Area of revision Revised Revised Tested Christian values Making moral decisions (human dignity, conscience, freedom, sin) The Ten Commandments The

Transcription

1 Area of revision Revised Revised Tested Christian values Making moral decisions (human dignity, conscience, freedom, sin) The Ten Commandments The Beatitudes Christian Marriage Marriage in society today The purpose of marriage (sacrament, exclusive, life-giving, permanent) The rite of marriage The symbolism of marriage Parenthood (duties and challenges, Ephesians) Adoption and fostering (how the Church supports families, qualities and reasons why Christians put themselves forward for adoption) Sex outside of marriage Marital breakdown Divorce, marriage and annulment Christian Vocation The Parable of the Talents What is vocation The role and vocation of lay people The rite of ordination The role of the deacon The role of the priest Celibacy of priests The ordination of women Vocation to the religious life monks and nuns Examples of the religious life (contemplative and apostolic orders) The Sacrament of Reconciliation Sin in the Roman Catholic Church. Forgiveness in the Roman Catholic Church The Parable of the Forgiving Father and The Unmerciful Servant The rite of reconciliation (examination of conscience, confession, contrition, penance, absolution) Causes of crime (including Christian perspectives) The aims of punishment (deterrence, protection, retribution, reformation) Types of punishment (prison, fines, community service) The death penalty (reasons for and against, the Catholic view, Biblical evidence) Prejudice and discrimination Race and colour Gender and disability Religious discrimination The Parable of the Good Samaritan Christian Healing Christian attitudes to sickness and healing Anointing of the Sick (including the rite of Anointing of the Sick) Attitudes to life after death Death rites The Sanctity of Life Abortion Euthanasia Contraception IVF Christian responses to global issues Christian duty towards the poor and those in need The parable of the sheep and the Goats

2 Differences between rich and poor countries What are the causes of world poverty? How do Christians respond to the needs of the poor overseas (including Cafod and Trocaire) Fairtrade and Exploitation War and Peace Just War Theory Nuclear War Terrorism Pacifism Practice GCSE questions: Christian Values: 1. Give two of the Ten Commandments which refer to loving God. (2 marks) 2. Explain how Christians may respond to these commandments in the way they live their lives. (4 marks) 3. Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness. Explain briefly this beatitude and suggest how it might help Christians facing persecution. (3 marks) 4. The Ten Commandments are not very helpful to life in the modern world. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. (6 marks) Christian Marriage: 1. What do the wedding rings symbolise for Christians? (2 marks) 2. Explain the meaning and importance of marriage in the Roman Catholic Church. (6 marks) 3. Explain why Roman Catholics support adoption and fostering. (4 marks) 4. There is no difference between divorce and annulment. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks) Christian Vocation: 1. What is meant by the word vocation? (2 marks) 2. Explain the roles of the Roman Catholic priest. (6 marks) 3. Explain why the Roman Catholic Church is opposed to women s ordination. (4 marks) 4. Priests should remain celibate. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks) The Sacrament of Reconciliation: 1. What is meant by the word reconciliation? (2 marks) 2. Explain what the Roman Catholic Church teaches about the causes of crime. (4 marks) 3. Explain the effects of crime on individuals and society. (6 marks) 4. The death penalty is sometimes necessary. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks) Christian Healing: 1. What is meant by the word euthanasia? (2 marks) 2. Explain why the Roman Catholic Church is opposed to use of artificial contraception. (4 marks) 3. Outline the rite of the anointing of the sick. (6 marks) 4. A Christian should not have or help with an abortion. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks)

3 Christian Values: Key word Beatitudes Commandment Ethics Justice Peace Sermon on the Mount Sin The Ten Commandments Adultery Bible Definition Meaning blessed or happy. The beatitudes is beginning portion of the Sermon of the Mount. In it, Jesus describes the qualities of the inhabitants of the Kingdom of heaven and indicates how each is or will be blessed. A rule for living, given by God to Moses in the book of Exodus. One of the 10 Commandments. Jesus said that the greatest commandments were love of God and love of neighbour. The moral principles that a person uses to guide and judge their actions. Bringing about what is right, fair, according to the law or making up a wrong that has been committed. An absence of war and conflict, which leads to happiness and harmony. A collection of Jesus religious and moral teachings recorded in Matthew s Gospel. The Beatitudes are found here. Behaviour against God s laws and wishes. Against principles of morality. A thought, word or action which is wrong, which people know is wrong and which people freely choose. A list of 10 rules believed to have been given by Moses on Mount Sinai. Sex outside marriage where one or both of the couple are already married to someone else. Sacred book for Christians containing both the Old and New Testaments Christian Marriage Key word Adoption Adultery Annulment Divorce Exclusive Fostering IVF Life-giving Marital breakdown Marriage Marriage ceremony Permanent Re-marriage Sacrament Sex outside of marriage Vows Definition The legal process where a person (child) is taken (adopted) into a family as a son or daughter. Sex outside marriage where one or both of the couple are already married to someone else. When the Roman Catholic Church declares a marriage invalid. Various conditions must be met to prove this. For example, if one of the couple was unable to understand the demands of being married. Legal ending of a marriage Not divided or shared with others When a child is taken into a new family and brought up with the family (usually for a short period of time but children can be fostered long-term) A procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory. The fertilised egg is then replaced into the women s uterus. The Catholic Church is against this. Having the power to give life. When a husband and wife no longer get on with each other, leading to the end of the marriage by divorce or separation. A legal union between a man and a woman. The sacramental union between a man and woman in the Roman Catholic Church witnessed by a priest and the community. The ceremony in which a man and woman marry. A rite of passage and celebrated as a sacrament in some Christian traditions. Lasting or remaining without essential change When people who have been married before get married again to someone different. Rites and rituals through which the believer receives a special gift of grace. Roman Catholics believe that sacraments are an outward sign of inward grace. Sex between two people who are not married to each other: sex before marriage and adultery are both examples of sex outside of marriage. Solemn promises that are made, usually with God and other people as witnesses.

