Semantics and Pragmatics of NLP DRT: Constructing LFs and Presuppositions
|
|
- Briana Henry
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Semantics and Pragmatics of NLP DRT: Constructing LFs and Presuppositions School of Informatics Universit of Edinburgh
2 Outline Constructing DRSs 1 Constructing DRSs for Discourse 2
3 Building DRSs with Lambdas: λ-drt Add λ operators and a merge operator. Use these operators to build representations compositionall, but the pronouns aren t resolved at this stage, so Then we resolve the underspecified condition given b the pronoun, according to certain heuristics.
4 The General Picture john() car(), own(,) Contet,z,z john() john() car(), own(,) car(), own(,) z=?, unhapp(z) z=, unhapp(z) z Current sentence snta and λs z=?, unhapp(z) Got with z is accessible; is not
5 Merging Constructing DRSs DRS1 DRS2 = DRS3, where: 1 DRS3 s discourse referents is the set union of DRS1 s and DRS2 s discourse referents. 2 DRS3 s conditions is the set union DRS1 s and DRS2 s conditions. john() car(), own(,) z z=?, unhapp(z) =,z john() car(), own(,) z=?, unhapp(z)
6 Leical Items: Nouns and Intransitive Verbs boer: λ boer() woman: λ woman() dances: λ dance() Do pronouns later, since the re different from what we had before...
7 Determiners and Proper Names a: λpλq z P@z Q@z ever: λpλq z P@z Q@z Mia: λp mia() P@ Will change proper names a bit later...
8 DRS Construction Ever woman dances (S) z woman(z) dance(z) Ever woman (NP) dances (VP) λ Q z woman(z) Q@z λ dance() ever (DET) woman (N) dances (IV) λpλq z P@z Q@z λ woman() λ dance()
9 DRSs in NLTK man() biccle(), owns(,) DRS([],[(DRS([],[(man )]) implies DRS([],[(biccle ),(owns )]))]) tofol(): Converts DRSs to FoL. draw(): Draws a DRS in bo notation (currentl works onl for Windows). NLTK grammar adapts lambda abstracts so that their bodies are DRSs rather than FoL epressions.
10 More on Anaphora Presuppositions Are a wa of conveing information as if it s taken for granted; Are different from entailments because the survive under negation: John loves his wife John doesn t love his wife Behave a bit like pronouns; anaphora... John loves someone John has a wife. John loves someone John has a wife.
11 Presupposition Triggers Presuppositions are triggered b certain words and phrases: the, manage, her, regret, know, again, proper names, possessive marker,... comparatives: John is a better linguist than Bill it-clefts: It was Fred who ate the beans To Test whether ou re dealing with a presupposition: Negate the sentence or stick a modalit (e.g., might) in it. Does the inference survive? If so, it s a presupposition.
12 The Projection Problem When there s a presupposition trigger in a comple sentence, is the (potential) presupposition it triggers a presupposition of the whole sentence? (1) a. If baldness is hereditar, John s son is bald. es; presupposition semanticall outscopes conditional b. If John has a son, then John s son is bald. no; presupposition doesn t semanticall outscope conditional Challenge: Interpreting presuppositions depends on:
13 Presuppositions as Anaphora Indefinite Antecedents (2) a. Theo has a little rabbit, and his rabbit is gre. b. Theo has a little rabbit, and it is gre. (3) a. If Theo has a rabbit, his rabbit is gre. b. If Theo has a rabbit, it is gre. Presupposition cancelled. Conjecture: Presupposition cancellation like binding anaphora.
14 Constructing DRSs Presuppositions are Anaphora with Semantic Content Van der Sandt she: female His wife: she s married, female, human, adult,... Presupposition binds to antecedent if it can: (4) If John has a wife, then his wife will be happ. Otherwise it s accommodated: The presupposition is added to the contet. The process of binding and accommodating determines the semantic scope of the presupposition and so solves the Projection Problem.
