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2 Chapter Introduction Section 1 First Missions Are Built Section 2 Spanish Settlements Section 3 Building Communities Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

3 Chapter Objectives Section 1: First Missions Are Built Compare and contrast Spanish and French settlers in Texas. Explain why East Texas missions failed. Describe the Spanish reaction to the French. Space Bar to display the information.

4 Chapter Objectives (cont.) Section 2: Spanish Settlements Identify what missions in East Texas the Spanish established. Describe the missionary efforts the Spanish first made among the Plains peoples. Space Bar to display the information.

5 Chapter Objectives (cont.) Section 3: Building Communities Characterize the daily lives of Spanish settlers. Describe the lives of Native Americans in missions. Identify the factors that drew Native Americans into Spanish settlements. Space Bar to display the information.

6 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

7 Why It Matters The La Salle expedition alerted Spain to France s interest in Texas. The Spanish decided that if they were to keep Texas, they must occupy it. Spanish missions and settlements provided a stronger hold on Texas than did the French traders.

8 The Impact Today Early Spaniards originally named some of Texas s settlements San Antonio, Nacogdoches, and La Bahía. Many cities in Texas have the names of Catholic saints. These include San Marcos, San Augustine, Santa Elena, and many more.

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12 Guide to Reading Main Idea Fearing a French presence, Spain renewed efforts to settle eastern Texas during the 1600s and 1700s. Key Terms presidio council Space Bar to display the information.

13 Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read this section, complete a table like the one shown on page 120 of your textbook by filling in the dates of the first Spanish missions in Texas. Read to Learn about Spanish and French settlers in Texas. why East Texas missions failed. about Spanish reaction to the French. Space Bar to display the information.

14 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Continuity and Change The Spanish attempted to establish missions in Texas but faced difficulties.

15 Texas seashore Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

16 Did You Know? The structure known today as the Ysleta Mission, south of El Paso, was rebuilt several times. The flood waters of the Rio Grande washed away the mission twice once in 1740 and once in Fire destroyed much of the third structure in Each time disaster struck, settlers rebuilt their church.

17 Spain Looks to Texas In 1682 Spanish friars founded the mission of Corpus Christi de la Ysleta near present-day El Paso. During the 1690s Spain concentrated on building missions, presidios, and towns in eastern Texas, near Louisiana. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

18 Spain Looks to Texas (cont.) Where were the first Spanish missions built? The first Spanish missions were built near El Paso and in the eastern portion of Texas, near Louisiana. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

19 A Tejas Mission De León led his troops northeast and met a large group of Hasinai people. They called them the Tejas, a word meaning friend. In 1690 Father Damian Massanet established the mission San Francisco de las Tejas near the present-day town of Weches. Space Bar to display the information. (page 121)

20 A Tejas Mission (cont.) Why did Father Massanet name his mission after the Tejas people? Father Massanet probably named his mission after the Tejas people because it was meant to serve them and because the name meant friend. It would help to make the idea of a mission more inviting to the natives it would serve. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 121)

21 A Mission Abandoned The mission failed because crops failed, disease killed many Native Americans, and the Tejas rejected the Catholic religion. The experiment strengthened Spain s claim to Texas. From 1693 to 1714, Spanish settlements along the Rio Grande flourished. Space Bar to display the information. (page 122)

22 A Mission Abandoned (cont.) Mission San Juan Bautista was located five miles from the Rio Grande. It eventually grew into a complex of three missions, a presidio, and a town and was called Mother of Texas Missions. (page 122)

23 A Mission Abandoned (cont.) In what way did the mission succeed? It helped strengthen Spain s claim to Texas because Spain could claim that it had established ties in Texas before other countries did. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 122)

24 France Threatens Again The French established colonies throughout the Mississippi Valley several years after La Salle s venture in the 1680s. French traders won Native Americans friendship and made large profits trading. The French governor appointed Louis de St. Denis, who had traded successfully with Native Americans in Louisiana, to negotiate with the Spanish officials on the Rio Grande. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

25 France Threatens Again (cont.) The Spanish became alarmed, thinking that the French were trying to occupy East Texas. Although St. Denis insisted that France had no plans to occupy East Texas, the Spanish viceroy ordered new missions to be built in East Texas, and trade between the Spanish and French was stopped. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

26 France Threatens Again (cont.) How did the French encourage the Spanish colonization of Texas? The French encouraged the Spanish colonization of Texas by establishing colonies, winning Native Americans friendship, and profiting from trade. The Spanish became alarmed, giving them an excuse for increasing their presence in the region. (pages ) Space Bar to display the answer.

