A Brief Technical History of Manuscripts concerning Thecla Hal Taussig Working Paper

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "A Brief Technical History of Manuscripts concerning Thecla Hal Taussig Working Paper"

Transcription

1 A Brief Technical History of Manuscripts concerning Thecla Hal Taussig Working Paper The figure of Thecla, a woman portrayed as student and companion of Paul, exhibits some of the most dense manuscript and material culture evidence of Christ people in the first five centuries. Although as a figure she seems to have leapt into broad prominence even in the second century, earlier manuscript evidence is not available and material cultural evidence is more or less non-existent. There is no first century written mention of her exists to undergird thought about her in relationship to the historical Paul. Yet there is ample evidence of a pilgrimage site for her already by the fourth century and the Acts of Paul and Thecla are included in a number of sixthcentury lists of Christian canonical writings, all indicating how important a figure she was from the second to sixth centuries. The 19 th through early 21 st century also have uncovered a plethora of new manuscripts and a significant revival of Thecla s importance in 17 th to the 19 th century Syriac churches and monasteries. This paper means to provide technical background on the manuscripts and material culture about Thecla as complement to the sketch toward a portrait of Thelca for the Christianity Seminar. 1 There is no effort here to recount the major stories about Thecla, to report on the important last 20 years of study about the relationship between Thecla literature and hellenistic novels, or to summarize the very full material culture about Thecla followers in the fourth to sixth century. 2 The interest here is to support the Seminar by summarizing the very complex situation of Thecla manuscripts. As is obvious in the material below, most of the ancient story of Thecla hangs on a document titled for the most part the Acts of Paul and Thecla (henceforth to be referred to as APTh). It is a story seems to have been vibrantly present in the second century. Since in APTh Thecla is a (woman) colleague of Paul, in story form this is story from the first century. But no early Christ movement literature written in the first century mentions Thecla, and it is not at all clear that APTh was written in the first century. Indeed almost all scholarship sees it as a second-century document. Some scholarship 1 A very accessible overview of the figure and story of Thecla can be found on-line at Written lucidly by Professor Perry Kea, The Story of Thecla: An Early Christian Heroine concentrates on the story and its larger meanings both anciently and for the contemporary world. 2 In addition to the excellent Kea article mentioned in footnote 2, my introduction to the Acts of Paul and Thecla in A New New Testament: A Bible for the 21 st Century Combining Traditional and Newly Discovered Texts reviews the emerging place of Thecla in 21 st century public study and spiritual practice. 1

2 Westar Spring 2017 Taussig, Technical History of Thecla 2 dates APTh to times nearer the life of the historical Paul, 3 but that position has not succeeded by and large. Nevertheless Jeremy Barrier in his recent book has much agreement across the spectrum of scholarship that the APTh was widely used by the early church, 4 leaving the lack of any first century mention of Thecla as curious, and underlining the widespread acceptance of a date of APTh s composition sometime in the second century. The first mention of Thecla is from the Christian theologian Tertullian in the very late second century or the early second century. Tertullian s attention to Thecla in De baptismo 5 focused on two issues: The fear that writings about Thecla could allow women to teach and to baptize. 6 Glenn Snyder says it is likely that this assertion from Tertullian references the APTh. 7 Indeed APTh contains a major story in which Thecla baptizes herself. In addition, it seems that both the written character of the APTh and the already substantial influence that this writing had had on communities and women bothered Tertullian. It is, of course the case that Tertullian at least occasionally imagined dangers that were not real, but here the details provided seem to suggest that Tertullian knows of a significant number of people that have been in his view influenced negatively by their reading of the APTh. Although a number of relatively new manuscripts of the APTh have been discovered, none of them seem to be as early as the second century in terms of the actual copied manuscript. Although not in exactly in the style of the APTh, the Physiologus, some of which may go back to the second century, clearly tells about Thecla escaping Thamyris and being saved from the dangers of Antioch and Iconium (stories also near the heart of APTh s drama). 8 It is also unclear how long Tertullian had been worried about the written APTh. Especially since Tertullian was known for critique of Christian competitors from nearly a hundred 3 Cf. the work of Peter Dunn. He suggests that Thecla could have met Paul in the late 40s CE, which could make the composition of APTh possible somewhere between the mid-50s and Jeremy W.Barrier, Acts of Paul and Thecla. 25. Barrier s exact quotation refers to the Acts of Paul, another term for the APTh. Cf. survey below of this title. 5 Tertulliani Opera 17.5 (ed. Borleffs; CCSL 1:1; Turnhout: Brepols, 1954) De baptism, Cf. Glenn E. Snyder, The Acts of Paul: The Formation of a Pauline Canon. Mohr Siebeck, 2013;3.3.3 Snyder continues: (A)t least three conclusions may be inferred: (1) Tertullian is concerned that Thekla s example may be used by some to argue for women teaching and baptizing; and whether he is addressing an historical or imagined scenario, his concern seems to be with people reading about Thekla s example and arguing on that basis; (2) if this is so, then Tertullian knows of the existence of some written form of what we today call the Acts of Paul and Thecla; and (3) if Tertullian used the phrase acta Pauli, he therefore would have been referring at minimum to the Acts of Paul and Thecla by the title Acts of Paul. 8 Cf. Snyder, 3.0.

3 Westar Spring 2017 Taussig, Technical History of Thecla 3 years before him (one of his major works was against Marcion who was born in the first century), it is quite possible that Tertullian s attack on the APTh allows that the book may have been written in the first half of the second century. In any case Tertullian s late second century De baptism is almost certainly the first written reference to the Acts of Paul and Thecla. This is because we do not have the earliest manuscripts of APTh. This leads us to examine the manuscript tradition of Thecla and for the most part APTh. Thecla s Complex Manuscript Traditions What are the Acts of Paul? If only to underline the complexity of this manuscript study, it is nearly impossible to begin with manuscripts called APTh. The explanation of APTh must begin with a number of manuscripts called the Acts of Paul, many of which have very significantly different content from one another. Indeed some manuscripts of APTh are contained in various versions of the Acts of Paul. Two of the most important Acts of Paul manuscripts are a fourth-century Greek manuscript titled Acts of Paul and housed in Hamburg, Germany, and a late fifthcentury or early sixth century Coptic manuscript titled The Acts of Paul according to the Apostle and housed in Heidelberg, Germany. Indeed these two manuscripts, although both relatively recently discovered, are now being used to categorize a larger set of Acts of Paul manuscripts for the prestigious Corpus Christianorum Series Apocryphorum. In fact, however, each of these two manuscripts (now representing two kinds of Acts of Paul manuscripts) are stunningly different in their content. The Papyrus Heid. contains seven story cycles that are not at all in the Papyrus Hamb., including the Acts of Paul and Thecla as one of those seven cycles; while the Hamburg manuscript contains one cycle of material that the Heidelberg manuscript does not include. And, there are three cycles of material which both manuscripts include. And then, of course, each manuscript now is representing a number of other manuscripts, all of which are not the same in content, 9 all of which more or less have a title and some content something like the Acts of Paul. In terms of the figure of Thecla, the some 50 separate manuscripts with content of the Acts of Paul and Thecla now fall in mainstream scholarship under the CCSA Heidelberg category of the Acts of Paul. In other words, the title of Acts of Paul manuscripts is very confusing in that the more than 100 different manuscripts under this title vary widely. To add to the complexity (if not confusion) a good number of them actually don t have the title of the Acts of Paul, but some other title like the Martyrdom of Paul, the Ephesians Act, the 9 This is perhaps not too unlike the Western and Alexandrian categories of New Testament texts.