4 Christian Vocation: Key word Anglican Apostolic Apostolic succession Bishop Celibacy Chastity Chrism Christian Church Church of England Contemplative Diocese Holy orders Laity Lay Ministry Obedience Ordination Pastoral Religious life Roman Catholic Sacraments The Pope Vocation Vows Definition A member of the Church of England or the Churches worldwide that are linked to it. Religious community which combine a life of prayer with working in the world (for example Mother Teresa) The belief that the head of Jesus Church is the Pope and that there has been an unbroken line of succession from St Peter to the current Pope. The Pope (and bishops) inherit the powers Jesus gave to the apostles. A high ranking clergyman within the diocese who has the authority to confirm and ordain. The obligation to abstain from sexual relationships; part of the vows taken by people entering religious life. Making a vow not to take a wife, husband or partner and not to have sexual relations. It is the fragrant oil that is a symbol of being chosen by God for a special vocation in life. Someone who believes in Jesus Christ and follows the religion based on his teachings. The Holy People of God, also called the body of Christ, among whom Christ is present and active; Members of a particular Christian denomination/tradition; A building in which Christians worship. The largest Protestant Church in England, which retains many Catholic features. It is sometimes referred to as the Anglican Church. In the context of Christian vocation, this applies to those who choose to live out their vocation in structured prayer, meditation and work, usually in enclosed religious orders. The geographical area under the care of a bishop A sacrament of vocation through which a person devoted their life to the service of God and takes religious vows. Members of the Church who are not in holy orders. A role of service within the Church, such as a reader or a Eucharistic minister. All those who are not ordained are expected to serve God and others in their daily lives. Obeying the superior (person in charge) of the religious order. The act of making a person a priest or deacon. One of the seven sacraments recognised by the Catholic Church. Comes from the world shepherd and is to describe the care that is given, for example by a priest to those in his parish. Dedicating life to God, taking vows and living in a particularly holy way. The tradition within the Christian Church which is led by the Pope. Seven sacraments are celebrated. Rites and rituals though which the believer receives a special gift of grace. The head of the Roman Catholic Church. The successor of Peter who was appointed to lead the Church by Jesus. Doing something for the love of it (non-religious) A feeling that God is calling someone to a special ministry or way of serving others. Solemn promises that are made, usually with God and other people as witnesses.

5 The Sacrament of Reconciliation Key word Capital punishment Colour The death penalty Deterrence Disability Discrimination Forgiveness Justice Prejudice Protection Punishment Race Reconciliation Retribution Samaritans Sin Absolution Confession Contrition Crime Minorities Satisfaction Definition Form of punishment in which a prisoner is put to death for crimes committed. Relating to the colour of a person s skin/ethnicity. Often used as a reason for unfairly judging others and making uninformed opinions about them. Another way of saying capital punishment. Form of punishment in which a prisoner is put to death for crimes committed. One of the aims of punishment to put people off committing crimes, When a person has a mental or physical condition that limits movement or activities. To treat someone differently based on their sex, race, religion etc. To pardon a person for something that they have done wrong. In Biblical times, it was believed that only God could forgive sins. Bringing about what is right, fair, according to the law or making up for a wrong that has been committed. Unfairly judging someone before the facts are known. Holding biased opinions about an individual group. To stop the criminal hurting someone in society. An aim of punishment That which is done to a person because they have broken the law. A group of people with the same ethnic background. A sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church. When two people or groups of people who have disagreed or fought with each other make up. To get your own back on the criminal, based on the Old Testament teaching an eye for an eye. An aim of punishment aimed at being proportionate to the offence committed. The Samaritans were mixed-race Jews. They regarded each other as enemies, so in Luke s parable of the Good Samaritan, the Samaritan had no obligation to help the injured Jew. Behaviour which is against God s laws and wishes/against principles of morality. A thought, word or action which is wrong, which people know is wrong and which people freely choose. The removal of the guilt that results from sin; the final part of the Sacrament of reconciliation. Sometimes used as the name for the Sacrament of Reconciliation; the act of admitting that one has done something wrong. A feeling of true sorrow for the wrongs a person has committed; the first stage in the process of reconciliation. Breaking the law Groups of people who differ from the majority of others in terms of race, religion, language or opinion etc., sometimes the victims of discrimination. An important part of reconciliation; the person who has offended and who wants to be forgiven needs in some way to make up for or repair the harm that has been done.

6 Christian Healing: Key word Abortion Contraception Death rites Euthanasia In vitro fertilisation (IVF) Sanctity of life Sexual relationships outside marriage Anointing of the sick Non-voluntary euthanasia Voluntary euthanasia Definition The deliberate termination (ending) of a pregnancy, usually before the foetus is twenty-four weeks old. Roman Catholics see this as wrong in all circumstances. The artificial and chemical methods used to prevent pregnancy taking place. Ceremonies for believers in preparation for life after death. Inducing a painless death, with compassion to ease suffering. From the Greek meaning Good Death. Some Christians believe it is mercy killing while others see it as taking life. A procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory. The fertilised egg is then replaced into the woman s uterus. Life is sacred because it is God-given Sex between people who are not married to each other. A sacrament traditionally given to people who are dying, now also given to people who are ill or having an operation. When a patient s life is ended because it is felt that to keep them alive is to make them suffer, but the patient is unable to give consent to the decision. When a terminally ill person asks a doctor or friend to help them to die peacefully and with dignity. It can be called mercy killing or assisted suicide. Global Issues: Key word CAFOD Fair trade Just War Justice Nuclear war Nuclear Proliferation Pacifism Peace Poverty Terrorism Trocaire Aid Debt Disarmament Definition Catholic Agency for Overseas Development a private charity established by the Bishops of England and Wales to bring aid t less economically developed countries. A method of trade in which the producer of the product receives a fair payment for his/her product e.g. fair trade bananas. A war that the Christian Church defines as acceptable: this must fit certain criteria. The idea was developed by St Thomas Aquinas and the Roman Catholic Church Bringing about what is right, fair, according to the law or making up for a wrong that has bee committed. A war in which the participants use nuclear weapons. The increase in the number of states that have a potential to use nuclear weapons. The belief that it is unacceptable to take part in war and any other form of violence. An absence of war and conflict, which leads to happiness and harmony. Living simply and sharing talents, money and material goods for the support of the community. When groups use violence, or the threat of violence, to achieve their aims, rather than using a democratic process. Then violence is often indiscriminate, to create maximum fear. Irish word for mercy. Charity established by the Irish Bishops to help alleviate poverty in the developing world. To help or assist people in need, usually by gifts or money. Most people think of this as donating to charities that provide help to the poor, particularly in the developing world. Owing something (usually money) to someone else. When a country gets rid of its weapons.

