What Americans (especially Evangelicals) Think About Israel and the Middle East. Principal Investigator: Shibley Telhami

Transcription

1 What Americans (especially Evangelicals) Think About Israel and the Middle East Principal Investigator: Shibley Telhami

2 A survey sponsored by the Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland In cooperation with the Program for Public Consultation fielded by Nielsen Scarborough Steven Kull, Evan Lewis, Clay Ramsay, Rachel Slattery, Neil Schwartz, Scott Willoth, Brittany Kyser, Diana Partridge, Katayoun Kishi, Allison Stettler, and Elizabeth Pearce provided assistance. This probabilistic online panel survey was fielded by Nielsen Scarborough among a nationally representative sample panelists completed the survey including a national sample of 875 adults, plus an oversample of 863 self-identified Evangelical or Born-again Christians, making for a total sample of Evangelicals/Born-again Christians of November 4-10, 2015.

3 Survey Methodology The survey was conducted November 4 to 10, 2015, with a panel consisting of a probability-based representative sample. The panel was recruited by Nielsen Scarborough from its larger probability-based national panel, which was recruited by mail and telephone using a random sample of households provided by Survey Sampling International. A total of 1738 panelists completed the survey including a national sample of 875 adults, plus an oversample of 863 self-identified Evangelical or Born-again Christians, making for a total sample of Evangelicals/born-again Christians of Responses were weighted by age, gender, income, education, race, and geographic region using benchmarks from the U.S. Census. The survey was also weighted by partisan identification and Evangelical and Born-again Christians were down-weighted consistent with these groups incidence rate in Nielsen Sacrborpugh sample, so that they represented 24 percent of the national sample for this study (211 of 875). The margins of error (MoE) for the national sample and for each subgroup is: National 875 respondents, MoE: 3.3 percent Evangelical 586, MoE: 4 percent Born-Again 1003, MoE: 3.1 percent (88 percent of Evangelicals also identified as Bornagain) Born-again, but not Evangelical 488, MoE: 4.4 percent Born Again or Evangelical 1074, MoE: 3 percent

4 Attitudes Toward Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 3

5 Q10: Please name a national or world leader you admire most: 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 Benjamin Netanyahu 1 Ronald Reagan 1 Pope Francis Vladimir Putin Barack Obama 8% Bernie Sanders Vladimir Putin 7% 7% Benjamin Netanyahu Barack Obama 3 Bill Clinton Pope Francis Ronald Reagan Barack Obama 1 Ronald Reagan Benjamin Netanyahu 7% Pope Francis 4

6 Evangelical Q10: Please name a national or world leader you admire most [among Evangelicals]: 0% 8% 10% % Benjamin Netanyahu 1 Ronald Reagan 1 Barack Obama 1 Pope Francis Vladimir Putin 5

7 Q11A: I would like you to give your opinion of the following three leaders on a scale 0-10 [Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu]: 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Unfavorable 9% 1 Neither unfavorable nor favorable 2 30% Favorable 49% 5 Unfavorable 1 1 Neither unfavorable nor favorable 4 4 Favorable 1 2 Unfavorable 2 3 Neither unfavorable nor favorable 3 38% Favorable 18% 2 Unfavorable 1 2 Neither unfavorable nor favorable 3 37% Favorable

8 Q32: Do you believe the Israeli government has: 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Too little influence in American politics and policies 2 Too much influence 2 About the right level of influence 5 Too little influence in American politics and policies 17% Too much influence 3 About the right level of influence 4 Too little influence in American politics and policies 1 Too much influence 49% About the right level of influence 3 Too little influence in American politics and policies 18% Too much influence 37% About the right level of influence 4 7

9 Q36: How concerned are you about events in Israel and the Palestinian Territory? Very Somewhat A little Very Somewhat A little Very Somewhat A little Very Somewhat A little 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% % 19% % 38% 3 8

10 Q36A: Are your concerns mostly related to: 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Israel's interest 1 America's interest 38% Palestinians' interests Human rights or international law 3 Your religious beliefs 17% Israel's interest America's interest 2 Palestinians' interests Human rights or international law 5 Your religious beliefs 1 Israel's interest America's interest 28% Palestinians' interests Human rights or international law 57% Your religious beliefs 8% 0% Israel's interest 7% America's interest 3 Palestinians' interests Human rights or international law 47% Your religious beliefs 1 9