4 Westar Spring 2017 Taussig, Technical History of Thecla 4 Martyrdom of Saint Thecla, The Life and Miracles of (Saint) Thecla, Passion Narrative of Paul, the Acts of Paul and Thecla and 3 Corinthians. This has led scholars to two major, yet quite opposing, conclusions about whether one can really affirm the Acts of Paul as a coherent document. Although in the very early centuries there is confusion, conflict, and conflation of all sorts (for instance, Eusebius in the fourth century did not think that the Acts of Paul are genuine, 10 the sixth century Codex Clarmonontus had the Acts of Paul on its canonical list 11 ); for the greater part of the past two thousand years, both church authorities and scholars have treated the Acts of Paul as a real serious doubts have been raised successfully by scholars as to whether there was ever such an actual book/literary unit as the Acts of Paul. 12 Rather these scholars propose that the Acts of Paul are more like a corral in which different bodies are temporarily contained. Nevertheless, a number of important scholars still hold that the Acts of Paul was originally and continuously a decipherable document. 13 In terms of the figure of Thecla, it is only in the last 30 years that the APTh has been recognized as a document independent from the Acts of Paul, especially since the Acts of Paul and Thecla had been so often included in the (perhaps collated) Acts of Paul. What has been crucial for this recent recognition of an independent second century APTh (in an ironic way) is the criticism by Tertullian of a kind of acta Pauli (which is more for Tertullian a loose group of books) in which Thecla is the key figure. Gregory 10 Eusebius, Hist. Ecc Snyder, Acts of Paul, Various theories and categories have been proposed by Dennis R. MacDonald, Shelly Matthews, James Dunn, Richard Pervo, William S. Babcock, Bernadette Brooten, Sheila E, McGinn, John Dominic Crossan, Daniel Marguerat, and others. I find the work of Gregory Snyder as the most cogent and thorough rejection of the literary category of the Acts of Paul. Although he recognizes the title being used as early as the third century and understands that Tertullian cited some kinds of literature that he called Acta Pauli, he does not think there was ever a real book of that name. To this end, he argues successfully that real documents called 3 Corinthians, Acts of Paul and Thecla, and Act of Ephesians (all major portions of collections later called the Acts of Paul) circulated very early separate from anything called the Acts of Paul. Even while using, for instance, the important categorizations of the work of the Corpus Christianorum Series Apocryphorum, his case for the Acts of Paul being more a later category of collections of the early separate documents and other material remains strong. 13This more classical take on the Acts of Paul is clearly held by the leadership of the Corpus Christianorum Series Apocryphorum. But it is also supported by a recent and nuanced book by Jeremy W. Barrier, The Acts of Paul and Thecla: A Critical Edition and Commentary. His rationale is as follows: (T)wo Greek manuscripts along with Ehren s Syriac commentaries were able to: (1) reinforce an original Greek document of a complete AP at a very early stage, (2) reaffirm the original independent circulation of 3 Corinthians in the earlier part of the second century, and (3) demonstrate definitively a united AP including all subsequent writings mentioned above. (29)

5 Westar Spring 2017 Taussig, Technical History of Thecla 5 Snyder appropriately parses Tertullian s opinions about Thecla as Tertullian probably refers to the Acts of Paul and Thecla. 14 Indeed in his passion to critique the APTh, Tertullian claims to know exactly who its author is and that it is a frequent aberration in the of category of acta Pauli. Following the work of Esther Ng, 15 Snyder quotes Tertullian as identifying the (dangerous) author of the Acts of Paul and Thecla as an elder: Let them know that the presbyter who compiled that document, as if adding from his own to the titulus of Paul, having been convicted and 16 confessed that he had done it out of love for Paul, resigned from his position. 17 Of course, it is not just that Tertullian s criticism of what he has read about Thecla almost certainly must be APTh. Rather there are also among the many manuscripts labeled as the Acts of Paul a number of manuscripts that contain only the APTh. The scholarly tradition of the Acts of Paul has hidden the reality of a free-standing APTh and in many cases still is hiding the very notion that there is a free-standing set of APTh manuscripts. 18 Growth of Acts of Paul and Thecla manuscript traditions. In the third century there is indication that other writers know the APTh. Origen uses a clause that is found in APTh. And third-century Psalm Book of Manichean derivation cites Thecla twice, plausibly from the APTh. It is in the fourth through sixth centuries, and again in the 17 th through 19th centuries that manuscripts of the APTh grew quite rapidly. From the fourth to sixth centuries at least 50 APTh manuscripts were produced. With the manuscripts proliferating, in some cases new stories were attached to APTh. With the growing popularity Thecla now was called in some manuscript titles holy, saint, and glorified one. And in the fourth century another whole contemporizing Thecla story was added alongside the APTh. Travels to Egeria, a travelogue of a Spanish nun told of her travels to Seleucia to visit a monastery where Thecla s followers worked 19 and 15 Esther Ng, Acts of Paul and Thecla, 21, Lipsius-Bonnet, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, De baptismo, Cf. the fifth chapter of Gregory Snyder s recent book, The Acts of Paul. It is important to note that Snyder has named his book for the category he disassembles. Here is his description of how his work in Chapter 5 is in the process of helping dismantle the category and title of the Acts of Paul: Chapter Five considers the problem of parts and whole by studying the manuscripts that collect several Acts of Paul Cf. Jeremy W. Barrier, Acts of Paul and Thecla, 27.