7 Long-term aid Short-term aid Helping needy people to help themselves by providing the tools, education and funding for projects. This type of aid is given by CAFOD and Trocaire to the poor overseas. Giving needy people emergency donations, e.g. food in times of disaster. Exam Tips: A01 questions: Knowledge and understanding questions 2 marks - spend no more than 2 minutes on these questions. Usually a key word or listing two ideas 4 marks spend no more than 5 minutes on these questions. Write two paragraphs to answer these questions or you might have to give two examples (e.g. two Beatitudes) 6 marks spend 7-8 minutes on these questions. Write three paragraphs using PEEL to structure them. DON T FORGET TO WRITE IN PARAGRAPHS WHEN EXPLAINING AND USE EVIDENCE OR EXAMPLES TO AIM FOR AN A/A*.

8 Rejoice and be glad, because great is your reward in heaven, for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you. For theirs in the Kingdom of heaven For they will be comforted The poor in spirit For theirs is the Kingdom of heaven You when people insult you persecute you and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of me Those who mourn For they will inherit the earth Those who are persecuted because of righteousness Blessed are The meek The peacemakers Those who hunger and thirst for righteousness For they will be called children of God. The pure in heart The merciful For they will be filled For they will see God For they will be shown mercy

9 Blessed are the peacemakers Test yourself: For theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness For they will be comforted Blessed are the poor in spirit For they will inherit the earth Blessed are the pure in heart For they will be filled Blessed are the meek For they be shown mercy Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness For they will see God Blessed are those who mourn. For they will be called children of God Blessed are the merciful For theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven Blessed are you when people insult you because of me. Rejoice and be glad, because your reward is great in heaven, for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you. Mother Teresa: Mother Teresa worked in Calcutta, India. She set up hospitals to help those who had leprosy. She had to fight to get somewhere to set up her hospital and even was determined to get medical help for the people. Mother Teresa did this because she could not believe how many people were left to die on the streets in India. The charity Missionaries of Charity was set up by her and continues all over the world today. The Missionaries take the vow to give wholehearted and free service to the poorest of the poor. Today they run centres for the abandoned and dying of all religions, they bathe their wounds and help them to die with dignity. Which Beatitudes did Mother Teresa show? Which Beatitudes do the Missionaries of Charity show today? Oscar Romero: Oscar Romero was Archbishop of San Salvador in El Salvador. He witnessed violations of human rights, murders, disappearances and torture, carried out by the government. Many suffered terribly at this time and Romero denounced the actions of the government forces. During his Masses he spoke out against the persecution, reading lists of disappeared people. In 1980, as he was holding up the consecrated host at mass in his Cathedral he was shot dead by a member of a right-wing group. Which Beatitudes did Oscar Romero show?

10 Split the commandments into Love of God and Love of Others: Love of God Love of Others Which commandments are about marriage and family life?

11 Which commandments are about crime? Marriage: What happens during a marriage ceremony? Welcome The priest welcomes everyone to the wedding. He reminds them of the purpose of marriage. This is to tell everyone that marriage is a sacrament and lifelong. The liturgy of the word Reading from the Bible. The priest speaks about the meaning of the Bible passages. This reminds people of the importance of marriage love, sacrament and the responsibilities. Questions The priest asks questions of the couple before they marry. This is to make sure they are free to make the vows. Consent and exchange of vows The priest asks the couple if they take each other in sickness and health, in good times and bad times, to love them for all the days of their lives. The couple reply I do. This shows that the marriage is loving, lifelong, supporting in all times and faithful. Exchange of rings The couple say to each other take this ring as a sign of my love and fidelity. The ring symbolises the unending nature of marriage and that marriage is exclusive. Prayers and nuptial blessing Prayers are said and a blessing given. This is to ask for God s blessing on the marriage and unite the couple forever. Communion The sacrament of the Eucharist is received. This is to strengthen the marriage by bringing Christ into the couple s lives. Signing of the register The newly weds sign the marriage registry. This makes the wedding legal so that is a civil marriage as well as a sacramental one. The purpose of marriage is a sacrament, lifelong, exclusive and life-giving (open to children) Children and parents must respect each other. Parents must be caring and bring children up to know right from wrong. Children must be obedient and respectful to their parents and love their brothers and sisters. The Church supports family life by: Providing Catholic schools Welcoming families to Mass Organising social events for families Charities to support married couples

12 This means having sex with someone that you are not married to. This could be sex before marriage OR adultery. Sex before marriage is wrong Adultery is wrong The Commandments say Do not commit adultery. It is not respecting the marriage vows Marriage is the best place to have sex because one of the purposes of sex is to have children and this should happen in marriage. St Paul said sex outside of marriage is wrong The best possible love is the love in marriage because it shows a commitment. People disagree with this because: Marriage is expensive and some people can t afford it. Divorce is common so a trial period by living together is important. You should be faithful to any partner even if you are not married. Divorce and Annulment: Marriages breakdown because of: - Money problems, - Adultery, - Domestic violence, - Drinking problems, - Loss of a child, - Inability to have children. - Ill health Divorce is the legal ending of a marriage. The Church doesn t agree with divorce because the marriage is a sacrament and no one can separate what God has joined together (Mark s Gospel says this) The marriage vows say the couple will be together until death do them part. St. Paul said a couple should not get divorced. Some Christians agree with divorce because Jesus said divorce is ok if one partner has been unfaithful. Or if the person s or their children s safety is at risk because of domestic violence. They say God is forgiving and allow remarriage. Annulment is when the Catholic Church declares a marriage invalid. This means the sacrament did not take place. This might be because: - One or both were forced into the marriage - One or both never intended to have children - One refuses to show any love or care for the other. Annulment means that consent was not fully or properly given. The couple are free to remarry following an annulment.

