The Reformation 1. WHAT MUST WE DO TO BE SAVED? NOVEMBER 5, 2017

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1 1 The Reformation 1. WHAT MUST WE DO TO BE SAVED? NOVEMBER 5, 2017

2 2 From Mass

3 3 to Communion.

4 The Reformation changed everything! 4 Catechism of the Catholic Church, Article Individual and integral confession of grave sins followed by absolution remains the only ordinary means of reconciliation with God and with the Church. Westminster Confession, Ch. VII 3. Man, by his Fall, having made himself incapable of life by [the first] covenant [with Adam], the Lord was pleased to make a second, commonly called the covenant of grace: wherein he freely offered unto sinners life and salvation by Jesus Christ, requiring of them faith in him, that they may be saved, and promising to give unto all those that are ordained unto life, his Holy Spirit, to make them willing and able to believe.

5 The specter of poverty, violence and death in everyday life 5 At 73 million, Europe s population was onetenth of today s % occupied in agriculture English male life expectancy at birth ~35 years Plague killed 75 million+ in Eurasia, peaking in

6 6 Ottoman Empire expanded into Europe.

7 Your afterlife: Paradise or Hell? 7?

8 Question #1 What must we do to be saved? 8 God, salvation and damnation were immediate personal concerns. Orthodoxy: there is one right answer and we need to get it right Concern for doctrinal issues that today we would find subtle or of which we are ignorant No concept of religious tolerance. One confession for each community, dominion and civilization. Belief in angels, demons and the power of witchcraft.

9 9

10 10 Confession Catechism of the Catholic Church One who desires to obtain reconciliation with God and with the Church, must confess to a priest all the unconfessed grave sins he remembers after carefully examining his conscience. The confession of venial faults, without being necessary in itself, is nevertheless strongly recommended by the Church The confessor proposes the performance of certain acts of satisfaction or penance to be performed by the penitent to repair the harm caused by sin and to re-establish habits befitting a disciple of Christ.

11 11 Mass Conducted in Latin by clergy before an altar Congregants stood, watched and prayed. Some laity helped to make music. Communicants were encouraged to attend mass weekly. Other than priests, communicants took the elements only at Easter. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1413: By the consecration the transubstantiation of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ is brought about.

12 12 Purgatory Catechism of the Catholic Church All who die in God s grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven The Church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect, which is entirely different from the punishment of the damned.

13 13 The path to salvation required the Church. Clergy heard confessions, prescribed penance, absolved sins and conducted Mass. Priests could regular (members of religious orders) or secular Wealthy laity endowed chantries and other laypeople formed confraternities to ensure that masses and prayers were said for them and their relatives after death to free them from purgatory. The training and diligence of priests varied widely. Many parishes and dioceses had endowments whose income was supposed to pay for priests and bishops, but it was often misdirected.

14 14 Indulgences Catechism of the Catholic Church 1471 An indulgence is a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains under certain prescribed conditions through the action of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints Indulgences may be applied to the living or the dead A conversion which proceeds from a fervent charity can attain the complete purification of the sinner in such a way that no punishment would remain.

15 As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs! : Pope Sixtus IV proclaimed that indulgences applied to souls suffering in purgatory. 1517: Pope Leo announced a special sale of indulgences, for the complete absolution and remission of all sins and preferential treatment for future sins. Friar Tetzel was the indulgence salesman in Germany. A Franciscan friar: It is incredible what this ignorant monk said and preached. He gave sealed letters stating that even the sins a man was intending to commit would be forgiven.

16 Sales campaigns for indulgences added to resentment of the Church and the papacy. 16 Special privileges Pluralism and absenteeism > lack of resources to serve parishes Uneducated, untrained parish clergy Church offices were controlled by noble families as well as bought and sold Flow of gold into Rome, financing buildings, art, wars, church bureaucrats and papal luxury Political ambitions of popes Wolves are in control of the church and feed on Christian blood! Anonymous Spanish priest

17 How might the intellectual environment of Europe cultivate reform of the Church? 17 More universities were established across Europe. The fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 brought classical works in their original Greek to Italy. Humanism and textual analysis International network of scholars who corresponded and published in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Printing in moveable type Most Europeans were illiterate, but many of the bourgeois and nobles could read.

18 By what powers might the Church and papacy institute or resist reform? 18 The pope and some bishops were secular rulers. The pope competed fiercely with the emperor and kings for political power. The pope claimed the right to crown the emperor, to appoint bishops and to govern his domain independently of civil law. Conversely, secular powers and noble families sought power inside the Church and even to control the Pope.

19 Next week Where and how did reform start? 19

20 Acknowledgments 20 Catechism of the Catholic Church, The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Part I, Book of Confessions, Brad S. Gregory, The History of Christianity in the Reformation Era, The Teching Company: Chantilly, Va.: Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation, Viking: New York: Alister E. McGrath, Reformation Thought, 3 rd ed., Blackwell: Malden, Mass., William Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, Little, Brown & Co., 1993.

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