15 The Details of the Stor Three tasks: 1 Identif presupposition triggers in the leicon; and 2 Indicate what the presuppose (separating it from the rest of their content, since presuppositions are interpreted differentl); 3 Implement the process of binding and accommodation for presuppositions
16 Tasks 1 and 2 Triggers (Task 1): the, possessive constructions, proper names,... DRS-representation (Task 2): Etend the DRS language with an α operator. This separates DRSs representing presupposed information from DRSs which aren t presupposed. the waitress: λp P@ α waitress()
17 Representing More Presupposition triggers (including pronouns!) Mia: λp mia() he: λp male() his: λpλ Q P@α(( own(,) Q@)α male() )
18 A Clearer Notation: α-bits to double-lined boes Mia: λp mia() he: λp male() his: λpλ Q own(,) male() Q@ P@
19 DRS Construction The waitress smiles (S) smile() waitress() The waitress (NP) smiles (VP) λp waitress() λ smile() The (DET) waitress (N) λqλp λz waitress(z)
20 The Presupposition Resolution Algorithm 1 Create a DRS for the input sentence with all presuppositions marked with α. Merge this DRS with the DRS for the discourse so far (using ). Go to step 2. 2 Traverse the DRS, and on encountering an α-marked DRS tr to: 1 link the presupposed information to an accessible antecedent with the same content. Go to step 2. 2 otherwise, accommodate it in the highest accessible site, subject to it being consistent and informative. Go to step 2. 3 otherwise, return presupposition failure. otherwise, go to step 3. 3 Reduce an merges appearing in the DRS.
21 Consistenc After adding the presupposed material, the resulting DRS must be satisfiable. (5) John hasn t got a wife. He loves his wife. no! (6) John hasn t got a mistress. He loves his wife. es!
22 Informativeness Adding the presupposed material should not render an of the asserted material redundant. (7) Either there is no bathroom or the bathroom is in a funn place. global site bathroom() local site funn-place() bathroom() Note binding isn t possible (because isn t accessible)
23 Accommodating the bathroom Global accommodation gives p ( p q), which is equivalent to p q, and so violates informativeness. Local accommodation gives p (p q), and this satisfies informativeness. bathroom() bathroom() funn-place()
24 Back to The waitress smiles smile() waitress() There is no accessible and waitress(), so it can t be bound. Therefore, it must be added. There s onl one accessible site. Adding the presupposition to this site is consistent and informative. And so it s added there. waitress(), smile()
25 Conditionals (1) a. If baldness is hereditar, then John s son is bald. a baldness(), hered() bald() son(), has(z,) z john(z) b If John has a son, then John s son is bald. b w son(w), has(,w) john() bald() son(), has(z,) z john(z)
26 If baldness is hereditar, then John s son is bald baldness(), hereditar() bald() son(), has(z,) z john(z) z john(z) baldness(), hereditar() bald() son(), has(z,),z son(),john(z), has(z,) baldness(), bald() hereditar()
27 If John has a son, then John s son is bald. john() w son(w), has(,w) john() bald() son(), has(z,) z john(z) w son(w), has(,w) bald() son(), has(z,) z john(z) john() w son(w), has(,w) bald() son(), has(,) john() w son(w), has(,w) bald(w)
28 Conclusion Constructing DRSs DRT is an elegant framework for representing the content of discourse, because it handles inter-sentential anaphoric dependencies, and in particular it provides an elegant solution to the projection problem. But right now we ve ignored pragmatics: DRT still onl uses linguistic information to compute meaning Non-linguistic information also influences interpretation! We ll eamine pragmatics for the rest of the course.