11 Q47: Which one of these factors do you believe is most responsible for the current escalation in violence between Israelis and Palestinians? 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 Palestinian extremists Israeli extremists Continued Israeli occupation and settlement expansion in Palestinian territories Palestinian Authority Ineffectiveness Absence of serious peace diplomacy Palestinian extremists Israeli extremists Continued Israeli occupation and settlement expansion in Palestinian territories Palestinian Authority Ineffectiveness Absence of serious peace diplomacy Palestinian extremists Israeli extremists Continued Israeli occupation and settlement expansion in Palestinian territories Palestinian Authority Ineffectiveness Absence of serious peace diplomacy Palestinian extremists Israeli extremists Continued Israeli occupation and settlement expansion in Palestinian territories Palestinian Authority Ineffectiveness Absence of serious peace diplomacy 9% 10% % 2 29% % 40% 10

12 Q37: As you may know, the United States has been acting as a mediator between the Israeli government... Here are four possible options that are frequently discussed. Please select the one you think the US should support. A two-state solution A one-state solution Annexation without equal citizenship Maintain the occupation A two-state solution A one-state solution Annexation without equal citizenship Maintain the occupation A two-state solution A one-state solution Annexation without equal citizenship Maintain the occupation A two-state solution A one-state solution Annexation without equal citizenship Maintain the occupation 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 29% 3 27% 29% % % 8% 3 3 7% 7% % 3 3 8% 10% 1 17% 7% 4 48%

13 Q38: If the approach you selected turns out over time to be impossible, which of the remaining three would you prefer? [Asked if responded with two-state solution in previous question] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% A one-state solution 5 68% Annexation without equal citizenship 8% 1 Maintain the occupation 2 3 0% A one-state solution 6 70% Annexation without equal citizenship 9% 7% Maintain the occupation 18% 19% 10% A one-state solution 7 78% Annexation without equal citizenship 7% Maintain the occupation 1 20% 0% A one-state solution 6 7 Annexation without equal citizenship 10% Maintain the occupation

14 Q39: Which of the following statements is closer to your view if a two-state solution is not an option: 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% I favor the Jewishness of Israel more than its democracy 3 37% I favor Israel's democracy more than its Jewishness 60% 6 7% I favor the Jewishness of Israel more than its democracy 17% 2 I favor Israel's democracy more than its Jewishness 68% 7 8% 8% I favor the Jewishness of Israel more than its democracy 1 1 I favor Israel's democracy more than its Jewishness 8 8 I favor the Jewishness of Israel more than its democracy 2 2 I favor Israel's democracy more than its Jewishness

15 Q40: In general, what role do you want the United States to play in mediating the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? Should the United States: 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Lean toward Israel 4 5 Lean toward the Palestinians Lean toward neither side 4 5 Lean toward Israel 1 2 Lean toward the Palestinians Lean toward neither side 7 80% 0% Lean toward Israel 17% 19% Lean toward the Palestinians Lean toward neither side 77% 7 Lean toward Israel 3 30% Lean toward the Palestinians Lean toward neither side

16 Q41: When you say you want the US to lean toward Israel, which one of the following is the most important reason? [asked only among those who want the US to learn toward Israel] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% I feel Israel and the US have shared values 3 I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 40% I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 2 Other I feel Israel and the US have shared values 60% I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 27% I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 1 Other 0% I feel Israel and the US have shared values 5 I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 27% I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 19% Other I feel Israel and the US have shared values 4 I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 3 I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 20% Other 15

17 Q41: When you say you want the US to lean toward Israel, which one of the following is the most important reason? [asked only among those who want the US to learn toward Israel] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% I feel Israel and the US have shared values 30% 3 I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 38% 40% I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 2 27% Other I feel Israel and the US have shared values 3 60% I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 27% 37% I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 1 1 Other 0% 1 I feel Israel and the US have shared values 5 5 I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 28% 27% I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 10% 19% Other 9% I feel Israel and the US have shared values 3 4 I feel that supporting Israel serves the interests of the United States 3 3 I feel it's my religious or ethnic duty to support Israel 2 20% Other 7%