27 Checking for Understanding Using Key Terms Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. 1. A presidio is a Spanish military outpost. 2. A council is a group of advisers. Space Bar to display the answers.

28 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts What was the name of the first Spanish mission in East Texas? The name was San Francisco de los Tejas. Space Bar to display the answer.

29 Reviewing Themes Continuity and Change Explain how politics, religion, and climate all played a role in the failure of Mission San Francisco de los Tejas? Mexican officials saw no reason to support a mission, drought ruined crops, and Tejas rejected Catholicism. Space Bar to display the answer.

30 Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting How did the French and the Spanish differ in their relationships with Native Americans in Texas? The Spaniards tried to change them, while the French wanted to trade with them. Space Bar to display the answer.

31 TAKS Practice Drawing Inferences What were Father Massanet s motives when he asked the viceroy for permission to found a mission among the Tejas? What do you think his reaction would be to the failure of the mission? Possible answers: He wanted to found a mission because of his desire to convert the Tejas. He was probably disappointed in the failure of the mission. Space Bar to display the answer.

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33 Guide to Reading Main Idea Spain expanded efforts to colonize Texas during the first half of the 1700s, but many of the settlements failed. Key Term province Space Bar to display the information.

34 Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Classifying Information Complete a chart like the one shown on page 124 of your textbook, recognizing how Native Americans in the Plains felt about the Spanish in Texas. Read to Learn what settlements Spain built in East Texas. what missionary efforts the Spanish first made among the Plains people. Space Bar to display the information.

35 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Culture and Tradition The Spanish and French established settlements in Texas and interacted with Native Americans.

36 Native American stake-house Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

37 Did You Know? The formal name of Spanish Franciscans, the priests and brothers who established missions in Texas and Mexico, is the Order of Friars Minor. The order was founded by St. Francis of Assisi (Italy) in 1209.

38 Missions Are Established in East Texas In 1716 a large Spanish force led Spanish families to the site of San Francisco de los Tejas. It was the first time the Spanish came to settle in East Texas. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

39 Missions Are Established in East Texas (cont.) Why did the Spanish send a force with settlers? The Spanish sent a force with the settlers to assert their right to settle the area. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

40 San Antonio Is Founded In 1718 the Spanish built a fort-town, Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, on one side of the San Antonio River. Many soldiers brought families to settle permanently. Across the river, Father Antonio de San Buenaventura Olivares founded Mission San Antonio de Valero. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

41 San Antonio Is Founded (cont.) Who were many of the first settlers of San Antonio? Many of the first settlers of San Antonio were soldiers assigned to the presidio and their families. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

42 Aguayo Defends the Missions In 1719 war broke out between Spain and France. French soldiers seized the Spanish mission near Nacogdoches. In the spring of 1721, Aguayo led a large group of soldiers and settlers into East Texas and reestablished the abandoned missions. Space Bar to display the information. (page 126)

43 Aguayo Defends the Missions (cont.) Why did French soldiers seize the Spanish mission near Nacogdoches? Spain and France were at war. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 126)

44 Aguayo Founds Two Cities Aguayo built a large presidio named Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes. One hundred soldiers and their families started a village nearby. Spanish authorities made Los Adaes the capital of Texas in 1722, and it remained the capital for 50 years. Aguayo established a mission and presidio near the ruins of La Salle s fort. Space Bar to display the information. (page 126)

45 Aguayo Founds Two Cities (cont.) The mission and presidio later were moved to the San Antonio River, near present-day Goliad. The Spanish named the settlement La Bahía. (page 126) Space Bar to display the information.