6 Westar Spring 2017 Taussig, Technical History of Thecla 6 studied. 20 Similarly in fourth century Alexandria, Athanasius use of APTh s sparked the use of APTh in women s spiritual disciplines and perhaps in Antinoopolis where the Martyrdom of Saints Paese and Thecla was written in the fifth century. 21 Since in the APTh Thecla successfully survives both attacks in the arena and an attempt to burn her to death and lives as a teacher and healer until she dies of old age, it is surprising that the titles of the APTh fifth and sixth century manuscripts point her toward martyrdom. Even the term glorified one intuits a violent death, but other manuscript titles in these two centuries point in this direction more obviously with the epithet of protomartyr. Then later come the Greek title of The Martyrdom of Thecla 22 and the Latin title of The Passio of Thecla. 23 Finally, shortly before 476 CE the APTh story is reframed, given a first-person voice of a follower of Thecla, accompanied by numerous miracles and given the title of the Life and Miracles of Saint Thecla. A more recent trove of APTh documents have been found in the 20 th century at 17 th to 19 th century convents of Syriac nuns. Although many of these are not yet properly catalogued, initial study of them has indicated important connections in these manuscripts between the broad renewal of convent life in Syria from the 17 th to early 19 th centuries and fourth though seventh century ancient Syriac versions of the Acts of Paul and Thecla. Some of these manuscripts show a complex amalgam of ancient Syriac versions of APTh (which in themselves have differences with the other ancient manuscripts described above 24 ) with later 17 th to 19 th century Syrian convent renewal. Catherine Burris 2010 University of North Carolina dissertation concentrates on an ancient Syriac version of the APTh and examines carefully its differences and similarities with other ancient manuscripts studied in this paper. But her findings include the following observation: the cumulative result of the series of textual undertakings witnessed in the manuscript indicates an eventual association of Thecla with monastic women, an association that authorized and encouraged the female monastic life. 25 Further study of these new manuscripts will be needed, and it seems likely that the APTh manuscript breadth will increase. 20 Cf. Stevan Davies, The Cult of Thecla: A Tradition of Women s Piety in Late Antiquity, Chapter Two, for a description of the 20 th century archeological site, where much of the fourth century remains have been studied. 21 Ibid, Davies. 22 Cf. the excellent study by Elizabeth Castelli, Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making. 23 Snyder, Cf,, The 2010 dissertation of Catherine Burris The Reception of the Acts of Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Translation, Collection, and Reception. 25 Ibid, 3.

7 Westar Spring 2017 Taussig, Technical History of Thecla 7 Conclusion. Thecla is a major character in the emergence of early Christianity. There is a plethora of manuscripts. 26 Unlike the case of many documents from the earliest Christ movements, these Thecla manuscripts were never lost. Except for Protestantism, Thecla in her several guises has almost been present, and in a number of eras highly popular. Due to Protestant dominance of scholarship of the first five centuries, Thecla has slowly disappeared from public view, hidden behind a large pile of documents called the Acts of Paul. Continuing to sort through the partly hidden manuscript piles and continuing to explore the often ignored traditions of Syriac Christianity will make more sense of this legacy. 26 John Dominic Crossan has made strong gestures to reframe the importance of Thecla by changing the title of the Acts of Paul and Thecla to the Acts of Thecla. Cf. his two works on this subject, In Search of Paul: How Jesus s Apostle Opposed Rome s Empire with God s Kingdom and A Woman Equal to Paul: Who is She? Biblical Revue 21.3 (2005) 29-31, 46, 48.

(Notes Week 3) Dionysius of Alexandria (cir AD, served as bishop) Cyprian of Carthage (cir AD, served as bishop)

(Notes Week 3) Dionysius of Alexandria (cir AD, served as bishop) Cyprian of Carthage (cir AD, served as bishop) (Notes Week 3) Further Developments in The Third Century Origen is important in the development of the canon because of his many written works with thousands of citations from the accepted biblical texts.

More information

Yarchin, William. History of Biblical Interpretation: A Reader. Grand Rapids: Baker

Yarchin, William. History of Biblical Interpretation: A Reader. Grand Rapids: Baker Yarchin, William. History of Biblical Interpretation: A Reader. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004. 444pp. $37.00. As William Yarchin, author of History of Biblical Interpretation: A Reader, notes in his

More information

We Rely On The New Testament

We Rely On The New Testament 238 The Kingdom, The Power, and The Glory LESSON 10 We Rely On The New Testament You have learned many things about the books of the New Testament in the previous lessons. You have learned about the political,

More information

Maverick Scholarship and the Apocrypha. FARMS Review 19/2 (2007): (print), (online)

Maverick Scholarship and the Apocrypha. FARMS Review 19/2 (2007): (print), (online) Title Author(s) Reference ISSN Abstract Maverick Scholarship and the Apocrypha Thomas A. Wayment FARMS Review 19/2 (2007): 209 14. 1550-3194 (print), 2156-8049 (online) Review of The Pre-Nicene New Testament:

More information

Outline LATER CHRISTIAN VIEWS OF JESUS SOME EARLY CHURCH SOURCES. Some Early Church Sources ú Ehrman s 8 examples ú The agrapha

Outline LATER CHRISTIAN VIEWS OF JESUS SOME EARLY CHURCH SOURCES. Some Early Church Sources ú Ehrman s 8 examples ú The agrapha Class 4b LATER CHRISTIAN VIEWS OF JESUS Outline Some Early Church Sources ú Ehrman s 8 examples ú The agrapha Apocrypha & Canon ú Apocrypha : definition, examples ú The definition of the canon Gnostic

More information

B. FF Bruce 1. a list of writings acknowledged by the church as documents of divine revelation 2. a series or list, a rule of faith or rule of truth

B. FF Bruce 1. a list of writings acknowledged by the church as documents of divine revelation 2. a series or list, a rule of faith or rule of truth The Canon I. The Definition of Canon A. Lexham English Bible Dictionary 1. The term canon comes from the Greek word κανών (kanōn), which refers to an instrument used as a measuring rod in architecture.

More information

We Rely on the New Testament

We Rely on the New Testament 248 LESSON 10 We Rely on the New Testament You have learned many things about the books of the New Testament in the previous lessons. You have learned about the political, religious, and cultural circumstances

More information

INTRODUCTORY MATTERS

INTRODUCTORY MATTERS S E S S I O N T W O INTRODUCTORY MATTERS Session Objectives: By the end of this session, the student should... 1) be able to explain and defend the general date of the Book of Hebrews 2) understand the

More information

Per the majority of scholars, the first credible list of NT books accepted by early Christians is the 'Muratorian Fragment', a Latin fragment

Per the majority of scholars, the first credible list of NT books accepted by early Christians is the 'Muratorian Fragment', a Latin fragment 1 2 Per the majority of scholars, the first credible list of NT books accepted by early Christians is the 'Muratorian Fragment', a Latin fragment scholars consider to have been translated from a Greek

More information

How were the sixty-six books chosen to be in the Bible? Why these sixty-six? Why not a few more (or a few less)? Why these books and not others?