10. Presuppositions Introduction The Phenomenon Tests for presuppositions
10. Presuppositions 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 The Phenomenon We have encountered the notion of presupposition when we talked about the semantics of the definite article. According to the famous treatment
More informationPronominal, temporal and descriptive anaphora
Pronominal, temporal and descriptive anaphora Dept. of Philosophy Radboud University, Nijmegen Overview Overview Temporal and presuppositional anaphora Kripke s and Kamp s puzzles Some additional data
More informationThe Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition
Journal cfstmcntus 15-239-299 Oxford Uruvemty Preo 1998 The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition NICHOLAS ASHER University of Texas, Austin ALEX LASCARIDES University of Edinburgh Abstract In this
More informationPresuppositions (Ch. 6, pp )
(1) John left work early again Presuppositions (Ch. 6, pp. 349-365) We take for granted that John has left work early before. Linguistic presupposition occurs when the utterance of a sentence tells the
More informationLing 98a: The Meaning of Negation (Week 1)
Yimei Xiang yxiang@fas.harvard.edu 17 September 2013 1 What is negation? Negation in two-valued propositional logic Based on your understanding, select out the metaphors that best describe the meaning
More informationThe projection problem of presuppositions
The projection problem of presuppositions Clemens Mayr Precedence in semantics, EGG school, Lagodekhi mayr@zas.gwz-berlin.de July 25, 2016 1 Presuppositional vs. truth-conditional meaning components 1.1
More informationCoreference Resolution Lecture 15: October 30, Reference Resolution
Coreference Resolution Lecture 15: October 30, 2013 CS886 2 Natural Language Understanding University of Waterloo CS886 Lecture Slides (c) 2013 P. Poupart 1 Reference Resolution Entities: objects, people,
More informationOn the Interpretation of Anaphoric Noun Phrases: Towards a Full Understanding of Partial Matches
On the Interpretation of Anaphoric Noun Phrases: Towards a Full Understanding of Partial Matches Emiel Krahmer & Kees van Deemter IPO, Eindhoven ITRI, Brighton Abstract Starting from the assumption that
More informationPresupposition projection: Global accommodation, local accommodation, and scope ambiguities
Presupposition projection: Global accommodation, local accommodation, and scope ambiguities Raj Singh August 3, 2015 Abstract It is commonly assumed that there is a default preference for the presuppositions
More informationMandy Simons Carnegie Mellon University June 2010
Presupposing Mandy Simons Carnegie Mellon University June 2010 1. Introduction: The intuitive notion of presupposition The basic linguistic phenomenon of presupposition is commonplace and intuitive, little
More informationDiscourse Constraints on Anaphora Ling 614 / Phil 615 Sponsored by the Marshall M. Weinberg Fund for Graduate Seminars in Cognitive Science
Discourse Constraints on Anaphora Ling 614 / Phil 615 Sponsored by the Marshall M. Weinberg Fund for Graduate Seminars in Cognitive Science Ezra Keshet, visiting assistant professor of linguistics; 453B
More informationAnaphora Resolution in Biomedical Literature: A
Anaphora Resolution in Biomedical Literature: A Hybrid Approach Jennifer D Souza and Vincent Ng Human Language Technology Research Institute The University of Texas at Dallas 1 What is Anaphora Resolution?
More informationROB VAN DER SANDT R V D S A N D H I L.K U N.N L
INTERPRETING FOCUS BART GEURTS UNIVERSITY OF NIJMEGEN B A R T.G E U R T S@P H I L.R U.N L ROB VAN DER SANDT UNIVERSITY OF NIJMEGEN R V D S A N D T@P H I L.K U N.N L Abstract Although it is widely agreed,
More informationPragmatic Presupposition
Pragmatic Presupposition Read: Stalnaker 1974 481: Pragmatic Presupposition 1 Presupposition vs. Assertion The Queen of England is bald. I presuppose that England has a unique queen, and assert that she
More informationTowards a Solution to the Proviso Problem
1. Presupposition Towards a Solution to the Proviso Problem Julia Zinova, Moscow State University A sentence A presupposes a proposition p if p must be true in order for A to have a truth value. Presuppositions
More informationLecture 9: Presuppositions
Barbara H. Partee, MGU April 30, 2009 p. 1 Lecture 9: Presuppositions 1. The projection problem for presuppositions.... 1 2. Heim s analysis: Context-change potential as explanation for presupposition
More informationA Scopal Theory of Presupposition I
A Scopal Theory of Presupposition I Graeme Forbes 1. triggers and inheritance A presupposition, for the purposes of this paper, is a kind of entailment: a statement, or proposition, p, presupposes a proposition
More informationANAPHORIC REFERENCE IN JUSTIN BIEBER S ALBUM BELIEVE ACOUSTIC
ANAPHORIC REFERENCE IN JUSTIN BIEBER S ALBUM BELIEVE ACOUSTIC *Hisarmauli Desi Natalina Situmorang **Muhammad Natsir ABSTRACT This research focused on anaphoric reference used in Justin Bieber s Album
More informationPresupposition: An (un)common attitude?