46 Aguayo Founds Two Cities (cont.) Why did Aguayo establish a mission and presidio near Fort St. Louis? He did not want to give the French an opportunity to claim the fort in the name of La Salle, the Frenchman who established it in the 1680s. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 126)

47 An Uneasy Peace To reduce expenses, Spanish officials in 1727 abandoned the presidio on the Angelina River and reduced the number of soldiers at Los Adaes. The Spanish and French peacefully accepted a small stream between Los Adaes and Natchitoches as a boundary. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

48 An Uneasy Peace (cont.) Why did the Spanish reduce the number of missions in East Texas? They were becoming too expensive to support, and a peace was reached with France, establishing a boundary. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

49 Plains People Resent Missions Native American people of the Plains, however, resented missionaries who were seen as intruders on their hunting grounds. Apaches regularly raided San Antonio, and Comanches fought the invaders. Despite the danger, Catholic missionaries between 1748 and 1751 founded three missions along the San Gabriel River near present-day Rockdale. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

50 Plains People Resent Missions (cont.) The missionaries suffered many misfortunes, and the Spanish friars abandoned one mission and moved the other two closer to San Antonio. (pages )

51 Plains People Resent Missions (cont.) Why did many Native Americans resent missionaries? Missionaries were seen as intruders in Native American hunting grounds. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

52 San Sabá Mission Fails In 1757 missionaries founded Mission San Sabá near Menard, and soldiers built a presidio a few miles away. The mission failed to Christianize the Plains people. Space Bar to display the information. (page 128)

53 San Sabá Mission Fails (cont.) Why did the San Sabá mission fail? The San Sabá mission failed because the Plains people rejected Christianity. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 128)

54 Checking for Understanding Using Key Terms Fill in the blank with the appropriate term. 1. A province is one district of a country. Space Bar to display the answer.

55 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts List the main points of conflict between the Plains people and the Spanish missionaries. The Plains people resented the intruders who had come to their hunting grounds. Space Bar to display the answer.

56 Reviewing Themes Culture and Traditions Why did Spanish missionaries continue with their work in East Texas and on the Plains when many people there resented them? The missionaries wanted converts. Space Bar to display the answer.

57 Critical Thinking Synthesizing Information Relations were usually peaceful between the Spanish and the French because they recognized a common boundary. Explain the need for a commonly recognized boundary between cultures in conflict today.

58 TAKS Practice Cause and Effect Explain some of the reasons that caused the mission at San Sabá to fail. The mission at San Sabá failed because of its distance from other Spanish settlements, Comanche, attacks on the mission, and the lack of supplies and people.

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60 Guide to Reading Main Idea Farmers and ranchers adapted to life in Texas missions, presidios, and settlements. Key Terms ayuntamiento alcalde mestizos Tejano Space Bar to display the information.

61 Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Strategy As you read this section, create a chart like the one shown on page 130 of your textbook on how the settlers improved life in the missions. Read to Learn how settlers lived daily life. about mission life. what factors drew Native Americans into Spanish settlements. Space Bar to display the information.

62 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Groups and Institutions Spanish missions were busy centers of activity, but many Native Americans disliked them.

63 Presidio la Bahía Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

64 Did You Know? Settlers from the Canary Islands who settled in San Antonio established the first organized civil government in Texas.

65 Life in the Missions Native American people lived close to the missions, and friars worked to teach them the Spanish way of life. Friars gave gifts to attract them, and sometimes the Spaniards used force to get Native Americans to settle nearby. After prayers and breakfast, Native American children at the missions attended school and received religious instruction. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

66 Life in the Missions (cont.) Women wove cloth, made pottery, or cooked, while the men worked in the fields or did carpentry or blacksmithing. In the evenings after supper, adults received instruction in religion and had prayers. Food was plentiful in most missions, which kept large herds of livestock; farms produced rich harvests, especially at San Antonio and Goliad. Native Americans learned trades and learned to speak Spanish. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

67 Life in the Missions (cont.) The missions provided good shelter for them and a kitchen for each family. Most Native Americans, however, refused to stay at the missions and to abandon their traditional way of life. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

68 Life in the Missions (cont.) What was life like at the missions? Possible answers: Native Americans received food and shelter, education, and clothing in return for hard work and a willingness to become Christians. Women performed tasks such as weaving, pottery making, and cooking. Children attended school. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

69 Soldiers Face Hardships Spanish soldiers, who had the duty to protect the missions and settlements and control Native Americans, led a hard, dangerous life. Most of the soldiers brought their families and farmed for a living, too. Often poorly equipped, they lived under hard conditions. They traded with and took advantage of Native Americans at the missions. Space Bar to display the information. (page 132)

70 Soldiers Face Hardships (cont.) What was life like for soldiers at the missions? Possible answer: Life was hard and sometimes dangerous because they had to protect the missions from attack and were poorly equipped for such conditions. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 132)