13 Test yourself: True or false? Statement about marriage: When two people get married, they must intend for it to be for live. T or F The wedding rings symbolise that the marriage is a sacrament. In a Catholic Church the couple can write their own vows. Annulment and Divorce mean the same thing. Catholic Churches are involved in the pre-wedding preparations but once the couple are married the Church leaves them to get on with the marriage alone. The Church thinks it is ok for a couple to live together before they get married. Mass at a wedding is known as a Nuptial Mass. Adultery is forbidden in the 10 Commandments What s the difference between divorce and annulment? You could be asked to evaluate this in the exam. Similarities between divorce and annulment are: Differences between divorce and annulment are: Can you describe what happens at a Roman Catholic wedding ceremony?(6 marks) Remarriage in church after divorce should never be allowed. What do you think? Explain your opinion (3 marks)

14 Christian Vocation: What happens when someone becomes a priest? Presentation - the candidate is presented to the bishop. Examination - the bishop asks questions about the responsibilities and the candidate promises to keep them. This is to show they are fully accepting the duties and responsibilities. Prostration - the candidate lies on the floor in prostration. This is to show that he is submitting himself to God. Consecration - the bishop ordains the priest by the laying on of hands and by prayer. The laying on of hands is an ancient sign of giving someone authority. It is also a sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit. 5 6 Prayer - the bishop gives a prayer of thanks to God. This shows priesthood is a gift from God to the Church. Investment - new priests are given their stole and chasuble. This shows the wearer is a priest and are the Eucharistic garments - the clothes worn during Mass. 7 8 Anointing - the bishop anoints the priest's hand with oil. This is the bless, consecrate and sanctify. Mass - the bishop present the priest witha a paten and chalice and the priest assists the bishop in celebrating Mass. The paten and chalice an=re symbolic that the priest has a duty to be minister of the Eucharist. The role of the priest 1. Minister the Eucharist 2. Proclaim the word of God 3. Offering forgiveness (absolution) 4. Conducting funerals 5. Leading Christian worship The role of the deacon: The deacon can be in full-time employment outside of the Church and can be married. He might be a permanent deacon or training to be a priest His main roles are: to preside at baptisms, weddings and funerals. Lead the people in prayer Read the Gospel and preach Charity serving the poor and those in need. The role of the laity The laity are people who have been baptised into the Church but do not take holy orders. Their responsibilities are; 1. To live their lives according to Christ s teachings 2. To bring their faith into ordinary human life 3. To form a community that is recognised as the people of God. The calling of the lay people is: 1. To be witnesses Jesus bringing up a Christian family and supporting worship. 2. To teach about Jesus supporting children and adults who are preparing for their First Holy Communion or Confirmation. 3. To lead the service of the community by participating in parish councils, being involved in the pastoral care of the Church and working for justice in all aspects of life.

15 Issues: Celibacy of priests: Arguments for celibate priests Jesus was not married and it is part of canon law. It shows the priest s total commitment to Christ and his Church. Marriage would be a distraction. There could be a time when priestly and family duties conflict Arguments against celibate priests Jesus chose disciples who were married and it was not an issue in the Early Church. More people would respond to the call of priesthood and being married would be enriching. Married priests could give better advice and support to families. Women priests: Arguments for women priests In the 1 st Century choosing women disciples would not have happened women were not seen as reliable. There was a female deacon in the New Testament Phoebe. St Paul said that we are all one in Christ and that gender has no meaning, therefore women should be priests. Arguments against women priests Jesus chose men to be his disciples. St Paul said women should not lead worship Jesus was a man and a priest is acting in the place of Jesus. Religious vocation: A religious vocaton iis being called to be a monk or a nun 3 vows: poverty, chastity and obedience Religous vocation Contemplative orders - live a life of private prayer and study, Contemplative order: Carthusians have a monks and nuns who live a solitary life at the heart of the Church. The live their lives entirely in prayer and seeking God in the secret of their hearts. They pray for the Church and the world. Apostolic (active) order: Mother Teresa saw the injustice of people in India who were treated as outcasts. She dedicated her life to helping those with leprosy. She set her hospitals and the Missionaries of Charity. Carthusians are an example of contemplative orders. They live their lifes in private in a convent. Mother Teresa ia an example of an apostolic nun. She helped those in India. Apostolic (active) orders worship and pray but also go into the community to help others Test yourself: List three duties of priests. Can you now explain them? What is the difference between contemplative and apostolic orders of monks and nuns? What are lay people?

16 Christian Reconciliation: Key terms: Sin is an offence against God that hurts others. Mortal sins are more serious that venial sins as they alienate the person from God. Jesus suffering death and resurrection broke down the barrier of sin that cuts humans off from God. This means that if people turn to God in penitence and ask to make a fresh start, God will always forgive. Forgiveness is about wiping the slate clean and restoring the relationship with God. The rite of reconciliation: Preparation - read scripture/reflect Absotuion - the priest forgives the person's sins. Sign of the cross and blessing - focus on love of God Contrition - A prayer that shows the person is genuinel sorry for what they have done wrong. Confession - Examine conscience, admit sins and accept responsibility Satisfaction /Penance - A requirement to do something to make up for wrong doing eg. prayer The importance of the Sacrament of Reconciliation: 1. It recovers grace from God. 2. It means reconciliation with the Church and with the community. 3. An increase in spiritual strength against evil. 4. Release of mortal sins.