Presupposition: An (un)common attitude? Abstract In this paper I argue that presupposition should be thought of as a propositional attitude. I will separate questions on truth from questions of presupposition
More informationOutline of today s lecture
Outline of today s lecture Putting sentences together (in text). Coherence Anaphora (pronouns etc) Algorithms for anaphora resolution Document structure and discourse structure Most types of document are
More informationHS01: The Grammar of Anaphora: The Study of Anaphora and Ellipsis An Introduction. Winkler /Konietzko WS06/07
HS01: The Grammar of Anaphora: The Study of Anaphora and Ellipsis An Introduction Winkler /Konietzko WS06/07 1 Introduction to English Linguistics Andreas Konietzko SFB Nauklerstr. 35 E-mail: andreaskonietzko@gmx.de
More informationSatisfied or Exhaustified An Ambiguity Account of the Proviso Problem
Satisfied or Exhaustified An Ambiguity Account of the Proviso Problem Clemens Mayr 1 and Jacopo Romoli 2 1 ZAS 2 Ulster University The presuppositions inherited from the consequent of a conditional or
More informationFactivity and Presuppositions David Schueler University of Minnesota, Twin Cities LSA Annual Meeting 2013
Factivity and Presuppositions David Schueler University of Minnesota, Twin Cities LSA Annual Meeting 2013 1 Introduction Factive predicates are generally taken as one of the canonical classes of presupposition
More informationQualitative versus Quantitative Notions of Speaker and Hearer Belief: Implementation and Theoretical Extensions
Qualitative versus Quantitative Notions of Speaker and Hearer Belief: Implementation and Theoretical Extensions Yafa Al-Raheb National Centre for Language Technology Dublin City University Ireland yafa.alraheb@gmail.com
More informationCohen 2004: Existential Generics Shay Hucklebridge LING 720
Cohen 2004: Existential Generics Shay Hucklebridge LING 720 I Empirical claims about -Generics In this paper, Cohen describes a number of cases where generics appear to receive a quasi-existential interpretation
More informationArtificial Intelligence. Clause Form and The Resolution Rule. Prof. Deepak Khemani. Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Artificial Intelligence Clause Form and The Resolution Rule Prof. Deepak Khemani Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module 07 Lecture 03 Okay so we are
More informationReference Resolution. Announcements. Last Time. 3/3 first part of the projects Example topics
Announcements Last Time 3/3 first part of the projects Example topics Segmentation Symbolic Multi-Strategy Anaphora Resolution (Lappin&Leass, 1994) Identification of discourse structure Summarization Anaphora
More informationBART GEURTS EXISTENTIAL IMPORT
BART GEURTS EXISTENTIAL IMPORT Abstract. Notwithstanding various attempts at explaining existential import in non-presuppositional terms, it is argued that the Strawsonian view remains the best: existential
More informationIdentifying Anaphoric and Non- Anaphoric Noun Phrases to Improve Coreference Resolution
Identifying Anaphoric and Non- Anaphoric Noun Phrases to Improve Coreference Resolution Vincent Ng Ng and Claire Cardie Department of of Computer Science Cornell University Plan for the Talk Noun phrase
More informationKai von Fintel (MIT)
PRESUPPOSITION ACCOMMODATION AND QUANTIFIER DOMAINS COMMENTS ON BEAVER S ACCOMMODATING TOPICS Kai von Fintel (MIT) Natural language expressions are context-dependent. When a hearer tries to assign an interpretation
More informationPresupposition Projection and Anaphora in Quantified Sentences
1 Introduction Presupposition Projection and Anaphora in Quantified Sentences Yasutada Sudo December 17, 2012 Quantified sentences constitute a recalcitrant problem for theories of presupposition projection,
More informationEntailment as Plural Modal Anaphora
Entailment as Plural Modal Anaphora Adrian Brasoveanu SURGE 09/08/2005 I. Introduction. Meaning vs. Content. The Partee marble examples: - (1 1 ) and (2 1 ): different meanings (different anaphora licensing
More informationLexical Alternatives as a Source of Pragmatic Presuppositions
In SALT XII, Brendan Jackson, ed. CLC Publications, Ithaca NY. 2002. Lexical Alternatives as a Source of Pragmatic Presuppositions Dorit Abusch Cornell University 1. Introduction This paper is about the
More information08 Anaphora resolution
08 Anaphora resolution IA161 Advanced Techniques of Natural Language Processing M. Medve NLP Centre, FI MU, Brno November 6, 2017 M. Medve IA161 Advanced NLP 08 Anaphora resolution 1 / 52 1 Linguistic
More informationReference Resolution. Regina Barzilay. February 23, 2004
Reference Resolution Regina Barzilay February 23, 2004 Announcements 3/3 first part of the projects Example topics Segmentation Identification of discourse structure Summarization Anaphora resolution Cue
More informationPresupposition and Rules for Anaphora
Presupposition and Rules for Anaphora Yong-Kwon Jung Contents 1. Introduction 2. Kinds of Presuppositions 3. Presupposition and Anaphora 4. Rules for Presuppositional Anaphora 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction
More informationA Linguistic Interlude
A Linguistic Interlude How do current approaches to natural logic deal with notions such as Presupposition Entailment Conventional and conversational implicatures? The logic of complement constructions
More informationThe main plank of Professor Simons thoroughly pragmatic account of presupposition
Presupposition Projection vs. Scope Ambiguity: Comments on Professor Simons Paper Graeme Forbes The main plank of Professor Simons thoroughly pragmatic account of presupposition is (SA) that an utterance
More informationThe Interpretation of Complement Anaphora: The Case of The Others
The Interpretation of Complement Anaphora: The Case of The Others Nobuaki Akagi Centre for Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), Macquarie University nobuakagi@mq.edu.au Francesco-Alessio Ursini Centre for
More informationILLOCUTIONARY ORIGINS OF FAMILIAR LOGICAL OPERATORS
ILLOCUTIONARY ORIGINS OF FAMILIAR LOGICAL OPERATORS 1. ACTS OF USING LANGUAGE Illocutionary logic is the logic of speech acts, or language acts. Systems of illocutionary logic have both an ontological,
More informationAnaphora Resolution in Hindi Language
International Journal of Information and Computation Technology. ISSN 0974-2239 Volume 3, Number 7 (2013), pp. 609-616 International Research Publications House http://www. irphouse.com /ijict.htm Anaphora
More informationBrainstorming exercise
Brainstorming exercise 1. What is the difference between the underlined nominals in sentences (a) -(d), in terms of referentiality and definiteness: John would like to marry a talented woman, but he couldn
More informationZHANG Yan-qiu, CHEN Qiang. Changchun University, Changchun, China
US-China Foreign Language, February 2015, Vol. 13, No. 2, 109-114 doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2015.02.004 D DAVID PUBLISHING Presupposition: How Discourse Coherence Is Conducted ZHANG Yan-qiu, CHEN Qiang Changchun
More informationCAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 November 6, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 9: Binding Theory. (8) John likes him.
CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 November 6, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 9: Binding Theory Binding Theory (1) John thinks that he will win the prize. (2) John wants Mary to like him. Co-indexation and co-reference:
More informationAnaphora Resolution. Nuno Nobre
Anaphora Resolution Nuno Nobre IST Instituto Superior Técnico L 2 F Spoken Language Systems Laboratory INESC ID Lisboa Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal nuno.nobre@ist.utl.pt Abstract. This
More informationSlovenian (Rivero, 2001) a.janez se oblaci.
Slovenian (Rivero, 2001) a.janez se oblaci. John dresses himself. (reflexive/reciprocal) b. Ta knjiga se lahkobere. This book reads easily. (middle/passive) c. Veja se je zlomila. The branch broke. (inchoative/anticausative)
More informationRussell: On Denoting
Russell: On Denoting DENOTING PHRASES Russell includes all kinds of quantified subject phrases ( a man, every man, some man etc.) but his main interest is in definite descriptions: the present King of
More informationAutomatic Evaluation for Anaphora Resolution in SUPAR system 1
Automatic Evaluation for Anaphora Resolution in SUPAR system 1 Antonio Ferrández; Jesús Peral; Sergio Luján-Mora Dept. Languages and Information Systems Alicante University - Apt. 99 03080 - Alicante -
More informationParticles: presupposition triggers or context markers
Particles: presupposition triggers or context markers Henk Zeevat 1 Introduction This paper discusses two possible formal approaches to the semantic/pragmatic particles of a subclass of the modal particles.
More informationCoordination Problems
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Vol. LXXXI No. 2, September 2010 Ó 2010 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC Coordination Problems scott soames
More informationBiased Questions. William A. Ladusaw. 28 May 2004
Biased Questions William A. Ladusaw 28 May 2004 What s a Biased Question? A biased question is one where the speaker is predisposed to accept one particular answer as the right one. (Huddleston & Pullum
More informationModels of Anaphora Processing and the Binding Constraints
Models of Anaphora Processing and the Binding Constraints 1. Introduction In cognition-driven models, anaphora resolution tends to be viewed as a surrogate process: a certain task, more resource demanding,
More informationROBERT STALNAKER PRESUPPOSITIONS
ROBERT STALNAKER PRESUPPOSITIONS My aim is to sketch a general abstract account of the notion of presupposition, and to argue that the presupposition relation which linguists talk about should be explained
More information91. Presupposition. Denial, projection, cancellation, satisfaction, accommodation: the five stages of presupposition theory.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 91. Presupposition 1. Introduction 2. Projection 3. Cancellability 4. Theories of presupposition 5. Current issues in presupposition theory 6.