18 Q42: As you may know, there have been suggestions that the UN Security Council should endorse the... If the UN Security Council considers such a plan, what do you think the US should do as a member of the UN Security Council? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Vote in favor of endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Vote against endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Abstain from voting Vote in favor of endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Vote against endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Abstain from voting Vote in favor of endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Vote against endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Abstain from voting Vote in favor of endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Vote against endorsing the establishment of a Palestinian state Abstain from voting 7% 19% 18% % 27% 2 47% % 3 39%

19 Q43: One of the issues of tension between the United States and Israel has been its construction of Israeli settlements in the territories occupied by Israel in the 1967 war... How do you believe the US should react to new settlements? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Do nothing 30% 3 Limit US opposition to words, but take no other action 3 38% Impose some economic sanctions, either through the United Nations or unilaterally 20% 2 Take more serious action 8% Do nothing 39% 5 Limit US opposition to words, but take no other action 1 28% Impose some economic sanctions, either through the United Nations or unilaterally 18% 2 Take more serious action 10% 1 Do nothing 1 1 Limit US opposition to words, but take no other action 30% 37% Impose some economic sanctions, either through the United Nations or unilaterally 3 37% Take more serious action 1 1 Do nothing 27% 27% Limit US opposition to words, but take no other action 3 3 Impose some economic sanctions, either through the United Nations or unilaterally 28% 27% Take more serious action 1 10%

20 American Politics and the Middle East 19

21 Q2A: When you are deciding which candidate to vote for in Congress or for President, how much do you consider the candidate's position on US policy toward Israel? 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 A lot Some Just a little Not at all A lot Some Just a little Not at all A lot Some Just a little Not at all A lot Some Just a little Not at all 0% 0% 8% 10% % 19% % 30% % 20

22 Non-Evangelical Christians Evangelicals Q2A: When you are deciding which candidate to vote for in Congress or for President, how much do you consider the candidate's position on US policy toward Israel? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% A lot 5 Some 27% Just a little 1 Not at all 0% A lot 2 Some 37% Just a little 18% Not at all 2 0%

23 Q5: If elections were held today, for whom would you vote among current Presidential candidates? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Donald Trump Ben Carson Marco Rubio Jeb Bush Ted Cruz Ben Carson Bernie Sanders Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Jeb Bush Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders Donald Trump Ben Carson John Kasich Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders Donald Trump Ben Carson Marco Rubio 8% 1 10% % % 22

24 Q5: If elections were held today, for whom would you vote among current Presidential candidates? [among respondents who said a lot when asked how much do you consider the candidate s position on US policy toward Israel in Q2A] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Ben Carson 3 Marco Rubio 1 Donald Trump 27% Jeb Bush 8% Ben Carson 4 Hillary Clinton 1 Donald Trump 19% Bernie Sanders 7% Hillary Clinton 5 Bernie Sanders 10% Donald Trump None 1 Ben Carson 28% Hillary Clinton 1 Donald Trump 2 Marco Rubio 8% 23

25 Total Q5: If elections were held today, for whom would you vote among current Presidential candidates? [Among those who say US should lean toward Israel in Q40] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Ben Carson Donald Trump Marco Rubio Ted Cruz Jeb Bush Ben Carson Donald Trump Marco Rubio Bernie Sanders Other Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders Donald Trump Ben Carson Other Ben Carson Hillary Clinton Marco Rubio Donald Trump Other 8% 7% 7% 7% 7% 8% 7% 10% % 20% %

26 Q5: If elections were held today, for whom would you vote among current Presidential candidates? [Evangelical Christians] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Ben Carson 3 Ted Cruz Donald Trump 27% Marco Rubio Hillary Clinton 1 Marco Rubio Donald Trump 1 1 None 4 Hillary Clinton 5 Bernie Sanders 10% Ben Carson None Ben Carson 28% Hillary Clinton 1 Donald Trump 2 Ted Cruz Marco Rubio 25

27 Religion and the Middle East 26

28 Q44: Of the challenges facing the United States in the Middle East, which of the following do you believe threatens American interests the most? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% The rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq The instability in Libya Iranian behavior in general The violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq The instability in Libya Iranian behavior in general The violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq The instability in Libya Iranian behavior in general The violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq The instability in Libya Iranian behavior in general The violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 1 2 7% % 1 1 9% % % 7 67% 70% 7 69% 70%