17 5. It reflects God s commitment to his people and that God has made the first move he is on the path like the father in the parable of the Forgiving Father. Test yourself: 1. The rite of reconciliation is summarised below in a number of different sentences. Put them in the right order: The penitent confesses his/her sins, expressing sorrow and a wish to be forgiven. The Penitent goes to a priest. The priest declares God s forgiveness, using a special prayer. The priest gives helpful advice. The penitent spends time alone in prayer and meditation. May God give you pardon and peace, and I absolve you from your sins, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Sin: 2. Explain the meaning of each of the following terms: Mortal Sin: Venial sin: 3. Explain how the parable of the forgiving father gets across the point that there are no limits to God s forgiveness. GCSE question bank: There is no point in the sacrament of reconciliation. What do you think? Explain your opinion. (3 marks) Describe what happens during the Sacrament of Reconciliation (4 marks) The Sacrament of Reconciliation is no longer needed. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks) Why is the Sacrament of Reconciliation important for Roman Catholics? (2 marks)

18 Crime and Punishment: Peer pressure Poverty Causes of crime Upbringing If someone commits a crime they can be punished by: Prison Community service Fines ASBOs Greed Christian attitude to crime and punishment: Alcohol and drugs Boredom In addition to the reasons above Christians believe crime is caused by MORAL FAILINGS and EVIL or THE DEVIL! The aims of punishment are: Deterrence put the criminal and others off committing the crime. Reformation Change the offender s attitude so that they do not want to offend in the future. Protection Make law-abiding people feel safe. Retribution An eye for an eye give the punishment the offender deserves. Crime effects society because it can cause death or injury, can lead to loss of income and medical costs due to injury, it can leave the victim experiencing anxiety, depression or stress which might affect relationships. It also means society is unable to enjoy life because they fear crime. The Beatitudes and the commandments say we must not commit crime but instead LOVE OUR NEIGHBOUR and not pursue our own interests. They also say we need to not steal or covet, kill or lie. Therefore we must be honest in our dealings, respect all life and uphold justice (blesses are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness). Christians believe the best aim of punishment is reformation:

19 Reformation Restorative justice helps the offender make amends to their victims by meeting the victim. Education can help the offender learn literacy skills, take exams, train in vocational skills. This gives offenders a second chance and victims a chance to forgive. Those in prison contribute positively to society instead of feeling cut off from it. Jesus said 'love your enemy' and in the Our Father we say' Forgive our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.' For example, they learn braille and transcibe books for the blind. Capital punishment For the death penalty Justice an eye for an eye. A murder forfeits his or her own life. It shows love for the victims of serious crime. It permanently removes the worst criminals from society. Fear of the death penalty might deter others from killing. A second chance is not deserved the victim doesn t have one. If someone murders someone else, they have given up their human rights, including the one to stay alive. Forensic science makes wrongful executions more unlikely. The families of the victim may never recover and are innocent too. Against the death penalty An eye for eye encourages revenge which is negative. Jesus asked God to forgive those who nailed him to the cross and we should follow this example. Every human life is of value, even the lives of those who have committed murder. The 10 Commandments say do not kill and if we use the death penalty we are becoming criminals too. It does not show live for one s neighbour or enemies. The offender has no chance to reform. Innocent people have been executed for example Derek Bentley who has now been pardoned of the crime he was executed for. Evidence from America shows it does not work as a deterrent. It affects the families of those executed and the families are innocent. The Catholic Church is against the death penalty. The Church believes in reformation and believes in the sanctity of life. The Catechism of the Catholic Church allows for the death penalty in extreme circumstances when all other non-lethal methods are not sufficient to defend and protect socity. Prejudice and Discrimination: Religious Discrimination: Prejudice and discrimination because of someone s religious beliefs. Racism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person s race or skin colour.

20 In 2002 Muslim men of Pakistani and Bangladeshi background were more likely to be unemployed. In the UK we have religious freedom we can freely practice our religious faith. Christians teach religious discrimination is wrong because: 1. Human beings should be free to believe and not be forced to act in a way that is contrary to their beliefs. 2. In the New Testament, Christians were persecuted and we should not make people suffer as Christians have. 3. Jesus showed kindness to someone of a different religion he spoke to the Samarian woman at the well and taught the Parable of the Good Samaritan. There are laws saying racism is wrong in public and in the workplace. Christians teach racism is wrong because: 1. It does not reflect the teaching that we are all made in God s image. 2. It does not show love of neighbour. 3. It does not show that we are all one in Christ (a teaching of St Paul). Stephen Lawrence was killed in a racist attack. Disability Discrimination: Treating someone differently because of a physical or mental impairment e.g. hearing, sight, cancer, diabetes, mental health condition or learning difficulties. Christians teach that disability discrimination is wrong because: 1. We are all one in Christ and made in his image and likeness regardless of disability. 2. People with disabilities are active members of the Church not just passive receivers. 3. Jesus healed people with disabilities he did not treat them differently. Gender Discrimination: Treating someone differently because of they are male or female e.g. women being paid less than men, men being given senior positions in jobs or stereotyping jobs (doctors are men and nurses are women). Christians teach gender discrimination is wrong because: 1. Women and men were made in the image of God. 2. In Genesis God made male and female at the same time so we are all equal. 3. The teaching of the Catechism is that men and women are equal. However, the Catholic Church says men and women have different roles in religious life because there are differences between men and women BUT men and women are equal. Test yourself: Match each aim of punishment to its explanation: Deterrence Protection Reformation Retribution To change the attitude of the offender To put the offender off committing crime again To give the offender what he/she deserves To keep society safe Complete the missing words: The Catholic Church is against prejudice and discrimination because Jesus taught that we must show.. for our The Catholic Church says that it is wrong to discriminate against someone because of their gender. This is because we were all made in the. of Genesis 1 tells us this and therefore. and women are equal.