More informationExperimental Investigations of the Typology of Presupposition Triggers
Experimental Investigations of the Typology of Presupposition Triggers Chris Cummins * chris.cummins@uni-bielefeld.de Patrícia Amaral pamaral@email.unc.edu Napoleon Katsos nk248@cam.ac.uk ABSTRACT The
More informationShaping Statically Resolved Indirect Anaphora for Naturalistic Programming
Fernuniversität in Hagen Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Lehrgebiet Programmiersysteme Bachelor s Thesis in Computer Science Shaping Statically Resolved Indirect Anaphora for Naturalistic Programming
More informationBe Bound or Be Disjoint! Andrew Kehler and Daniel Büring. UCSD and UCLA
Be Bound or Be Disjoint! Andrew Kehler and Daniel Büring UCSD and UCLA 1. Two Observations We begin our paper with two observations. The first is that sets of highly-parallel utterances are plausibly analyzed
More information4) When are complex discourse entities constructed in the process of text comprehension?
REMARKS ON PLURAL ANAPHORA* Carola Eschenbach, Christopher Habel, Michael Herweg, Klaus Rehk/imper Universit~it Hamburg, Fachbereich Informatik, Projekt GAP Bodenstedtstr. 16 D-2000 Hamburg 50 e-mail:
More information(Refer Slide Time 03:00)
Artificial Intelligence Prof. Anupam Basu Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 15 Resolution in FOPL In the last lecture we had discussed about
More informationSQUIB: a note on the analysis of too as a discourse marker
THOMAS, Guillaume. Squib: A note on the analysis of too as a discourse marker. Revista LinguíStica / Revista do Programa de Pós- -Graduação em Linguística da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Volume
More informationINFORMATION EXTRACTION AND AD HOC ANAPHORA ANALYSIS
INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND AD HOC ANAPHORA ANALYSIS 1 A.SURESH BABU, 2 DR P.PREMCHAND, 3 DR A.GOVARDHAN 1 Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapur 2 Professor, Department
More informationANAPHORA RESOLUTION IN MACHINE TRANSLATION
ANAPHORA RESOLUTION IN MACHINE TRANSLATION Ruslan Mitkov and Sung-Kwon Choi Randall Sharp IAI DGSCA UNAM Martin-Luther-Str. 14 Apdo. Postal 20-059 D-66111 Saarbrücken 04510 Mexico, D.F. {ruslan, choi}@iai.uni-sb.de
More informationCompetition and Disjoint Reference. Norvin Richards, MIT. appear; Richards 1995). The typical inability of pronouns to be locally bound, on this
Competition and Disjoint Reference Norvin Richards, MIT A number of approaches to binding theory have made crucial reference to the notion of competition in explanations of disjoint reference phenomena
More informationSemantic Entailment and Natural Deduction
Semantic Entailment and Natural Deduction Alice Gao Lecture 6, September 26, 2017 Entailment 1/55 Learning goals Semantic entailment Define semantic entailment. Explain subtleties of semantic entailment.
More information2.1 Review. 2.2 Inference and justifications
Applied Logic Lecture 2: Evidence Semantics for Intuitionistic Propositional Logic Formal logic and evidence CS 4860 Fall 2012 Tuesday, August 28, 2012 2.1 Review The purpose of logic is to make reasoning
More informationPresupposition and Accommodation: Understanding the Stalnakerian picture *
In Philosophical Studies 112: 251-278, 2003. ( Kluwer Academic Publishers) Presupposition and Accommodation: Understanding the Stalnakerian picture * Mandy Simons Abstract This paper offers a critical
More informationQuantifiers: Their Semantic Type (Part 3) Heim and Kratzer Chapter 6
Quantifiers: Their Semantic Type (Part 3) Heim and Kratzer Chapter 6 1 6.7 Presuppositional quantifier phrases 2 6.7.1 Both and neither (1a) Neither cat has stripes. (1b) Both cats have stripes. (1a) and
More informationAnaphora Resolution in Biomedical Literature: A Hybrid Approach
Anaphora Resolution in Biomedical Literature: A Hybrid Approach Jennifer D Souza and Vincent Ng Human Language Technology Research Institute University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75083-0688 {jld082000,vince}@hlt.utdallas.edu
More informationWhat would count as Ibn Sīnā (11th century Persia) having first order logic?
