The Roman Empire: Culture, Christianity, & Collapse

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1 The Roman Empire: Culture, Christianity, & Collapse

2 Roots of European Civilization As the Roman Empire spread, it assimilated and spread all cultures Took the best of each Especially Greek! Philosophy: Epicureanism and Stoicism both big, but by 100AD, Stoicism is the religion of the educated (WHAT?) Seneca the Younger Condemned immoral upper class (hated luxuries and Roman games) We are giving into the worst part of ourselves! Marcus Aurelius Stoicism reminded him of his duties as Emperor must live for others

3 Religion Religions were an important part of Roman culture kept local peoples happy! Huge Greek influence Gods given Roman names (Zeus = Jupiter, Aphrodite = Venus, Poseidon = Neptune, etc) Ancestor worship becomes big Families offer regular sacrifices to honour/appease ancestors Religious holidays big deal! 132 days each year were holidays Meant lots of downtime especially since Romans only worked 6 hours each day! Religious tolerance was a big deal! Monotheistic religions especially Judaism and Christianity regarded as dangerous

4 Art While Greek art had emphasized harmony, balance and idealism, Roman art featured strength and greatness Architecture Etruscan arches = huge buildings Baths enormous social structures Aqua ducts could supply 455L per person per day Sculpture Less idealized than Greeks But BIGGER (Constantine s head = 2.5 meters tall) Idea of GREATNESS

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6 Science Brilliant Engineers Excellent surveying led to excellent roads Like modern highways raised, with ramps leading on and off Constructed 85,000 km of road connected everything! Notable Scientists Ptolemy of Alexandria: Concluded that Earth was centre of universe (idea becomes dominant) Galen of Pergamum: Dissected apes to figure out human anatomy and diseases

7 Literature To the Romans, the most important element of education was rhetoric speaking and writing persuasively. The masters: Cicero Virgil Horace Ovid These men not only produced important literature, they actually developed the Latin language (like Shakespeare and English) Even if you have nothing to write, write and say so. Cicero

8 Women In Rome, women were very much respected and had much freedom Shocked the Greeks (rampant immorality??) Women still had guardians, but light hearted (much independence) Women shared all aspects of life with men Shopped, worshipped, attended baths, had social visits, watched gladiators, were gladiators! Both boys and girls were educated some became successful philosophers, businesspeople, professionals Could not vote, but were unofficially powerful (protests, behind every good man... ) In Roman society, the idea of family took on new value Men looked out for family Wives were respected and loved Children were taught to be obedient and respectful

9 Laws Under the Empire, the legal system emphasized: Equality All citizens (Patricians or Plebs) given equal justice Tended to protect the weak and poor lawyers provided for those who could not pay Everyone guaranteed a fair trial Paul appealed to Caesar : It is not the custom of the Romans to hand over any man before the accused prisoner has met his accusers face to face, and has the opportunity of defending himself upon the charge laid against him. Led directly to modern legal systems Rome s most enduring achievement????

10 Christianity in The Roman Empire

11 The Messiah The turning point of all history Started out as a tiny movement Captured the heart of the whole world Makes no sense to historians! How could such cowardly people turn into such courageous martyrs??

12 Sent to the Gentiles The Apostle Paul was a convert to Christianity and commissioned by the Church to spread the Gospel message to the Gentiles. Although Paul was Jewish, but he had been born in a Greek city and was familiar with Greco Roman culture. He helped explain basic Christian beliefs in terms other adherents of this culture could grasp. Between the years 45 58AD Paul would could on three missionary journeys where he: founded Churches preached the Gospel made converts trained local church leaders With each missionary journey Paul and the Gospel message came closer and closer to Rome

13 In 58AD Paul was arrested in Jerusalem by the Roman authorities, he would be sent to Rome. There he spent two years under house arrest where he wrote letters to the Christian communities in the Roman empire. He would be released and later rearrested and martyred. Initially the Romans thought that Christianity was a Jewish sect. However overtime the Church would become predominant Gentile. The Book Acts shows many examples how the Gentiles enthusiastically accepted the Gospel Most of the early Roman Christians were slaves dispossessed farmers poor city people Over time Roman converts to Christianity would come from all social classes. The Gospel message of hope and acceptance was very appealing and provided the spiritual and cultural needs Roman religion could not The organization of the Roman Empire allowed for the quick spread of Christianity throughout its borders.

