensationalism? A theological perspective/system, with accompanying methodologies for biblical interpretation. Like its close relative fundamentalism, it employs a type (one among many types) of biblical literalism. Its two most prominent features: A division of human history into discrete periods, or dispensations. A belief in a coming rapture John Nelson Darby ( ) Where did it come from? Pastor in the UK Founder of the Plymouth Brethren denomination Formulated proposals about dispensations and rapture Made several evangelism-oriented trips to the USA between 1859 and

2 I. M. Haldeman Pastor of the First Baptist Church in the City of New York, William Bell Riley Senior Pastor of the First Baptist Church of Minneapolis, Dwight Lyman Moody ( ) Evangelist and publisher Founder of among other things Moody Bible Institute in 1886 Cyrus Scofield ( ) Affiliated with Dwight Moody s Northfield Bible School Creator of the Scofield Reference Bible (1909) Heavily annotated Incredible sales (still!) Lewis Sperry Chafer ( ) Prophecy Conferences Pastor and theologian A student of Scofield s Founded Dallas Theological Seminary in

3 Hal Lindsey (1929 ) Tim LaHaye (1926 ) Beverly LaHaye (1929 ) What Was Taking Place? Between Darby s first visit to the USA in 1859 and the founding of Dallas Theological Seminary in 1924 Civil War and World War I Biblical criticism taking hold in UK and USA Fundamentalist - Modernist debates in USA Darwinian revolution in the sciences (1) Dispensations Seven stages in biblical/world history Progressive revelation Different ground rules in each stage Daniel 9:24 27 Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and your holy city: to finish the transgression, to put an end to sin, and to atone for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal both vision and prophet, and to anoint a most holy place. Know therefore and understand: from the time that the word went out to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until the time of an anointed prince, there shall be seven weeks; and for sixty-two weeks it shall be built again with streets and moat, but in a troubled time. After the sixty-two weeks, an anointed one shall be cut off and shall have nothing, and the troops of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary. Its end shall come with a flood, and to the end there shall be war. Desolations are decreed. He shall make a strong covenant with many for one week, and for half of the week he shall make sacrifice and offering cease; and in their place shall be an abomination that desolates, until the decreed end is poured out upon the desolator. 3

4 Waiting for the 70 th Week After Week #69, ending with Jesus death, God stopped the clock, so to speak. Waiting for (a remnant of) Israel to come around Biblical prophecies about Israel will be fulfilled by/through Israel itself. Connections to Zionism (2) The Rapture At a revival in the UK, a young woman reported a vision in which she was told that Jesus return would occur in 2 stages. Darby, working mostly from 1 Thessalonians 4:16 17, proposed a secret return of Jesus, in which Christians would be removed from the earth, followed at a later time by Jesus visible, final return. 1 Thessalonians 4:13 18 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about those who have died, so that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have died. For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will by no means precede those who have died. For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel s call and with the sound of God's trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air; and so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage one another with these words. The Rapture From the Greek verb harpazō (a`rpa,zw), used in 1 Thessalonians 4:17 and translated as caught up : we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air In the Vulgate (the medieval Latin translation of the Bible), the verb is rapio. The Rapture: What Texts? How Are They Read? Daniel 7 12 Revelation 1 Thessalonians 4: Thessalonians 1:5 2:12 Various passages in the Synoptic Gospels See Matthew 24: Corinthians 15 Several isolated passages such as John 14:2 3; Philippians 3:20; Hebrews 9:28 The Rapture: What Texts? How Are They Read? Imagine an intricately, cross-referenced system. A veiled, yet progressively revealed, chronology 4

5 The Rapture: What Texts? How Are They Read? Imagine an intricately, cross-referenced system. A veiled, yet progressively revealed, chronology Biblical truth is confirmed by world events (thus: prophecy conferences and unending speculation). Eschatology Matters 1 Thessalonians 4:13 5:11 Source: Wikipedia (really!) Generally speaking, prior to the rise of dispensationalism Most Protestant theology had been postmillennial. Most Roman Catholic theology had been amillennial (taking millennialism as symbolic, and seeing the church as an end in itself). Two separate sections, with parallel structures: 1 Thess 4:13 18 (anxieties related to deaths of believers) 1 Thess 5:1 11 (readiness in light of Christ s coming return/parousia) Both sections state that believers will be with the Lord (4:17 and 5:10). Both sections end with a call to mutual consolation (4:18 and 5:11). 1 Thessalonians 4:13 18 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about those who have died, so that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have died. For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will by no means precede those who have died. For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel s call and with the sound of God's trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air; and so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage one another with these words. The most divine Caesar [Augustus] we should consider equal to the beginning of all things ; for when everything was falling [into disorder] and tending toward dissolution, he restored it once more and gave a new aspect to the whole world. All the cities unanimously adopt the birthday of divine Caesar as the new beginning of the year. The Providence that has regulated our whole existence has brought our life to the climax of perfection, by giving Augustus to us, the one whom [Providence] filled with virtue for people s welfare, and the one who, being sent to us and our descendants as a savior, has put an end to war and has set all things in order. Having become manifest, Caesar has fulfilled all the hopes of earlier times in surpassing all the benefactors who preceded him. Finally, the birthday of the god [Augustus] has been for the whole world the beginning of good news concerning him From a Decree from the Roman Provincial Assembly of Asia (9 BCE) 5

6 1 Thessalonians 5:1 11 Now concerning the times and the seasons, brothers and sisters, you do not need to have anything written to you. For you yourselves know very well that the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night. When they say, "There is peace and security," then sudden destruction will come upon them, as labor pains come upon a pregnant woman, and there will be no escape! But you, beloved, are not in darkness, for that day to surprise you like a thief; for you are all children of light and children of the day; we are not of the night or of darkness. So then let us not fall asleep as others do, but let us keep awake and be sober; for those who sleep sleep at night, and those who are drunk get drunk at night. But since we belong to the day, let us be sober, and put on the breastplate of faith and love, and for a helmet the hope of salvation. For God has destined us not for wrath but for obtaining salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, who died for us, so that whether we are awake or asleep we may live with him. Therefore encourage one another and build up each other, as indeed you are doing. From the Compendium of Roman History II, by Vellius Paterculus (1 st century CE) On that day [the rise of Rome] there sprang up once more in parents the assurance of safety for their children, in husbands for the sanctity of marriage, in owners for the safety of their property, and in all men the assurance of safety, order, peace, and tranquility. BRG, p. 70 In This Passage, Paul Has In This Passage, Paul Has 1. Declared that just as the church is a distinctive community in terms of its being persecuted and set apart morally (see 4:1-12) the church is also marked by a distinctive hope concerning death, and the true source of peace & security. 2. Given us a model for Christian teaching and leadership. Note that Paul does not simply answer the question about the fate of those who have died. He also sees through the question as also a question about fear and the hope for security or assurance. What Might We Take from This Passage, and Others Like It? 1. Texts like these give us hope when we face death. What Might We Take from This Passage, and Others Like It? 2. Texts like these unmask the world and its claims. They show Christian hope at odds with the greatest promises and the cruelest evil that society can concoct. They speak an unwillingness to accept the status quo of human existence. They speak a subversive message that both condemns this world and also calls us to work for its redemption. 6

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