How were the sixty-six books chosen to be in the Bible? Why these sixty-six? Why not a few more (or a few less)? Why these books and not others? Week 4 Bible Canon Adapted from an article written by: Hal Seed, Lead Pastor, New Song Community Church http://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/topical-studies/who-decided-what-went-into-thebible.html

More information

Statements of Un-Faith: What Do Our Churches Really Believe about the Preservation of Scripture?

Statements of Un-Faith: What Do Our Churches Really Believe about the Preservation of Scripture? Updated 06/18 Statements of Un-Faith: What Do Our Churches Really Believe about the Preservation of Scripture? Practically all churches, denominations, Bible colleges, seminaries, and other religious organizations

More information

Author Information 1. 1 Information adapted from David Nienhuis - Seatle Pacific University, February 18, 2015, n.p.

Author Information 1. 1 Information adapted from David Nienhuis - Seatle Pacific University, February 18, 2015, n.p. Casey Hough Review of Reading the Epistles of James, Peter, John & Jude as Scripture The Shaping & Shape of a Canonical Collection Submitted to Dr. Craig Price for the course BISR9302 NT Genre February

More information

The Newest Testament

The Newest Testament 1 Tom Coop July 29, 2018 2 Timothy 3:14 4:5 The Newest Testament It has been nearly 2,000 years since the bits and pieces of what would become the most influential book in history were written, over a

More information

WHO WROTE HEBREWS? Three common theories. 1) Paul wrote it (perhaps still held by the majority)

WHO WROTE HEBREWS? Three common theories. 1) Paul wrote it (perhaps still held by the majority) WHO WROTE HEBREWS? Three common theories 1) Paul wrote it (perhaps still held by the majority) 2) An inspired writer could have written it (Paul / someone else) 3) An inspired writer other than Paul could

More information

Here s Something about the Bible of the First Christians I Bet Many of You Didn t Know

Here s Something about the Bible of the First Christians I Bet Many of You Didn t Know Here s Something about the Bible of the First Christians I Bet Many of You Didn t Know July 1, 2013 By Peter Enns Before there was a New Testament, the Bible of the first Christians (the writers of the

More information

The History of the Liturgy

The History of the Liturgy The History of the Liturgy THE FIRST FOUR CENTURIES Introduction: +The Liturgy and its rites were delivered by the Apostles to the churches, which they had established. (Mark 14:22-23) (1cor 11:23-26)

More information

Statements of Un-Faith: What Do Our Churches and Denominations Really Believe about the Preservation of Scripture?

Statements of Un-Faith: What Do Our Churches and Denominations Really Believe about the Preservation of Scripture? Statements of Un-Faith: What Do Our Churches and Denominations Really Believe about the Preservation of Scripture? Practically all churches, denominations, Bible colleges, seminaries, and other religious

More information

How To Read, Study, and Understand The Bible

How To Read, Study, and Understand The Bible How To Read, Study, and Understand The Bible Theopneustos Delayed Parousia Pseudepigraphy Canon: The list of sacred books that serve as the rule of faith and life for the Christian church Canonization

More information

WHERE DID THE NEW TESTAMENT COME FROM?

WHERE DID THE NEW TESTAMENT COME FROM? WHERE DID THE NEW TESTAMENT COME FROM? The question of where the New Testament came from is an extremely important one. It is where we get our knowledge of who Jesus is, why he came, and why it should

More information

Is It True that Some NT Documents Were First Written in Aramaic/Syriac and THEN in Greek?

Is It True that Some NT Documents Were First Written in Aramaic/Syriac and THEN in Greek? Is It True that Some NT Documents Were First Written in Aramaic/Syriac and THEN in Greek? I have been asked what is wrong with this bible by George Lamsa which is a translation from the Aramaic of the

More information

Apostolic Canonization (Part 2) Duplication, Circulation, & Collection of the NT Canon Copyright 2013 by Edward E. Stevens. All rights reserved.

Apostolic Canonization (Part 2) Duplication, Circulation, & Collection of the NT Canon Copyright 2013 by Edward E. Stevens. All rights reserved. Apostolic Canonization (Part 2) Duplication, Circulation, & Collection of the NT Canon Copyright 2013 by Edward E. Stevens. All rights reserved. This series of lessons is affirming that all 27 books of

More information

THE ACTS OF PAUL AND THECLA.

THE ACTS OF PAUL AND THECLA. THE ACTS OF PAUL AND THECLA. By EDGAR J. GOODSPEED, The University of Chicago. THE religious romance known as the Acts of Paul and Thecla has of late become the object of peculiar interest through the

More information

1/12. The A Paralogisms

1/12. The A Paralogisms 1/12 The A Paralogisms The character of the Paralogisms is described early in the chapter. Kant describes them as being syllogisms which contain no empirical premises and states that in them we conclude

More information

Didn t Make the Cut: Books that Didn t Make the Bible Session 1

Didn t Make the Cut: Books that Didn t Make the Bible Session 1 Didn t Make the Cut: Books that Didn t Make the Bible Session 1 Scripture is vitally important and as 2 Timothy 3:16-17 reminds us: All scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching, for reproof,

More information

WHO SELECTED THE CANON?: DOES THE WATCHTOWER TELL US THE WHOLE STORY? Doug Mason 1

WHO SELECTED THE CANON?: DOES THE WATCHTOWER TELL US THE WHOLE STORY? Doug Mason 1 WHO SELECTED THE CANON?: DOES THE WATCHTOWER TELL US THE WHOLE STORY? Doug Mason 1 At pages 27 to 29 of its article Does the Bible Tell Us the Whole Story About Jesus? The Watchtower of April 1, 2010 discusses

More information

xxviii Introduction John, and many other fascinating texts ranging in date from the second through the middle of the fourth centuries A.D. The twelve

xxviii Introduction John, and many other fascinating texts ranging in date from the second through the middle of the fourth centuries A.D. The twelve Introduction For those interested in Jesus of Nazareth and the origins of Christianity, the Gospel of Thomas is the most important manuscript discovery ever made. Apart from the canonical scriptures and

More information

Jesus: The Son of God, Our Glorious High Priest Hebrews 1 13: An Introduction and Overview What Do You Know About Hebrews?