14 Keeping Secrets For many Romans, religion was a social activity that promoted unity and loyalty to the state. Because Christians refused to perform Caesar worship many powerful Romans saw Christianity as: Subversive Dangerous Many early Christians kept their faith a secret for there own safety. Met in private homes/ catacombs Used secrets signs All the secrecy and Roman ignorance led to wild stories about the Mysterious Christians and their strange ceremonies Cannibalism (took communion literally)

15 Persecution of the Church Although the Christians were unpopular most Emperors tolerated them. However there are a few emperors remembered for their persecution against the early Christians: Nero scapegoat for great fire Domitian Christians one of many groups persecuted Decius strongly pursued Church leaders The greater the persecutions the greater the growth of Christianity. The Great Persecution Between AD Diocletian the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and religious traditionalist looked to wipeout the Church and restore Rome to its pagan roots. Diocletian would enthusiastically Ban Christianity Burn scripture Murder Christians There have been more Christian martyrs in the last century alone compared to the 1900 years prior.

16 Christianization of the Empire The KEY MOMENT in establishing Christianity in Rome was in 312AD: Constantine became sole ruler after the Battle of Milvian Bridge. Before the battle Constantine saw a cross of light in the sky which he believed was a sign from Jesus Christ. Although many question if Constantine s motives were politically driven he did many things to help the early church: Allowed religious tolerance and freedom for Christians throughout the empire Publically funded churches Allowed Christians to have important jobs Declared Sunday a day of rest and worship

17 Official Status In 380 AD Emperor Flavius Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome. Majority of Roman citizens convert to Christianity Almost no separation between church and state Paganism banned As the power of the emperors grew weaker and weaker the power of the Church leaders (Pope) grew stronger and stronger.

18 Collapse of the Empire CHW 3M

19 The Big Question How does the strongest, most stable empire in history collapse? If Rome can fall, is any civilization truly infallible? (America? Russia? Canada?) The years between 180 and 476 marked a slow/steady decline in the Roman Empire.

20 Crisis of the Third Century After Marcus Aurelius came a time known as The Anarchy 26 emperors only 1 dies natural death Barracks emperors used army to take control Constant barbarian attacks Plagues and famines common Taxes and inflation rise Very difficult time for common people Empire almost collapsed! Two emperors saved the day...

21 Temporary Relief Diocletian (284AD) Great organizer heavy handed approach restored order Divided empire into 2 halves (with 2 emperors) to reduce possibility of revolt (Augustus and Caesar) Reorganized and expanded army to protect against barbarians (500,000 soldiers) Annual taxes introduced (Nice for citizens regularity) Death led to civil war between two empires Constantine (306AD) Restored order another heavy handed organizer Increased army even more (600,000) Hired many barbarian tribes (why? Good idea?) Moves capitol to Byzantine (Constantinople) More power/order, but furthers split between East and West

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23 The Barbarian Invasions (4 th & 5 th Cent.) The Hun Threat: Mongolian Huns began to move West, attacking Rome and scaring/threatening other Barbarian tribes Causes more attacks/migrations into Rome Goths: Let us join you or we will fight our way in Made into private Roman army, but mistreated Turned on Rome surprise attack kills Eastern emperor and destroys army Opens the way for more barbarian attacks 410AD: Sacked Rome world grieves Vandals: Push through Western Empire and Africa 455AD: Sacked Rome for 2 weeks ( vandalism ) Attila the Hun: Mighty warrior, ransomed East Empire before turning to West Pope Leo I persuades Huns to leave without attacking Rome (more menace than actual threat)

24 End of the Empire While the Huns left, Germanic barbarians remained within, and controlled, Rome. Franks, Anglosaxons, settle in Europe 476AD: West Roman Emperor is a German end of Roman Empire WHAT HAPPENED? Dozens of theories but three main factors include: Army issues Failure to industrialize economy Final economic failure

25 Army Issues Consistent problem: Government could not control the army the army controlled the government Rooted in imperialism: Since empire grew faster than government could support, army needed to maintain order Corruption: Army gradually degenerated Mercenaries and thugs increasingly ran military Led to armed revolutions

26 Failure to Industrialize Economy Rome was not producing as much goods as it should have = technologically weak. This was due to: Steady supply of slaves: Discourages technological innovations (why bother?) Education system: Science downplayed in favour of arts/rhetoric (sciences seen as vulgar) Less production = less $$$ This meant much more taxes needed to support empire, armies

27 Economic Collapse Everyone became poor economy could no longer sustain empire/armies Large army = huge taxes Upper class gave exemptions to richest classes common people pay all the taxes Common people literally went broke Led to inflation, rising prices Economy collapsed Empire could no longer fund anything (like army) CHAOS ENSUED!

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