1 2 What would count as Ibn Sīnā (11th century Persia) having first order logic? Wilfrid Hodges Herons Brook, Sticklepath, Okehampton March 2012 http://wilfridhodges.co.uk Ibn Sina, 980 1037 3 4 Ibn Sīnā
More information1 Clarion Logic Notes Chapter 4
1 Clarion Logic Notes Chapter 4 Summary Notes These are summary notes so that you can really listen in class and not spend the entire time copying notes. These notes will not substitute for reading the
More informationPhil 435: Philosophy of Language. P. F. Strawson: On Referring
Phil 435: Philosophy of Language [Handout 10] Professor JeeLoo Liu P. F. Strawson: On Referring Strawson s Main Goal: To show that Russell's theory of definite descriptions ("the so-and-so") has some fundamental
More informationArticle selection and anaphora in the German relative clause Julian Grove and Emily Hanink University of Chicago
Article selection and anaphora in the German relative clause Julian Grove and Emily Hanink University of Chicago German definite articles are able to contract with prepositions under certain conditions.
More informationLazy Functional Programming for a survey
Lazy Functional Programming for a survey Norman Ramsey Tufts November 2012 Book: Programming languages for practitioners Why? For people who will write code Gives future practitioners something to do I
More informationIMPLICATURE AS A DISCOURSE PHENOMENON
Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 11, E. Puig-Waldmüller (ed.), Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, pp.261-275. IMPLICATURE AS A DISCOURSE PHENOMENON Bart Geurts, University of Nijmegen bart.geurts@phil.ru.nl
More informationANAPHORA AND TYPE LOGICAL GRAMMAR
ANAPHORA AND TYPE LOGICAL GRAMMAR TRENDS IN LOGIC Studia Logica Library VOLUME 24 Managing Editor Ryszard Wójcicki, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Editors
More informationINFERENCES LING106 KNOWLEDGE OF MEANING DOROTHY AHN SECTION 2 [2/12/2016]
INFERENCES LING106 KNOWLEDGE OF MEANING DOROTHY AHN SECTION 2 [2/12/2016] WHAT DOES SEMANTICS DO FOR US? What does knowing meaning do for us? INFERENCES! ENTAILMENTS IMPLICATURES PRESUPPOSITIONS ENTAILMENT
More informationOn Conceivability and Existence in Linguistic Interpretation
On Conceivability and Existence in Linguistic Interpretation Salvatore Pistoia-Reda (B) Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS), Berlin, Germany pistoia.reda@zas.gwz-berlin.de Abstract. This
More informationADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES. Design of Amharic Anaphora Resolution Model. Temesgen Dawit
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Design of Amharic Anaphora Resolution Model By Temesgen Dawit A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF THE ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
More informationSuperlative quantifiers and meta-speech acts
Linguist and Philos (2014) 37:41 90 DOI 10.1007/s10988-014-9144-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Superlative quantifiers and meta-speech acts Ariel Cohen Manfred Krifka Published online: 11 March 2014 Springer Science+Business
More informationCHAPTER 2 THE LARGER LOGICAL LANDSCAPE NOVEMBER 2017
CHAPTER 2 THE LARGER LOGICAL LANDSCAPE NOVEMBER 2017 1. SOME HISTORICAL REMARKS In the preceding chapter, I developed a simple propositional theory for deductive assertive illocutionary arguments. This
More informationPresupposition Projection and At-issueness
Presupposition Projection and At-issueness Edgar Onea Jingyang Xue XPRAG 2011 03. Juni 2011 Courant Research Center Text Structures University of Göttingen This project is funded by the German Initiative
More informationAnaphoric Deflationism: Truth and Reference
Anaphoric Deflationism: Truth and Reference 17 D orothy Grover outlines the prosentential theory of truth in which truth predicates have an anaphoric function that is analogous to pronouns, where anaphoric
More informationAn Introduction to Anaphora
An Introduction to Anaphora Resolution Rajat Kumar Mohanty AOL India, Bangalore Email: r.mohanty@corp.aol.com Outline Terminology Types of Anaphora Types of Antecedent Anaphora Resolution and the Knowledge
More informationPhilosophical Logic. LECTURE SEVEN MICHAELMAS 2017 Dr Maarten Steenhagen
Philosophical Logic LECTURE SEVEN MICHAELMAS 2017 Dr Maarten Steenhagen ms2416@cam.ac.uk Last week Lecture 1: Necessity, Analyticity, and the A Priori Lecture 2: Reference, Description, and Rigid Designation
More informationThe Unexpected Projection of Some Presupposition Triggers