Jesus: The Son of God, Our Glorious High Priest Hebrews 1 13: An Introduction and Overview What Do You Know About Hebrews? Jesus: The Son of God, Our Glorious High Priest Hebrews 1 13: An Introduction and Overview What Do You Know About Hebrews? What Do You Want to Know About Hebrews? Who Wrote Hebrews? 1 Paul? Clement of

More information

The Dead Sea Scrolls. Core Biblical Studies. George J. Brooke University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom

The Dead Sea Scrolls. Core Biblical Studies. George J. Brooke University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom RBL 06/2014 Peter W. Flint The Dead Sea Scrolls Core Biblical Studies Nashville: Abingdon, 2013. Pp. xxiv + 212. Paper. $29.99. ISBN 9780687494491. George J. Brooke University of Manchester Manchester,

More information

Why Does Mark s Gospel Omit the Resurrection and the Virgin Birth?

Why Does Mark s Gospel Omit the Resurrection and the Virgin Birth? Why Does Mark s Gospel Omit the Resurrection and the Virgin Birth? If Jesus really did rise from the dead, why didn t Mark say he saw him after the fact? Is Mark not the first gospel written? If I had

More information

From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction

From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction Let me see if I can say a few things to re-cap our first discussion of the Transcendental Logic, and help you get a foothold for what follows. Kant

More information

Was There a Secret Gospel of Mark?

Was There a Secret Gospel of Mark? 7.29 Was There a Secret Gospel of Mark? One of the most intriguing episodes in New Testament scholarship concerns the reputed discovery of an alternative version of Mark s Gospel indeed, an uncensored

More information

How To Read, Study, and Understand The Bible

How To Read, Study, and Understand The Bible How To Read, Study, and Understand The Bible Theopneustos ü The scriptures are not human in their origin ü God is the principle author II Peter 1:20,21 ü The scriptures carry the creative power and authority

More information

JOURNEYS THROUGH THE BIBLE

JOURNEYS THROUGH THE BIBLE JOURNEYS THROUGH THE BIBLE #7. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES 1. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES is the name given to the second New Testament book written by Luke for Theophilus (Luke 1:3). Though some contend the

More information

Available as an ebook or in print Wiley-Blackwell Amazon. From the cover

Available as an ebook or in print Wiley-Blackwell Amazon. From the cover Available as an ebook or in print Wiley-Blackwell Amazon From the cover From Jesus to the Internet is the first systematic survey of the historical relationship between Christianity and media. Although

More information

OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT: A TEXTUAL STUDY

OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT: A TEXTUAL STUDY OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT: A TEXTUAL STUDY (By Professor Ron Minton - Baptist Bible Graduate School, 628 East Kearney Springfield, MO 65803) [Central States SBL/ASOR Annual Meeting

More information

a little world made cunningly scott david finch

a little world made cunningly scott david finch a little world made cunningly scott david finch a little world made cunningly a little world made cunningly scott david finch Copyright 2012 by Scott David Finch All rights reserved first printing designer:

More information

"Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus and 1Cor 14:34-5" NTS 41 (1995) Philip B. Payne

Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus and 1Cor 14:34-5 NTS 41 (1995) Philip B. Payne "Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus and 1Cor 14:34-5" NTS 41 (1995) 240-262 Philip B. Payne [first part p. 240-250, discussing in detail 1 Cor 14.34-5 is omitted.] Codex Vaticanus Codex Vaticanus

More information

The Origin of the Bible. Part 4 The New Testament Canon

The Origin of the Bible. Part 4 The New Testament Canon The Origin of the Bible Part 4 The New Testament Canon Series Outline Accuracy of the Transmission (Lower Textual Criticism) Old Testament New Testament The New Testament Canon Inspiration (Scripture as

More information

How to Teach The Writings of the New Testament, 3 rd Edition Luke Timothy Johnson

How to Teach The Writings of the New Testament, 3 rd Edition Luke Timothy Johnson How to Teach The Writings of the New Testament, 3 rd Edition Luke Timothy Johnson As every experienced instructor understands, textbooks can be used in a variety of ways for effective teaching. In this

More information

ST. PETER S SEMINARY at The University of Western Ontario Fall Historical Theology 5121A PATROLOGY

ST. PETER S SEMINARY at The University of Western Ontario Fall Historical Theology 5121A PATROLOGY ST. PETER S SEMINARY at The University of Western Ontario Fall 2011 Historical Theology 5121A PATROLOGY Tuesdays 7 9pm St. Peter s Seminary, Room 108 Professor: Renée D. Pereira rperei2@uwo.ca Office hours

More information

CLASSICS (CLASSICS) Classics (CLASSICS) 1. CLASSICS 205 GREEK AND LATIN ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMS 3 credits. Enroll Info: None

CLASSICS (CLASSICS) Classics (CLASSICS) 1. CLASSICS 205 GREEK AND LATIN ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMS 3 credits. Enroll Info: None Classics (CLASSICS) 1 CLASSICS (CLASSICS) CLASSICS 100 LEGACY OF GREECE AND ROME IN MODERN CULTURE Explores the legacy of ancient Greek and Roman Civilization in modern culture. Challenges students to

More information

Books of the Old Testament Torah ( the Law ) Writings The Prophets Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy. Wisdom and Poetry:

Books of the Old Testament Torah ( the Law ) Writings The Prophets Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy. Wisdom and Poetry: Books of the Old Testament Torah ( the Law ) Writings The Prophets Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Traditionally, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings are included in the Prophets, while Daniel,

More information

Systematic Theology #1: The Bible

Systematic Theology #1: The Bible Systematic Theology #1: The Bible COURSE OVERVIEW The goal of this course is to help students understand some of the major points regarding the major systematic doctrines taught in the Bible. An increased

More information

Celestial Grace Temple

Celestial Grace Temple Who or What is Apocrypha, or The Apostolic Age Apocrypha or The Apostolic Age of the history of Christianity is traditionally the period of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, dating from the Great Commission

More information

Our Lord Jesus is our merciful and faithful high priest and this elegant and rich truth about Jesus is one that Christians

Our Lord Jesus is our merciful and faithful high priest and this elegant and rich truth about Jesus is one that Christians Our Great High Priest Our Lord Jesus is our merciful and faithful high priest and this elegant and rich truth about Jesus is one that Christians rarely hear about. It is wonderful to know that Jesus is

More information

Chapter 1 What Are We Talking about When We Talk about The Bible?

Chapter 1 What Are We Talking about When We Talk about The Bible? Chapter 1 What Are We Talking about When We Talk about The Bible? At any Episcopal worship service, you will hear passages from the Bible. What, exactly, is the text from which we read in church? In this

More information

The Bible in Our Life

The Bible in Our Life The Bible in Our Life Discovering the New Testament Live the Word of God May the rising sun find you with a Bible in your hand -4 th Century Desert Father Eat the Word of God We eat His Flesh and drink

More information

Transitional comments or questions now open each chapter, creating greater coherence within the book as a whole.