29 Q33C: What is your attitude about each of the following? (The Muslim People) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Favorable 4 Unfavorable 58% 0% Favorable 4 Unfavorable 5 Favorable 67% Unfavorable 3 Favorable 5 Unfavorable 4 28

30 Q33D: What is your attitude about each of the following? (The Muslim Religion) Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 2 7 0% 28% 68% 5 47% 37% 6 29

31 Q35: In your life how familiar are you with people who are Muslim? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% I don't know any 3 I know some but not very well 4 I know some very well 18% I don't know any 49% I know some but not very well 3 I know some very well 1 I don't know any 3 I know some but not very well 4 I know some very well 2 I don't know any 3 I know some but not very well 4 I know some very well 20% 30

32 Q33C: What is your attitude about each of the following? (The Muslim People) [compared with Q35: In your life how familiar are you with people who are Muslim?] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% I don't know any 2 78% I know some but not very well 49% 5 I know some very well 4 59% I don't know any 2 68% I know some but not very well 49% 5 I know some very well 17% 78% I don't know any 48% 5 I know some but not very well 27% 7 I know some very well 18% 8 I don't know any 3 6 I know some but not very well 39% 60% I know some very well 27% 7 Favorable Unfavorable 31

33 Q33D: What is your attitude about each of the following? (The Muslim Religion) [compared with Q35: In your life how familiar are you with people who are Muslim?] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I don't know any 1 89% I know some but not very well 4 59% I know some very well 2 79% I don't know any 17% 77% I know some but not very well 2 7 I know some very well 28% 67% I don't know any 47% 5 I know some but not very well 48% 5 I know some very well 3 6 I don't know any 27% 7 I know some but not very well 4 58% I know some very well 49% 5 Favorable Unfavorable 32

34 Q33A: What is your attitude about each of the following? (The Jewish People) Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 9 7% 0% % 10% 89% 10% 33

35 Q33B: What is your attitude about each of the following? (The Jewish Religion) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Favorable 8 Unfavorable 1 Favorable 6 Unfavorable 3 Favorable 8 Unfavorable 1 Favorable 8 Unfavorable 17% 34

36 Q34: In your life how familiar are you with people who are Jewish? 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 50% I don't know any 1 I know some but not very well 47% I know some very well 4 0% I don't know any 3 I know some but not very well 4 I know some very well 2 I don't know any 2 I know some but not very well 3 I know some very well 4 I don't know any 19% I know some but not very well 40% I know some very well 40% 35

37 Q35A: Which position is closer to yours? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other 5 Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 4 Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other 3 Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 6 Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other 2 Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 7 Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other 39% Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 57% 36

38 Non-Evangelical Christians Evangelicals Q35A: Which position is closer to yours? [among Evangelicals] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other 5 Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 4 Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other 40% Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 5 37

39 Total Q35A: Which position is closer to yours? [compared with Q35: In your life how familiar are you with people who are Muslim?] I don't know any 29% 6 I know some but not very well 4 5 I know some very well 37% 6 I don't know any 3 5 I know some but not very well 3 6 I know some very well 28% 7 I don't know any 3 6 I know some but not very well 30% 67% I know some very well 1 8 I don't know any 4 49% I know some but not very well 37% 60% I know some very well 3 67% Islamic and Western religious and social traditions are incompatible with each other Most people in the West and the Islamic world have similar needs and wants, so it is possible to find common ground 38

40 Evangelical Attitudes Toward Israel 39

41 Q14: Would you describe yourself as an Evangelical Christian? [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Yes 28% No 7 Yes 1 No 89% 0% Yes 8% No 90% Yes 18% No 8 40

