100 AD 313 AD UNIT 2: THE PERSECUTED CHURCH

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2 100 AD 313 AD UNIT 2: THE PERSECUTED CHURCH

3 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS Causes of Persecution Exclusive nature of Christianity Idol worship interwoven with Roman life Emperor worship Christianity separate from Judaism Secret meetings of the church Equality within the church Business interests

4 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 1. Nero (AD 57 68) Peter, Paul 2. Domitian (AD 89-96) John exiled

5 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 3. Trajan (AD ) Christians should not be sought out, anonymous tips should be rejected as "unworthy of our times," and if they recanted and "worshiped our gods," they were to be freed. Those who persisted, however, should be punished.

6 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS Ignatius of Antioch Appointed by Peter as bishop of Antioch in AD 67 Sentenced to death by Trajan in about AD 108 Simeon of Jerusalem Crucified under Trajan Leader of church in Jerusalem Brother / Cousin of Christ

7 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 4. Marcus Aurelius (AD ) Passed a law punishing every one with exile who should endeavor to influence people's mind by fear of the Divinity. Martyrs: Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Blandina

8 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS Persecution in Lyons (Gaul now France) August 1, 177 AD; 48 Christians killed at once

9 The Amphitheatre in Lyons, as it appears today

10 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 5. Septimius Severus (AD ) Enacted first universal law forbidding conversion to Christianity in AD 202 This law targeted new believers Martyrs: Leonidas (father of great theologian Origen)

11 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS Potamiena and Basilides Perpetua and Felicity

12 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 6. Maximinus the Thracian (AD ) Persecution mainly aimed at the leadership of the church

13 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 7. Decius (AD ) First Empire-Wide Persecution In 250, required all citizens of the Empire sacrifice to the Emperor in the presence of a government official, and receive a certificate proving they had done this Mercifully short ended with his death in 251

14 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 8. Valerian (AD ) Required all Christian clergy to sacrifice to the gods Martyrs: Cyprian, bishop of Carthage

15 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS Years of Peace (AD ) Rapid growth Large church buildings constructed Church moved out of shadows into public life Population no longer believed rumors of earlier centuries This was merely the calm before the storm.

16 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 9. Aurelian (AD ) Wanted Romans to worship the sun above all other gods Didn t rule long enough to break the peace Christianity was enjoying A few local persecutions

17 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS 10. Diocletian (AD ) Last & most severe persecution Empire-wide February 23, 303 feast to the god Terminus

18 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS THE FIRST EDICT: (think.essay?) Destruction of all Christian books & literature Destruction of all churches Forbid Christians from assembling to worship Christians had no right to go to court Christians in government were fired & lost pensions Freedmen Christians were re-enslaved Christians in the East Empire burned alive ONLY THIS EDICT was followed in the West

19 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS THE SECOND EDICT: Summer 303 Ordered arrest of all Christian bishops & priests Criminals were released to make room for the Christians THE THIRD EDICT: Nov 20, 303 Church leaders could be released from jail if they sacrificed to the gods

20 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS THE FOURTH EDICT: Jan or Feb, 304 Required all men, women, and children to gather in a public place and offer a collective sacrifice or face execution

21 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS THE PERSECUTIONS END On May 1, 305, Diocletian resigned as Emperor. At this point, most thought Christianity was doomed. Its churches were in ruins. Its Bibles destroyed. Church leadership had been obliterated. All influence in military and government affairs had been cut off. The new co-emperors, Constantius and Galerius, and their junior emperors Severus and Maximinus (especially the Galerius still) continued the policy of persecution. But.

22 1: THE IMPERIAL PERSECUTIONS THE PERSECUTIONS END In 306, Constantine succeeded his father. Immediately ends persecution in his area & orders restitution In 311, Galerius ended persecution in his area In 313, Edict of Milan was issued allowing freedom of religion throughout the Empire

23 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Ignatius of Antioch (AD ) Nickname: Theophorus (means God bearer) On his way to death in Rome, he wrote a series of letters to various churches & friends A common theme is that churches should obey their bishops QUOTE: Stand like a beaten anvil!