The Unexpected Projection of Some Presupposition Triggers Yael Sharvit 1 and Shai Cohen 2 1 Department of Linguistics, UCLA 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa I. The Puzzle Suppose John
More informationAssertion and Inference
Assertion and Inference Carlo Penco 1 1 Università degli studi di Genova via Balbi 4 16126 Genova (Italy) www.dif.unige.it/epi/hp/penco penco@unige.it Abstract. In this introduction to the tutorials I
More informationTURCOLOGICA. Herausgegeben von Lars Johanson. Band 98. Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden
TURCOLOGICA Herausgegeben von Lars Johanson Band 98 2013 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden Zsuzsanna Olach A Halich Karaim translation of Hebrew biblical texts 2013 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden Bibliografi
More informationSome observations on identity, sameness and comparison
Some observations on identity, sameness and comparison Line Mikkelsen Meaning Sciences Club, UC Berkeley, October 16, 2012 1 Introduction The meaning of the English adjective same is in one sense obvious:
More informationRussell on Descriptions
Russell on Descriptions Bertrand Russell s analysis of descriptions is certainly one of the most famous (perhaps the most famous) theories in philosophy not just philosophy of language over the last century.
More informationINTONATION PATTERNS. In the English Language
INTONATION PATTERNS In the English Language The arrows indicate the tone of voice used in the type of sentence. Each W stands for a word. Obviously, sentences can have any number of words. The use of three
More informationMoral Expressivism and Sentential Negation. Neil Sinclair
Moral Expressivism and Sentential Negation Neil Sinclair (neil.sinclair@nottingham.ac.uk) NOTE: This is an unrevised draft of the paper that appeared in Philosophical Studies 152(3) 2011, pp. 385-411.
More informationPresupposition: Introduction
Presupposition: Introduction Sources: Levinson 1983 (Pragmatics) Kadmon 2001 (Formal Pragmatics) 481: Presupposition--Introduction 1 Levinson 1983 Examples of Presupposition (see handout) Properties of
More informationEvent Participants and Implicit Arguments. Experimental Approaches to Verb Meaning
Event Participants and Implicit Arguments Experimental Approaches to Verb Meaning GIVE TAKE/STEAL FRIGHTEN GIVE location TAKE recipient agent theme experiencer time STEAL victim FRIGHTEN direction of
More informationPhil 413: Problem set #1
Phil 413: Problem set #1 For problems (1) (4b), if the sentence is as it stands false or senseless, change it to a true sentence by supplying quotes and/or corner quotes, or explain why no such alteration
More informationComplex demonstratives as quantifiers: objections and replies
Philos Stud (2008) 141:209 242 DOI 10.1007/s11098-008-9238-9 Complex demonstratives as quantifiers: objections and replies Jeffrey C. King Published online: 10 May 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media
More informationHomogeneity in donkey sentences. Lucas Champollion New York University
Homogeneity in donkey sentences Lucas Champollion New York University champollion@nyu.edu 1 Most semanticists who see a donkey sentence write about it. For insights and examples, I am indebted to Barker
More informationTHE LARGER LOGICAL PICTURE
THE LARGER LOGICAL PICTURE 1. ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS In this paper, I am concerned to articulate a conceptual framework which accommodates speech acts, or language acts, as well as logical theories. I will
More informationNow consider a verb - like is pretty. Does this also stand for something?
Kripkenstein The rule-following paradox is a paradox about how it is possible for us to mean anything by the words of our language. More precisely, it is an argument which seems to show that it is impossible
More informationNeg-Raising. The Case of Persian. Zahra Mirrazi & Ali Darzi University of Massachusetts, Amherst University of Tehran. April 28, 2017.
The Case of Persian Zahra Mirrazi & Ali Darzi University of Massachusetts, Amherst University of Tehran April 28, 2017 Introduction Certain negated predicates (e.g. think, believe, want) imply a reading
More information15. Russell on definite descriptions
15. Russell on definite descriptions Martín Abreu Zavaleta July 30, 2015 Russell was another top logician and philosopher of his time. Like Frege, Russell got interested in denotational expressions as
More information