Transitional comments or questions now open each chapter, creating greater coherence within the book as a whole. preface The first edition of Anatomy of the New Testament was published in 1969. Forty-four years later its authors are both amazed and gratified that this book has served as a useful introduction to the

More information

Building Systematic Theology

Building Systematic Theology 1 Building Systematic Theology Lesson Guide LESSON ONE WHAT IS SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY? 2013 by Third Millennium Ministries www.thirdmill.org For videos, manuscripts, and other resources, visit Third Millennium

More information

The Book of Revelation Study Notes: 1

The Book of Revelation Study Notes: 1 The Book of Revelation Study Notes: 1 The Author of The Revelation The author was most likely the apostle John, the son of Zebedee, brother of James, and author of the gospel of John and three epistles.

More information

BOOK REVIEW. Carter, Warren, Seven Events that Shaped the New Testament World (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013). xxi pp. Pbk. $21.99 USD.

BOOK REVIEW. Carter, Warren, Seven Events that Shaped the New Testament World (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013). xxi pp. Pbk. $21.99 USD. [JGRChJ 9 (2013) R99-R103] BOOK REVIEW Carter, Warren, Seven Events that Shaped the New Testament World (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013). xxi + 162 pp. Pbk. $21.99 USD. In this book, Warren Carter,

More information

The Origin of the Bible. Part 3 Transmission of the New Testament

The Origin of the Bible. Part 3 Transmission of the New Testament The Origin of the Bible Part 3 Transmission of the New Testament Series Outline Accuracy of the Transmission (Lower Textual Criticism) Old Testament New Testament More on the Apocrypha and the Canon Inspiration

More information

(Editorial Note: The following excerpt from Who Wrote the Gospels?

(Editorial Note: The following excerpt from Who Wrote the Gospels? (Editorial Note: The following excerpt from Who Wrote the Gospels? is from a prepublication version of the text and may contain some typos and some minor changes from the final printed version.) Buy this

More information

LECTURE THREE TRANSLATION ISSUE: MANUSCRIPT DIFFERENCES

LECTURE THREE TRANSLATION ISSUE: MANUSCRIPT DIFFERENCES LECTURE THREE TRANSLATION ISSUE: MANUSCRIPT DIFFERENCES MANUSCRIPT DIFFERENCES - 1 Another issue that must be addressed by translators is what original manuscript(s) should be used as the source material

More information

Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire & Emerging Europe, A.D Lesson 3: The Early Christian Church

Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire & Emerging Europe, A.D Lesson 3: The Early Christian Church Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire & Emerging Europe, A.D. 50 800 Lesson 3: The Early Christian Church World History Bell Ringer #35 11-13-17 1. Which of the following may have contributed to the decline

More information

Session #1: Acts of the Apostles

Session #1: Acts of the Apostles Compiled and written by Theresa Lisiecki There are two ways of writing history. There is the way which attempts to trace the course of events from week to week and from day to day; and there is the way

More information

The Directory for Worship: A Study Guide for the Proposed Revision

The Directory for Worship: A Study Guide for the Proposed Revision The Directory for Worship: A Study Guide for the Proposed Revision This study guide is designed to facilitate understanding and discussion of the proposed revision to the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Directory

More information

Contents. 1. A Carpenter Named Joseph Whose Child Is This? Raising a Child Not Your Own The Journey to Bethlehem...

Contents. 1. A Carpenter Named Joseph Whose Child Is This? Raising a Child Not Your Own The Journey to Bethlehem... Contents 1. A Carpenter Named Joseph.... 9 2. Whose Child Is This?... 35 3. Raising a Child Not Your Own... 59 4. The Journey to Bethlehem... 85 The Rest of the Story... 113 R Notes.... 139 Acknowledgments....

More information

Larry W. Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity

Larry W. Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity Larry W. Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity Luke T Johnson, Emory University Journal Title: Scottish Journal of Theology Volume: Volume 59, Number 3 Publisher: Cambridge

More information

Understanding the Bible

Understanding the Bible Facilitator The Rev. Dr. Darryl B. Starnes, Sr. Director, Bureau of Evangelism African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Charlotte, North Carolina Understanding the Bible Copyright 2005 Bureau of Evangelism

More information

Valley Bible Church Theology Studies. Transmission

Valley Bible Church Theology Studies. Transmission Transmission After the original biblical text was penned by the authors (or by the secretary of the author, cf. Romans 16:22), it was copied for the purpose of circulating the writing to God's people.

More information

Lord, I Would Follow Thee (hymn no. 220) 13a. Luke, the Compassionate and Detailed Evangelist 2/17/2016 2/17/2016

Lord, I Would Follow Thee (hymn no. 220) 13a. Luke, the Compassionate and Detailed Evangelist 2/17/2016 2/17/2016 13a. Luke, the Compassionate and Detailed Evangelist Although Matthew is divided into more chapters than Luke, Luke s account of the ministry of Jesus Christ is the longest of the four canonical Gospels

More information

Classical Models for the Interpretation of Scripture: Patristic and Middle Age

Classical Models for the Interpretation of Scripture: Patristic and Middle Age Classical Models for the Interpretation of Scripture: Patristic and Middle Age The Big Question: What To Do With the Hebrew Bible? --------------------- Early Solutions (from last week): Matthew see in

More information

The Directory for Worship: From the Sanctuary to the Street A Study Guide* for the Proposed Revision

The Directory for Worship: From the Sanctuary to the Street A Study Guide* for the Proposed Revision The Directory for Worship: From the Sanctuary to the Street A Study Guide* for the Proposed Revision *This study guide is designed to facilitate conversation and feedback on the proposed revision to the

More information

T he sub-series Scriptores Celtigenae of Corpus Christianorum Series Latina originated in April 1987 by an agreement between Brepols Publishers on one

T he sub-series Scriptores Celtigenae of Corpus Christianorum Series Latina originated in April 1987 by an agreement between Brepols Publishers on one CORPVS CHRISTIANORVM SCRIPTORES CELTIGENAE T he sub-series Scriptores Celtigenae of Corpus Christianorum Series Latina originated in April 1987 by an agreement between Brepols Publishers on one side and

More information

How We Got OUf Bible III. BODY OF LESSON

How We Got OUf Bible III. BODY OF LESSON How We Got OUf Bible Introduction: A In order to know how we are to serve God we depend on a book that is printed in the twentieth century, but alleges to have been written, some of it as long as 3,500

More information

To the Catechist. Lutheran Catechesis Series

To the Catechist. Lutheran Catechesis Series To the Catechist The Catechist Edition of was prepared to assist pastors, day school teachers, homeschoolers, and parents in discussing the Bible Stories from with their catechumens. Catechists are not

More information

Change During A Time of Transition

Change During A Time of Transition Leaven Volume 22 Issue 2 Gender Inclusion in Christian Churches Article 7 1-1-2014 Change During A Time of Transition Todd Edmundson TEDMONDSON@MILLIGAN.EDU Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/leaven

More information

World Religions. These subject guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Introduction, Outline and Details all essays sections of this guide.