24 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Polycarp of Smyrna (AD ) Taught Ireneas, another Father Martyrdom of Polycarp is the oldest surviving martyr story Disciple of St. John Tried to solve the Easter Controversy

25 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Papias (AD ) A student of St. John None of his writing survived, except for what is quoted by other church fathers Gave us information on who wrote the different gospels

26 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Justin Martyr (AD ) Author of Apology Originally a philosopher Led to Christ by a mysterious old man QUOTE: Everyone who can preach the truth and does not preach it incurs the judgment of God.

27 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Irenaeus of Lyons (AD ) Student of Polycarp Wrote 5-volume Against Heresies Champion against Gnosticism

28 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Anthenagoras of Athens Wrote A Plea for Christians, an open letter to the emperor Presented the first argument for the Trinity (without using that name)

29 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Tertullian (AD ) Father of the Latin Church Wrote The Apology Was a Montanist QUOTE: The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church.

30 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Origen (AD ) Jerome tells us he, wrote more than other men can read. Wrote 8 books refuting Celsus attack on Christianity Wrote commentaries on virtually every book of the Bible Imprisoned & tortured during the Decian persecution

31 2: THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Cyprian (AD ) Wrote Unity of the Church QUOTE: There is no salvation outside the church.

32 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH GNOSTICISM Cerinthus, an early gnostic teacher Gnosis means wisdom Gnostics believed various things, but the unifying theme of their teaching is a belief that they have a secret knowledge of salvation that is lacked by the larger Church.

33 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH Beliefs of Gnosticism (you need to know these!...think, essay ) Phrase in your own words is fine. 1. Believed in one God who is totally spiritual and far removed from the fallen, material universe, which he did not create. The physical universe was created by an evil, demented lesser god. 2. Human beings are sparks (or droplets) of the same spiritual substance that God is and have somehow become trapped in physical bodies, which are tombs to be escaped.

34 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH 3. The fall that led to sin and evil is identical to the fall into matter. Creation and the Fall happened at the same time. 4. Salvation is to escape the bondage of material existence and travel back home to the spiritual realm. The Great Spirit, God, wants to draw back in all the droplets. So God sends a spiritual redeemer, who descends through layers of reality from pure spirit to dense matter and attempts to teach some of the divine sparks of the Spirit about their true identity and home. Once awakened, they can begin their journey back. Salvation is therefore about knowledge selfknowledge.

35 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH 5. Gnostics considered themselves Christians and regarded Jesus as the human vehicle for the heavenly messenger, called Christ. All Gnostics rejected the idea of Jesus becoming flesh, dying, and physically raising from the dead. These went against true wisdom because they entangled spirit with matter. Jesus was special because he was the chosen human instrument. The Christ spirit dwelt within Jesus at his baptism, and left him before he died on the cross.

36 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH Celsus A pagan philosopher who argued against Christianity Wrote The True Doctrine: A Discourse Against the Christians Had the ear of emperor Marcus Aurelius Many Apostolic fathers wrote against him, especially Origen of Alexandria (who wrote 8 books against him)

37 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH Montanism Also called the New Revelation or New Prophecy Founded by Montanus Was the first real Pentecostal revival in church history, but it had some issues Church father Tertullian was a member

38 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH Marcion (AD ) Taught there were two gods: Old Testament & New Paul was chosen apostle of the New Testament god OT god was a lesser god with limited power First to propose a canon of Scripture his only had 10 books, and edited content

39 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH Ebionites From the Greek word meaning poor Like Judaizers, believed Jewish laws had to be followed for salvation Rejected the writings of Paul, and did not believe any Gentiles were saved They were rejected by the Christians for their beliefs, but also by the Jews because they believed in Christ Eventually died out

40 3: HERESIES IN THE PERSECUTED CHURCH Manicheans Founded by Mani Taught there are 2 kingdoms light and dark Believed in the celestial Christ Augustine was a member before his conversion

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