71 Important Settlements in Spanish Texas San Antonio was the largest settlement, and by 1772 it was the capital. Other important civilian settlements were Goliad, Los Adaes, and Nacogdoches. San Antonio was the only settlement in Texas in which people had a voice in their government. To increase the population of San Antonio, Spanish authorities brought families from the Canary Islands to settle. Space Bar to display the information. (page 132)

72 Important Settlements in Spanish Texas (cont.) Some Canary Islanders became prosperous and prominent. (page 132)

73 Important Settlements in Spanish Texas (cont.) In what important way did life at San Antonio differ from life in other settlements? People had some say in how they were governed. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 132)

74 Living in Spanish Texas Some people in Texas made their living by farming, ranching, and shopkeeping; others worked as shoemakers, fishers, barbers, blacksmiths, and tailors. Spanish Texas consisted of mestizos and free African Americans who worked as farmers, ranchers, merchants, carpenters, domestics, or miners. Most men and women were married, but a high percentage of households were headed by widows. Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

75 Living in Spanish Texas (cont.) Women also were storekeepers, ranchers, and farm managers. Doña Rosa María Hinojosa de Ballí, an early rancher, owned about a third of the present-day lower Rio Grande Valley in Space Bar to display the information. (pages )

76 Living in Spanish Texas (cont.) How did people of Spanish Texas make their living? They worked as shoemakers, blacksmiths, and tailors. Mestizos and free African Americans worked as farmers, ranchers, merchants, carpenters, domestics, and miners. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages )

77 A Tejano Heritage Takes Shape The term Tejano describes people of Mexican heritage who consider Texas their home. Tejano heritage is reflected in the religion, language, and customs of Texas today. Settlers tried to improve community life by hiring schoolteachers. Public officials tried to guard public health by forbidding the dumping of trash and the washing of clothes in the drinking water supply. Space Bar to display the information. (page 133)

78 A Tejano Heritage Takes Shape (cont.) Communities sponsored dances, horse races, and holiday fairs in the plazas. (page 133)

79 A Tejano Heritage Takes Shape (cont.) How did settlers try to improve life? They hired schoolteachers and forbade the dumping of trash and the washing of clothes in drinking water. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 133)

80 Checking for Understanding Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. D 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. a person of Mexican heritage who considers Texas as home the chief official of a Spanish town a person of mixed blood, usually Spanish and Native American city council A. ayuntamiento B. mestizo C. alcalde D. Tejano Space Bar to display the answers.

81 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts How did officials guard public health? Officials guarded public health by banning trash dumping, and laundering in public water. Space Bar to display the answer.

82 Reviewing Themes Groups and Institutions Identify the disagreements between the friars and soldier-settlers over the Native Americans. Friars said the soldier-settlers took advantage of the Native Americans, while soldier-settlers said friars took away Native American freedoms. Space Bar to display the answer.

83 Critical Thinking Making Comparisons How did Native Americans way of life at the missions differ from their traditional way of life? Native Americans had less freedom at the missions. Space Bar to display the answer.

84 TAKS Practice Drawing Conclusions What must the environmental conditions have been like at San Antonio and Goliad for the missions to have produced rich harvests of fruits and vegetables? San Antonio and Goliad must have had good soil, water, and a mild climate. Space Bar to display the answer.

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89 Reviewing Key Terms Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. F 1. C 2. E 3. A 4. G 5. D 6. a person of Mexican heritage who considers Texas as home a Spanish military outpost the chief official of a Spanish town a group of advisors one district of a country a person of mixed blood, usually Spanish and Native American Space Bar to display the answers. A. council B. ayuntamiento C. presidio D. mestizo E. alcalde F. Tejano G. province

90 Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. B 7. city council A. council B. ayuntamiento C. presidio D. mestizo E. alcalde F. Tejano G. province Space Bar to display the answer.

91 Reviewing Key Facts What did Spanish officials do when they learned of La Salle s fort in Texas? They sent troops to destroy it. Space Bar to display the answer.

92 Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) How did French traders make profits in Texas? French traders profited by exchanging blankets, guns, and wine for furs and skins. Space Bar to display the answer.

93 Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What consequences occurred when a brother escaped from French soldiers at the mission near Nacogdoches? The brother exaggerated the size of the French army and many Spanish people in East Texas fled to San Antonio later that year. Space Bar to display the answer.

