The Reformation Begins

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1 Chapter 17, Section 3 The Reformation Begins (Pages ) Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Martin Luther s ideas change the Church? What did John Calvin teach? As you read pages in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the reasons for the Reformation. Reasons for the Reformation 332 Chapter 17, Section 3

2 Calls for Church Reform (pages ) Complete this outline as you read. I. What Ideas Led to the Reformation? A. B. II. The Church Upsets Reformers A. B. C. D. III. Who Was Martin Luther? A. B. C. D. E. IV. Revolt Leads to New Churches A. B. C. V. Peasant Revolts A. B. C. D. Chapter 17, Section 3 333

3 Define or describe the following terms from this lesson. Reformation indulgence denomination Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. challenge thereby Use each of these terms that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the term s meaning. clergy (Chapter 10, Section 2) salvation (Chapter 10, Section 1) 334 Chapter 17, Section 3

4 What was the result of the Church s decision to sell indulgences in 1517? Politics and Lutheranism (page 639) As you read, take notes on the reasons German rulers decided to become Lutherans. Now think about different countries and governments around the world today. Some governments favor or support specific religions. Others do not. Write a paragraph summarizing your opinions about the relationship of church and government. Use specific examples from history, from current events, and from your notes to support your opinion. Why did many German princes support Martin Luther s ideas? Chapter 17, Section 3 335

5 Calvin and Calvinism (pages ) Glance quickly over the reading to find answers to the following questions. 1. Who was John Calvin? 2. What is Calvinism? Define or describe the following terms from this lesson. theology predestination Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. debate convince 336 Chapter 17, Section 3

6 How did Calvin s ideas differ from those of Luther? Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Martin Luther s ideas change the Church? What did John Calvin teach? Chapter 17, Section 3 337

7 SECTION 17-3 Name Date Class VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 17-3 The Reformation Begins: Words to Know Directions: Fill in the term for each definition listed below, writing one letter in each square. denomination indulgence predestination Reformation theology Across 5. the belief that God has decided, in advance, who will go to heaven Down 1. a religious movement originally aimed at reforming the Catholic church 2. the study of questions about God 3. an organized branch of Christianity 4. reduced the Church s punishment for a person s sins Building Academic Vocabulary Directions: For each of the following sentences, circle the letter of the word or phrase that has the closest meaning to the vocabulary word. You may use a dictionary to help you. 6. Many German rulers seized lands owned by Catholic monasteries so they, not the Church, would earn income from these lands. 58 A. loyalty B. revenue C. visits D. acreage 7. Predestination means that no matter what people do, the outcome of their life is already planned. A. limitation B. quality C. usefulness D. end result

8 Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 17-3 The Reformation Begins Directions: Outlining Reading the section and completing the outline below will help you learn more about the Reformation period. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. I. The ideas of led to the events that changed the Catholic Church; this change was called the. A. A Christian humanist,, wanted to translate the Bible into the so everyone could read it. B. Many Catholics became dissatisfied with the Church s focus on. and were especially angered by the sale of II. A Catholic monk,, disagreed that the could decide what a person had to do to get into heaven. A. He prepared a list known as the against indulgences. B. The pope him from the Catholic Church. C. His ideas led to a new, or organized branch of Christianity called. Followers of Lutheranism believed that: 1. salvation was not due to good works but faith in. 2. the is the source of truth about God. 3. the includes all believers not just ministers. III. The ideas of another man,, led to Calvinism, which became the basis of many churches. A. Calvinists believed in, which means that God plans the outcome of people s lives. B. They also believed that should not control their church, but that the congregations should choose their leaders. SECTION

9 Name Date Class TIME LINE ACTIVITY 17 Martin Luther and John Calvin (A.D ) Directions: Use the background information to create a time line about Martin Luther and John Calvin. JOHN CALVIN MARTIN LUTHER Background Martin Luther began the Reformation when he nailed his 95 arguments against indulgences, called the Ninety-Five Theses, to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral. His ideas influenced a young theology student, John Calvin, whose writings helped Europeans accept Protestantism. MARTIN LUTHER Luther was born in Germany in In 1505 he entered a monastery. In 1517 Luther wrote his Ninety-Five Theses. Eight years later, he married Katharine von Bora. He died in JOHN CALVIN Calvin was born in France in He declared himself a Protestant in Three years later, he finished the Institutes of the Christian Religion. In 1538, Calvin was banished from Geneva. Three years later, he was persuaded to return to Geneva. He died there in CHAPTER 17 43

10 Name Date Class PRIMARY SOURCE READING 17 The Prince About the Selection Niccolò Machiavelli was an important political leader in Florence. From his position as defense secretary, he worked to strengthen Italy. When the Medici family returned to power in Florence in 1512, he was dismissed. Machiavelli wrote The Prince in In the excerpt from this work below, he describes how the ideal prince will do whatever is necessary to keep power and protect his city. Reader s Dictionary precautions: safety measures scruple: an uneasy feeling coming from conscience baseness: having no high values or ethics abstain: to hold back from acting The Prince, 1513 by Niccolò Machiavelli Upon this a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or greatness of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails. Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women. CHAPTER 17 Source: Niccolò Machiavelli. The Prince, In Medieval Sourcebook. 51

11 CHAPTER 17 Name Date Class PRIMARY SOURCE READING 17 The Prince (continued) Directions: Answer the questions below in the spaces provided. 1. According to Machiavelli, should a prince seek to be loved or feared? 2. Why does Machiavelli believe that a sense of obligation is not enough to keep men loyal? 3. Why is fear stronger than love according to Machiavelli? 4. Critical Thinking What conclusions can you draw about Machiavelli from his writings? How would you describe him? 52

Excerpt from The Prince By Niccoló Machiavelli 1532

Name: Class: Excerpt from The Prince By Niccoló Machiavelli 1532 Niccoló Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, and writer based in Florence. His masterpiece, The Prince,