21 The Catholic Church teaches that racism is wrong because it does not reflect St Paul s teaching that we are all. in.. This means that Christians should follow this teaching and show for their. In the Parable of Jesus showed that it does not matter what your race or religion you are, is your neighbour. In this parable a.. helped a who had been robbed and beaten up. He. for him until he was better. The Catholic Church also believes religious discrimination is wrong. The Church teaches that we are all. to choose our own religion. In the New Testament Christians were for their faith in. and as Christians we should not want others to suffer in this way. Also Jesus showed acts of kindness to people regardless of their religion like the.. woman at the.. We should follow this example today. GCSE question bank: Explain some of the causes of crime (4 marks). The death penalty is the only way to deal with murders. Do you agree? Show that you have considered more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks) Explain what the Parable of the Forgiving Father teaches Christians about forgiveness. (6 marks) Explain why some people break the law. (3 marks) Describe how the Samaritan in the Parable of the Good Samaritan cared for the injured man. (4 marks) The Good Samaritan: Jesus told a about a man who was travelling to. He was and left for dead. First of all a.. came by, but he totally. the injured man. Then came a. and he did the same. Eventually a. came along. It was surprising that he stopped to help, as.. and. were bitter enemies. Anyway, the bandaged the man up, put him on his.. and took him to an. Where he.. the innkeeper to look after the injured man. He promised to pay any.. that he owed on his return. Types of prejudice and discrimination: Sexism Treating someone differently because they have a mental or physical disability. Racism Treating someone differently because of their gender. Disability Treating someone differently because of their religious beliefs. Religious Treating someone differently because of their race or skin colour.

22 Think of an example of each type of prejudice and discrimination: Sexism Racism Disability Religious Jesus: which type of prejudice and discrimination does each example link to? Jesus talked to a Samaritan woman at a well Jesus taught the parable of the Good Samaritan. Jesus had women disciples. Jesus healed a paralysed man. Jesus healed a Roman Centurion s servant. Christian Healing: There is a reason for suffering in the world. Jesus was a healer. He came to heal the sinners The Sick Christians have a duty to help the sick to show that they are following the example of Jesus and serving Jesus The church helps the sick by visiting them, praying for them and bringing them comfort through the Eucharist. The three sacraments of the sick are: Anointing of the sick Viaticum The communion of the sick The anointing of the sick comes from the New Testament.

23 Anointing of the Sick Key Facts: 1. The sacrament is to help those who are suffering and seriously ill to face the challenge that death can bring. 2. The sacrament is for those who are seriously ill, about to have surgery, elderly people who are weakened by old age and for the sick who have lost consciousness. 3. The sacrament brings the power and love of the Holy Spirit. 4. The sacrament offers spiritual strength, comfort, peace and courage. 5. The sacrament offers the forgiveness of sins. 6. The sacrament leads to spiritual healing. Life after death: Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead. This means that there is a life after death. In Hinduism and Buddhism, there is a belief in reincarnation (your soul is reborn into another body in this world). For Christians there is a life after death and there is a heaven this is a place with God for eternity. Specific beliefs about life after death: Judgement: - The Church teaches that all are judged after their death on the way that they have lived their lives. - Like in the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats we will be judged on how well we have shown love to our neighbour. With God in heaven: - The Catholic Church teaches that Heaven is not a place, but it is to be in the presence of God. - To be in heaven is to be with Christ. Purgatory: - The Catholic Church teaches that after death the person journeys towards the holiness of God. - To do this people must be purified of any remaining evil within them. - Purgatory is this purification of sin. Hell: - The Catholic Church says little about hell. - Hell does exist and it means a state of being without God. Resurrection and new life: - The Christian Church began after the women at the tomb and the apostles accepted that Jesus had risen from the dead. - Jesus said whoever believes in him will live, even though he dies. Death Rites:

24 Before death = viaticum is a special Eucharist given to a person who is close to death. Remember this is to given them comfort by reminding them that Jesus suffering and death was followed by his resurrection. It gives them hope for a life with God after death. After death = there is a funeral mass with a vigil the night before and then a ceremony at the Church. The priest will welcome everyone, sprinkle holy water on the coffin, conduct a Mass and then say prayers. At the graveside = Catholics can be buried or cremated. Prayers are said again and Holy Water is again sprinkled onto the coffin. Test yourself: Record the rite of anointing of the sick (you could get asked a 6 mark question on this) What are the effects of anointing of the sick? Circle the correct answer: Spiritual healing Sudden death to be with God Forgiveness Brings the Holy Spirit The Sanctity of Life Psalm 139 says that God planned the days of our life before we were born. St Paul says that we are God s temple and God s temple should not be destroyed. Life has a plan Life deserves respect Life is Godgiven Sanctity of Life life is holy and belongs to God. All life has value. Genesis says that God created human beings in his image. Life is precious Life should not be destroyed. In Exodus the 10 Commandments say do not kill. In Luke Jesus says God knows every hair on our head. Abortion The deliberate termination of a pregnancy, usually before 24 weeks (the legal limit in the UK). Why do women have abortions? The baby will interfere with careers or lifestyles; the child is the result of a casual encounter; the woman was raped. The Catholic Church is against abortion because life begins at the moment of conception; therefore an embryo is sacred from the moment of conception. Other Christians think abortion is ok in some situations such as rape. The Church supports anyone who has a baby with counselling and welcoming single mothers into the Church. There are alternatives to abortion such as adoption and fostering