94 Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) How long did Los Adaes remain the capital of Texas? Los Adaes remained the capital of Texas for almost 50 years. Space Bar to display the answer.

95 Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What were conditions like at the San Antonio presidio? The soldiers quarters were in ruin, with little military protection, and no trade other than required supplies. Space Bar to display the answer.

96 Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions The growth of trade between Europe and the Americas changed the world. Do you think trade today is just as important? Why or why not?

97 Critical Thinking (cont.) Making Inferences Why would the war between Spain and France in Europe stop Spanish missionary efforts in Texas? Spanish missionary efforts in Texas stopped because their resources were invested in the fighting rather than in missions. Space Bar to display the answer.

98 Use the diagram to answer the question on the next slide.

99 1. Which of the following correctly completes the flowchart? A France gained control of the Mississippi River Valley. B The French settled San Antonio. C France lost most of its land in North America. D The Spanish settled west of Arroyo Hondo. Test-Taking Tip: When deciding where to place events in a flowchart, first read the list of events. Do not always assume that you can correctly identify the order of events from reading the list. Make sure you refer back to the text. Space Bar to display the answer.

100 1. Which of the following correctly completes the flowchart? A France gained control of the Mississippi River Valley. B The French settled San Antonio. C France lost most of its land in North America. D The Spanish settled west of Arroyo Hondo. Answer Explanation: France gained control of the Mississippi before these events; the Spanish settled San Antonio; France lost its land in North America later than these events.

101 How did Spanish settlers try to maintain their cultural heritage while adapting to life in Texas? Possible answer: Settlers hired teachers and sponsored fairs in village plazas. Space Bar to display the answer.

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103 Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Texas & Texans Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to

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108 Making Comparisons Why Learn This Skill? When you examine two or more groups, situations, events, or documents, you are making comparisons. This skill helps you identify similarities (the ways things are alike) and differences (the ways things are different). This feature is found on page 129 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

109 This feature is found on page 129 of your textbook. Space Bar to display the information. Making Comparisons Learning the Skill Follow these steps to make comparisons: Read or study each item to be compared. Ask yourself the same questions about each of them. Analyze how the answers to these questions are similar or different.

110 Making Comparisons Practicing the Skill Refer back to page 124 of your textbook and reread A Texas Story, which describes a Caddo chief s house. Then read the following passage describing Native American homes in Mission San José. Answer the questions that follow. This feature is found on page 129 of your textbook.

111 Making Comparisons Practicing the Skill (cont.) Arranged along this [wall],... were the stone quarters where the [Indians] lived. They had flat roofs... Each house had a bedroom and a kitchen, and each family was supplied with a cooking flatiron, a grindstone for corn, a water jar, a bed, a chest of drawers, and a clothes closet... near the houses were several baking ovens. This feature is found on page 129 of your textbook.

112 Making Comparisons Practicing the Skill (cont.) 1. Describe the building style used for each type of house. Were they similar or different? Caddo houses were for many people, while San Jose houses were for individual families. They were different. 2. How were the insides of the houses, including furniture and tools, alike? Different? Both had beds. Caddo houses had fire inside, while San Jose houses had cooking flatiron and baking ovens outside. This feature is found on page 129 of your textbook. Space Bar to display the answers.

113 Making Comparisons Practicing the Skill (cont.) 3. What tools and materials available at the Spanish mission did the Caddo people not appear to have? The Caddo people did not appear to have cooking flatirons, grindstones, water jars, chests of drawers, or closets. 4. What advantage is there in sharing baking ovens among the families? There are more people to keep the fire burning, and they need fewer ovens. This feature is found on page 129 of your textbook. Space Bar to display the answers.

114 Native Americans discovered oil long before Europeans arrived. They used it to waterproof their canoes. They also thought it had medicinal value as a salve and as a drink. The survivors of de Soto s expedition used tar to caulk their boats near Sabine Pass in 1543.

115 According to one historian, Texas Apaches counted their wealth in horses, paid their debts in horses, and bought their wives with horses.

116 Before Los Adaes was founded, officials in Mexico City and Monclova administered the affairs of the province. Later Texas capitals included San Antonion, San Felipe de Austin, Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco, Columbia, and Houston. Not until 1839 did Austin become the permanent capital.

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