World Religions. These subject guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Introduction, Outline and Details all essays sections of this guide. World Religions These subject guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Introduction, Outline and Details all essays sections of this guide. Overview Extended essays in world religions provide

More information

been a highly debated issue within the Christian church since its inception. Throughout

been a highly debated issue within the Christian church since its inception. Throughout Travis Pickell October 6, 2008 Precept Paper: Egeria s Travels The relationship between the sacred and the profane realms of reality has been a highly debated issue within the Christian church since its

More information

Jerome revision of the old Latin version. Latin Vulgate What was the "Old Latin Vulgate?" received text Textus Receptus Who was Jerome?

Jerome revision of the old Latin version. Latin Vulgate What was the Old Latin Vulgate? received text Textus Receptus Who was Jerome? Jerome enters the arena of translating manuscripts In 382 AD Pope Damascus (Saint) requested Jerome to undertake a revision of the old Latin version. Jerome complied with this request and thus produced

More information

Gender, the Body, and Sexuality in Early Christianity MW, 14:00-15:20

Gender, the Body, and Sexuality in Early Christianity MW, 14:00-15:20 REL 426/526 Gender, the Body, and Sexuality in Early Christianity MW, 14:00-15:20 Professor: Dr. Stephen Shoemaker Office: 813 PLC ; Office Hours: MW 3:30-4:30 (or by appointment) Telephone: 346-4998;

More information

Response to Radius International s Criticism of Disciple Making Movements (DMM)

Response to Radius International s Criticism of Disciple Making Movements (DMM) 1 Response to Radius International s Criticism of Disciple Making Movements (DMM) By Ken Guenther, SEND International Responding to: A Brief Guide to DMM: Defining and Evaluating the Ideas Impacting Missions

More information

Eastern Orthodoxy By Tim Warner Copyright Pristine Faith Restoration Society

Eastern Orthodoxy By Tim Warner Copyright Pristine Faith Restoration Society Eastern Orthodoxy By Tim Warner Copyright Pristine Faith Restoration Society The position of the Pristine Faith Restoration Society should not be confused with the views of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

More information

1. What did the Old Testament talk about? What did the New Testament talk

1. What did the Old Testament talk about? What did the New Testament talk Chapter 4 Q:What is our relationship with Jesus and what does that mean for us 1 It is now full and complete since he died for our sins and this means that we are saved Q: What was Jesus ministry like

More information

The Book of Acts. Study Guide THE BACKGROUND OF ACTS LESSON ONE. The Book of Acts by Third Millennium Ministries

The Book of Acts. Study Guide THE BACKGROUND OF ACTS LESSON ONE. The Book of Acts by Third Millennium Ministries 1 Study Guide LESSON ONE THE BACKGROUND OF ACTS For videos, manuscripts, and other Lesson resources, 1: The Background visit Third Millennium of Acts Ministries at thirdmill.org. 2 CONTENTS HOW TO USE

More information

New Testament Basics. Acts' Story. NT109 LESSON 05 of 10. Introduction. I. Luke s Message in Acts

New Testament Basics. Acts' Story. NT109 LESSON 05 of 10. Introduction. I. Luke s Message in Acts New Testament Basics NT109 LESSON 05 of 10 Dr. Sid Buzzell Experience: Dean of Christian University GlobalNet Introduction The next two lessons focus on the book of Acts, where Luke continues the Gospels

More information

A Lawyer Rebuts The Da Vinci Code Part IV. By Randall K Broberg, Esq.

A Lawyer Rebuts The Da Vinci Code Part IV. By Randall K Broberg, Esq. A Lawyer Rebuts The Da Vinci Code Part IV By Randall K Broberg, Esq. Da Vinci Code Attacks on the Canon 1. Of the 80 gospels available, the church chose only four of the gospels and even these four present

More information

BOOK REVIEW. Thomas R. Schreiner, Interpreting the Pauline Epistles (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2nd edn, 2011). xv pp. Pbk. US$13.78.

BOOK REVIEW. Thomas R. Schreiner, Interpreting the Pauline Epistles (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2nd edn, 2011). xv pp. Pbk. US$13.78. [JGRChJ 9 (2011 12) R12-R17] BOOK REVIEW Thomas R. Schreiner, Interpreting the Pauline Epistles (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2nd edn, 2011). xv + 166 pp. Pbk. US$13.78. Thomas Schreiner is Professor

More information

REVIEWS. Willa J. TAN ABE, Paintings o f the Lotus Sutra. New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill, xviii pp. US$65.00 / 6,000.

REVIEWS. Willa J. TAN ABE, Paintings o f the Lotus Sutra. New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill, xviii pp. US$65.00 / 6,000. REVIEWS Willa J. TAN ABE, Paintings o f the Lotus Sutra. New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill, 1988. xviii + 318 pp. US$65.00 / 6,000. Willa Tanabe*s Paintings o f the Lotus Sutra is a well-organized study

More information

HOW WE GOT THE BIBLE #1 THE BIBLE COMBS INTO BEING SYNOPSIS: The history of writing goes back to the remote past. Writing was being practised

HOW WE GOT THE BIBLE #1 THE BIBLE COMBS INTO BEING SYNOPSIS: The history of writing goes back to the remote past. Writing was being practised HOW WE GOT THE BIBLE #1 THE BIBLE COMBS INTO BEING SYNOPSIS: The history of writing goes back to the remote past. Writing was being practised hundreds of years before the time of Moses. People wrote long

More information

Written by Jay Adams Tuesday, 16 November :29 - Last Updated Tuesday, 16 November :37

Written by Jay Adams Tuesday, 16 November :29 - Last Updated Tuesday, 16 November :37 Understanding the Telos of Scripture for Preaching By Jay E. Adams If the principals espoused below apply to counseling how much more do they apply to our preac hing? Editor. Adapted from a chapter in

More information

The Gospel of Luke 3, 4 & 5. An Overview of the Gospel

The Gospel of Luke 3, 4 & 5. An Overview of the Gospel The Gospel of Luke 3, 4 & 5. An Overview of the Gospel Notes by Linda Monyak. Last Update December 3, 2000 Topics 1. Luke, the historian 2. Luke, the theologian 3. Luke, the gospel 3.1. Introduction 3.2.