25 Contraception The artificial and chemical methods used to prevent pregnancy taking place. Examples of artificial contraception condoms, the morning after pill, the contracetptive pill. Examples of natural contraception include the rhythm method which means that the woman knows when she is most fertile during her menstrual cycle. The Catholic Church is against artificial contraception because it prevents the possibility of new life, and this is part of the purpose of being in a sexual relationship. When a couple get married they promise to be open the possibility of children and using articificial contraception means that they are not open to having children. Taking the morning after pill because it could result in the termination of life if conception has occurred. Other Christians support artificial contraception to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS. Also they recognise that limiting family size is sometimes a responible thing to do. IVF A scientific method of making a woman pregnant, which does not involve sex. Conception occurs via sperm and egg being placed in a test tube. Arguments for IVF: Infertility is an illness that can cause sadness and depression. Those suffering from infertility should receive treatment as with any other illness. All couples should have a right to try for children. For some IVE is the only way. The Catholic Church is against IVF because it can lead to the destruction of new life when frozen embryos that are not used are destroyed; it seperates the creation of new life from the uniting act of sex; brings others into the process; forgets that children are a gift and not a right. Other Christians support couples who want IVF because if no embryos are destroyed then there is nothing wrong with IVF; it is like overcoming an illness just as JEsus brought healing to many others. God asked humans to have children and this is using God-given knowledge to have children and fulfil God's plan. Euthanasia Inducing a painless death, by agreement and with compassion, to ease suffering. From the Greek meaning 'Good Death'. Some Christians believe it is 'mercy killing' while others see it as taking life. The Catholic Church is against euthanasie because every life is acred and valuable and should not be taken; God has a divine purpose fo every single person; suffering is a mystery and in suffering we become close to God. Pope John Paul II said 'life is always good.' HOWEVER, the Church does acknowledge that some people need to take painkillers that could shortern the person's life and that attempts to save a life might be trying to ignore the inevitability of death. Kinds of Euthanasia: Voluntary euthanasia: where the person suffering has asked for or consented to euthanasia. Non-voluntary euthanasia: euthanasia where the person's consent cannot be given because they are in a coma. Involuntary euthanasia: this is the killing of a person against their wishes for some social or medical justification. For example, the Nazis killed disabled people because there were thought to be of no use. Others say that euthanasia is ok because it is for compassionate reasons, animals' lives are ended when their suffering becomes too great - why not humans? Humans have free will and therefore should be able to choose the time and nature of their own death. Some people who are auffering terribly have no quality ofe life and therefore the person might wish to end their life. Example questions: What is meant by the word euthanasia (2 marks) Explain why the Roman Catholic Church is opposed to the use of artificial contraception. (4 marks) Outline the rite of anointing of the sick (6 marks) A Christian should not have or help with an abortion. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (6 marks)

26 Test yourself: 1. The laying on of hands and anointing with holy water are key parts of the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick. What do they symbolise? 2. Explain the symbolism of sprinkling with holy water. 3. What is Viaticum? 4. To whom is Viaticum given? 5. Explain the two types of judgement that each human faces, according to Roman Catholic teaching. 6. What is purgatory? 7. What do Roman Catholics think it is important to pray for the dead? Fill in the gaps: Christians believe that human life is s That means it is infinitely p.. and should be p.. Because of this, Roman Catholics think that those who have abortions are committing a very serious s.. They think that a d.. baby has the same right to life as anyone else and that people should not pass judgement on its q. of life. They believe that if a woman who is pregnant as a result of r. goes through the pregnancy, then g.. has triumphed over e.. and the baby is not being p. for what its father did. Christians of other denominations also believe that human life is s. and should be p At the same time, they believe that sometimes abortion is the most thing to do and the l of two e They think this especially if the mother s l.. is in danger, if she has been r. or if the baby is unlikely to l. for very long because of a serious i.. In these cases, they believe that abortion may be the most c.. action to take. They think that the decision is a person one, made in accordance with conscience. GCSE question bank: 1. Explain Roman Catholic beliefs and teachings about the use of IVF (4 marks) 2. Any action to prevent the birth of an unwanted child is the most loving thing to do. Do you agree? Show that you have considered more than one point of view. Refer to Roman Catholic teaching in your answer. (6 marks) 3. Explain how belief in the sanctity of life might influence Catholic attitudes to voluntary euthanasia. (4 marks)

27 Christian Responses to Global Issues What is it like in less economically developed countries? What causes poverty? 1. Environmental problems This means frequent natural disasters which destroy crops. Poor countries do not have the resource to repair damage quickly and this means that families go unfed and workers become weaker. 2. Healthcare The lack of basic health care means more children die (high mortality). This means women are also more likely to die in childbirth because the health care is not good enough. People are still dying from preventable diseases. 3. Poor leadership Governments or rulers that are corrupt waste resources and make bad decisions. Some countries that have been stable have been brought to economic collapse because of corrupt rules. 4. Conflict War and civil unrest use up money and other resources on arms and conflict while, health, education, agriculture suffer. Conflict can drive people from their homes and destroy their livelihoods, therefore they are unable to provide for themselves. How do Christians respond the needs of the poor overseas? Support charities Pray to God asking for help Campaign for change and to change things.

28 Who are CAFOD? - Began with first Family Fast Day in 1960, organised by National Board of Catholic Women. - Set up by Catholic Bishops of England and Wales in 1962 as official overseas development and relief agency. - Works with over 500 partners in the UK and overseas. - Also works with other UK agencies such as Disasters Emergency Committee and with interfaith groups like Islamic Relief. - Helped set up the Fair trade movement. - Basic principles compassion, solidarity, stewardship, hope. - Concerned to promote human development and social justice. - Involved in emergency and long-term aid, in encouraging a more simplistic lifestyle in the UK and speaking out against injustice. - Believe in dignity and respect for all human beings. This movement was started by a number of charities. It aims to remove the injustice at the heart of much world trade. For example, this means that they want a fair pay for those who work on banana plantations for multinational companies. Those involved in the movement aim to provide a decent living and working conditions for the workers, including schools for children and medical care. Christian attitudes to world poverty: - Take an active part towards ending global poverty. - Emphasise justice, compassion, stewardship and following the example of Jesus. - Follow the New Testament teaching that poverty is wrong. - Christians are called to give generously to those in need. - Catholics believe that rich nations have a duty to help the poor. - Many Christians give up luxuries during Lent and take part in fast days. - Many also take part in campaigns such as Make Poverty History. War and Peace:

29 Nuclear war destroys lives and the effects are longlasting. The Church does not support nuclear war. Chrisians believe war is wrong because Jesus said we should be peacemakers Jesus also said only God can take a life and the commandments say do not kill. Many Christians call for nuclear disarmament. War and Peace War has many effects - injures innocent people, ends lives and damages countries. Wars must be the last resort; the aim must be to restore peace; there must be some chance of success; weapons must be used proportionately. Aquinas said all wars must be just. Soldiers are killed, innocent civilians are injured and killed and homes are lost. Terrorism: Terrorism is caused by a grievance with a political party; religious extremism or conflict; ethnic conflict; economic problems. 9/11 and 7/7 are the most recent examples of terrorism in the USA and UK. These were caused by religious extremists. The USA and UK started a War on Terror in response to the attacks. This included the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Some people say it isn t a war because terrorists are criminals not soldiers. Christians should respond to terrorism by saying terrorism prevents reconciliation between different people, causes new problems and tensions and leads to suffering and harm. The Catholic Church says that it essential to address the causes of terrorism and promote respect for every human being and the unity of humanity. Pacifism: This is the belief that violence against other human beings can never be justified. War is always wrong it can never be the lesser of two evils. Arguments for Pacifism Everyone has the right to life and life is sacred. War encourages greed Modern war methods harm innocent people. Jesus taught that we should be peacemakers. Arguments against Pacifism The person starting the war has given up their right to life. War protects the innocent War can bring out the best in people e.g. compassion

30 Test yourself: Read through the following statements relating to the Second World War. Next to each, say which criterion of the Just War theory could be applied and then put a tick or a cross, indicating whether you think it was fulfilled or not. The UK went to war with Germany because Hitler invaded Poland, with whom the UK had an alliance. The British government declared war on Germany. Before declaring war, Britain held talks with Hitler and made a treaty, but Hitler ignored it. Britain had an army, a navy and an air force that were reasonably equipped. Europe suffered terribly under Nazi rule. After the war, Eastern Europe was dominated by the Soviet Union and its repressive policies. Thousands of civilians died in the bombing of Dresden by the RAF and allies. The Americans dropped nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki When Germany surrendered, the British and Americans because to help German refugees. Give six facts about CAFOD: GCSE question bank: 1. Christians who fight in war are betraying their faith. What do you think? Explain your opinion. (3 marks) 2. Explain why many Christians are pacifists. (6 marks) 3. Explain why many Christians support the Just War theory. (6 marks) 4. Explain briefly how the Fair trade movement seeks to help workers in poor nations. (3 marks)

31 The Parable of the talents 1. A man going on a journey called three servants to him and entrusted them with his property. 2. To one he gave five talents, to another two talents and the third one talent. 3. The two with five and two talents took the money and invested it doubling what they had. 4. The one with one talent dug a hole in the ground and hid it. 5. When the man returned he was pleased with the two servants who doubled their money and said that he would share his happiness with them and put them in charge of many things. 6. To the one who had hidden the talent he said he was angry and called him a wicked servant. He said he should have least put it into the bank and got interest on it. 7. He took the talent and gave it to the servant who had five talents. For everyone who has will be given more and he will have abundance. What does it mean? 1. Talents meant money at the time of Jesus but today we read it to mean gifts and abilities. 2. We must not be lazy and must lead an active life using our talents. 3. We must use the talents we have to live responsibly. The Parable of the Unmerciful Servant 1. There was a master who wanted to settle his accounts with his servants, 2. One man owed him ten thousand talents and was not able to pay. He begged for forgiveness and for the master to be patient until he could pay the money. 3. The master showed him mercy and cancelled the debt. 4. The servant left and saw a fellow servant who owed him a hundred denarii. He grabbed him and demanded he pay him back. 5. The fellow servant fell to his knees and begged for the servant to be patient. But the servant showed no mercy and put the man in prison until he could pay off the debt. 6. Some other servants saw this and reported it the master who was angry. He threw the servant into prison until he could pay back what he owed. 7. Jesus said God will treat each of us like this unless we forgive your brother from the heart. What does it mean? 1. God s mercy and forgiveness should not be abused by now showing mercy to others. 2. To be forgiven we must forgive. The Parable of the Forgiving Father 1. Jesus said there was a man who had two sons. The younger son wanted his share of his father s property to go to another town. So the father gave him his share and he left. 2. He went to a distant country and wasted his money on reckless living. 3. Then a famine hit the area and the younger son was forced to take a job feeding pigs. 4. He came to his senses and realised his father s hired helpers had more than him. So he decided he would go back to his father and say Father I have sinned against you and against God, I am no longer worthy to be called your son. 5. So he got up and went and said this to his father. 6. As he approached his father s farm, his father was on the path waiting for him and went to meet him. 7. He told his servants to get the prize calf and throw a party. 8. The older son was angry about this and wanted to know why he didn t ever get a party. 9. The father said everything he has was his older sons, but the younger son was dead and is now alive, was lost and is found. What does it mean? 1. God is like the father waiting for his children to turn back to him when they have sinned. 2. The sins are completely forgotten. The Parable of the sheep and the goats 1. At the end of time Jesus will return to judge the living and the dead. 2. He will separate the righteous and the unrighteous. 3. To the righteous on his right he will say, Come to the Kingdom of God because when I was hungry you fed me, when I was thirsty you gave me something to drink, you visited me in prison and welcomed me when I was a stranger, when I was naked you clothed me. 4. They will say when Lord did we do this. Jesus will say, when you did this for one of the least of your brothers you did it for me. 5. To the unrighteous on his left he will say, when I was hungry you did not feed me, when I was thirsty you did not give me something to drink. You did not visit me nor welcome me as a stranger, when I was naked you did not clothe me. 6. They will say when Lord did we not do this and Jesus will say whenever you did not do this for the least of one of your bothers you did not do it for me. What does it mean? 1. Christians have a duty to love their neighbour. 2. Loving Christ means serving others. The Parable of the Good Samaritan 1. Jesus was asked how people can inherit eternal life. 2. He said that there was a Jewish man who had been beaten up and robbed and left to die. 3. A Jewish priest and Levite walked by and did not help. They crossed over to the other side of the road. 4. A Samaritan stopped and helped the man. He took to an inn and paid for the inn keeper to help him until he was better. 5. He said he would return and pay anything extra that was needed. 6. This man was his neighbour because he helped him even though he did not know him. What does it mean? 1. Jews and Samaritans were enemies so Jesus was showing that everyone is your neighbour. 2. Loving your neighbour shows love of God. 3. Christians need to act not just believe. 4. Christians have a duty to help the disadvantaged. 5. Loving God and your neighbour is at the centre of what it means to be Christian.