42 Q24A: Which of the following statements more closely speaks to your core religious faith? [asked of Christians only] [among those who responded yes when asked Would you describe yourself as an Evangelical Christian? in Q14] God Almighty must be feared and obeyed and those who don't obey him risk punishment in this life and in the afterlife God is compassionate and merciful and loves and forgives even the sinners 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 8 God Almighty must be feared and obeyed and those who don't obey him risk punishment in this life and in the afterlife God is compassionate and merciful and loves and forgives even the sinners 1 89% God Almighty must be feared and obeyed and those who don't obey him risk punishment in this life and in the afterlife God is compassionate and merciful and loves and forgives even the sinners 0% 10% 90% God Almighty must be feared and obeyed and those who don't obey him risk punishment in this life and in the afterlife God is compassionate and merciful and loves and forgives even the sinners 0% 1 87% 41

43 Q26: Which of the following statements comes closest to describing your views about the Bible: [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 50% The Bible is the inspired word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word 3 The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally 47% The Bible is an ancient book of legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by humans 2 The Bible is the inspired word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word 30% The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally 27% The Bible is an ancient book of legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by humans 4 The Bible is the inspired word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word 2 The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally 47% The Bible is an ancient book of legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by humans 27% 0% The Bible is the inspired word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word 29% The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally 4 The Bible is an ancient book of legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by humans 2 42

44 Q28: Biblical prophecies tell of the end times and the return of Christ. Do you believe that this: [asked of Christians only] Will happen in my lifetime Will happen before the end of the century Will happen, but I don't know if it will be tomorrow or in a thousand years Will probably not happen Will surely not happen Will happen in my lifetime Will happen before the end of the century Will happen, but I don't know if it will be tomorrow or in a thousand years Will probably not happen Will surely not happen Will happen in my lifetime Will happen before the end of the century Will happen, but I don't know if it will be tomorrow or in a thousand years Will probably not happen Will surely not happen Will happen in my lifetime Will happen before the end of the century Will happen, but I don't know if it will be tomorrow or in a thousand years Will probably not happen Will surely not happen 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% % 67% 1 9%

45 Evangelicals Q28: Biblical prophecies tell of the end times and the return of Christ. Do you believe that this: [among Evangelicals] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Will happen in my lifetime 1 Will happen before the end of this century Will happen, but I don't know if it will be tomorrow or in a thousand years 8 Will probably not happen Will surely not happen 0% 44

46 Q29: Some people say there are things that have to happen in Israel before Christ returns. Do you agree or disagree? [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Agree 6 Disagree 3 Agree 3 Disagree 6 Agree 48% Disagree 49% Agree 5 Disagree 4 45

47 Evangelicals Q29: Some people say there are things that have to happen in Israel before Christ returns. Do you agree or disagree? [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [among Evangelicals] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Agree 7 Disagree 2 46

48 Total Q45A: For the rapture or Second Coming to occur it is essential for current-day Israel to include all the land that was promised to Biblical Israel in Old Testament [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly 9% % 19% 20% % 28% 27% 27% 37% 39% 38% 47

49 Non-Evangelical Christians Evangelicals Q45A: For the rapture or Second Coming to occur it is essential for current-day Israel to include all the land that was promised to Biblical Israel in Old Testament [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 Agree strongly Agree somewhat 3 3 Disagree Somewhat 2 Disagree Strongly 1 Agree strongly 1 Agree somewhat 39% Disagree Somewhat 28% Disagree Strongly 1

50 Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Q45B: World events will turn against Israel the closer we get to the rapture or end-times. [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 50% 9% 9% % 19% % 30%

51 Non-Evangelical Christians Evangelicals Q45B: World events will turn against Israel the closer we get to the rapture or endtimes. [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 Agree strongly 40% Agree somewhat 3 Disagree Somewhat 19% Disagree Strongly Agree strongly 1 Agree somewhat 37% Disagree Somewhat 29% Disagree Strongly 1

52 Q45C: The unfolding violence across the Middle East region is a sign that the end of time is nearer [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 1 20% 2 30% 3 40% 4 Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly Agree strongly Agree somewhat Disagree somewhat Disagree strongly % 18% % 29% 30%

53 Evangelicals Non-Evangelical Christians Q45C: The unfolding violence across the Middle East region is a sign that the end of time is nearer [asked if respondent answered 1,2, or 3 in Q28] [asked of Christians only] 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Agree strongly 29% Agree somewhat 50% Disagree Somewhat 1 Disagree Strongly Agree strongly 1 Agree somewhat Disagree Somewhat 3 3 Disagree Strongly 2