More information

Origen. 1 To catechize is to systematically instruct new believers in the faith.

Origen. 1 To catechize is to systematically instruct new believers in the faith. Origen Origen is one of my favorite authors. He was a deep and "out of the box" thinker. He was one of the most revered teachers of his time, but some of his more innovative ideas were condemned by later

More information

2012 Summer School Course of Study School ~ Emory University COS 511 New Testament II Session B: July 23 August 3, 2012: 8:00am-10:00am

2012 Summer School Course of Study School ~ Emory University COS 511 New Testament II Session B: July 23 August 3, 2012: 8:00am-10:00am 2012 Summer School Course of Study * School ~ Emory University COS 511 New Testament II Session B: July 23 August 3, 2012: 8:00am-10:00am Instructor: Shively T. J. Smith Email: shively.smith@gmail.com

More information

The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Rev. Ed PDF

The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Rev. Ed PDF The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Rev. Ed PDF Best-selling book on the Scrolls, updated to reflect current scholarship and recent debates The premier Dead Sea Scrolls primer ever since its original publication

More information

Jews and Anti-Judaism in Esther and the Church

Jews and Anti-Judaism in Esther and the Church INTRODUCTION The biblical book of Esther records an account of Jewish resistance to attempted genocide in the setting of the Persian Empire. According to the text, Jews were targeted for annihilation simply

More information

It was changed over the years what we read now bears no relation to any original

It was changed over the years what we read now bears no relation to any original Autumn 2017 Can we really trust the bible? (17 September 2017, Paul Langham) Reading: 2 Timothy 3:14-16 Introduction: St Paul left his gospel partner Timothy to lead the church in Ephesus. We join his

More information

ELA CCSS Grade Five. Fifth Grade Reading Standards for Literature (RL)

ELA CCSS Grade Five. Fifth Grade Reading Standards for Literature (RL) Common Core State s English Language Arts ELA CCSS Grade Five Title of Textbook : Shurley English Level 5 Student Textbook Publisher Name: Shurley Instructional Materials, Inc. Date of Copyright: 2013

More information

by Jeremy W. Barrier, Brite Divinity School, Texas Christian University

by Jeremy W. Barrier, Brite Divinity School, Texas Christian University 1 TERTULLIAN AND THE ACTS OF THECLA OR PAUL? READERSHIP OF THE ANCIENT CHRISTIAN NOVEL AND THE INVOCATION OF THECLINE AND PAULINE AUTHORITY by Jeremy W. Barrier, Brite Divinity School, Texas Christian

More information

EXECUTION AND INVENTION: DEATH PENALTY DISCOURSE IN EARLY RABBINIC. Press Pp $ ISBN:

EXECUTION AND INVENTION: DEATH PENALTY DISCOURSE IN EARLY RABBINIC. Press Pp $ ISBN: EXECUTION AND INVENTION: DEATH PENALTY DISCOURSE IN EARLY RABBINIC AND CHRISTIAN CULTURES. By Beth A. Berkowitz. Oxford University Press 2006. Pp. 349. $55.00. ISBN: 0-195-17919-6. Beth Berkowitz argues

More information

DEUTEROCANONICAL BOOKS INTRODUCTION TO THE COPTIC ORTHODOX CHURCH ARABIC VERSION By Dr. Murad Kamel

DEUTEROCANONICAL BOOKS INTRODUCTION TO THE COPTIC ORTHODOX CHURCH ARABIC VERSION By Dr. Murad Kamel DEUTEROCANONICAL BOOKS INTRODUCTION TO THE COPTIC ORTHODOX CHURCH ARABIC VERSION By Dr. Murad Kamel PROLOGUE, Some of the Christians gave the word Apocrypha to the following books that have been omitted

More information

REL Research Paper Guidelines and Assessment Rubric. Guidelines

REL Research Paper Guidelines and Assessment Rubric. Guidelines REL 327 - Research Paper Guidelines and Assessment Rubric Guidelines In order to assess the degree of your overall progress over the entire semester, you are expected to write an exegetical paper for your

More information

Lest Satan should take advantage of us; for we are not ignorant of his devices (2Cor.2: 11) + General Introduction +

Lest Satan should take advantage of us; for we are not ignorant of his devices (2Cor.2: 11) + General Introduction + Lest Satan should take advantage of us; for we are not ignorant of his devices (2Cor.2: 11) + General Introduction + I) Water & Wind: In his second Epistle to the Corinthians, St. Paul said that he is

More information

Hope Christian Fellowship Church Tuesday Night Bible Study Session I May 2, 2017

Hope Christian Fellowship Church Tuesday Night Bible Study Session I May 2, 2017 Hope Christian Fellowship Church Tuesday Night Bible Study Session I May 2, 2017 The four Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are our primary sources for learning about Jesus. Even though some of the

More information

Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire & Emerging Europe, A.D Lesson 4: The Age of Charlemagne

Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire & Emerging Europe, A.D Lesson 4: The Age of Charlemagne Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire & Emerging Europe, A.D. 50 800 Lesson 4: The Age of Charlemagne World History Bell Ringer #36 11-14-17 1. How did monks and nuns help to spread Christianity throughout Europe?

More information

Plato's Parmenides and the Dilemma of Participation

Plato's Parmenides and the Dilemma of Participation 1 di 5 27/12/2018, 18:22 Theory and History of Ontology by Raul Corazzon e-mail: rc@ontology.co INTRODUCTION: THE ANCIENT INTERPRETATIONS OF PLATOS' PARMENIDES "Plato's Parmenides was probably written

More information

CREOR CREOR LUNCH LECTURE SERIES PRESENTS WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. McGill Center for Research on Religion SEPTEMBER 2018 TO APRIL 2019

CREOR CREOR LUNCH LECTURE SERIES PRESENTS WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. McGill Center for Research on Religion SEPTEMBER 2018 TO APRIL 2019 CREOR LUNCH LECTURE SERIES PRESENTS WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT WORLD SEPTEMBER 2018 TO APRIL 2019 Click to add a photo or drag your photo here. CREOR McGill Center for Research on Religion Women in the Ancient

More information

GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW INTRODUCTION

GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW INTRODUCTION GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW INTRODUCTION There is only one Gospel of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ and there are four inspired versions of the one Gospel: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Gospel means "good

More information

THE TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY IN THE FOURTH CENTURY

THE TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY IN THE FOURTH CENTURY THE TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY IN THE FOURTH CENTURY THE TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BY DAVID BERNARD The Trinitarian Controversy In the Fourth Century by David K. Bernard 1993, David K.

More information