Contents A COMMON CULTURE

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1 Contents List af lllustratians and Maps Preface and Acknawledgements lntraductian Xli XVlI XIX PART I A COMMON CULTURE I THE OLD CHURCH, Seeing Salvation in Church 3 The First Pillar: The Mass and Purgatory 10 Layfolk at Prayer 16 The Second Pillar: Papal Primacy 26 A Pillar Cracks: Politics and the Papacy 35 Church Versus Commonwealth? 43 2 HOPES AND FEARS, Shifting Boundaries 53 The Iberian Exception 58 The Iberian Achievement: The Western Church Exported 65 New Possibilities: Paper and Printing 70 Humanism: A New World from Books 76 Putting Renewal into Practice 88 Reform or the Last Days? 94 Erasmus: Hopes Fulfilled, Fears Stilled? 97 3 NEW HEAVEN: NEW EARTH, The Shadow of Augustine 106 Luther, a Good Monk: II5 An Accidental Revolution: Vll

2 Whose Revolution? Evangelical Challenges: Zwingli and Radicalism ZUrich and Wittenberg The Years of Carnival WOOING THE MAGISTRATE, Europe's Greatest Rebellion: Princely Churches or Christian Separation: The Birth of Protestantisms: Strassburg: New Rome or New Jerusalem? 179 Kings and Reformers, A New King David? MUnster and lts Aftermath REUNION DEFERRED: CATHOLlC AND PROTESTANT, A Southern Revival 21 3 Ignatius Loyola and the Ear1y Jesuits 218 Hopes For a Deal: The Crisis 226 A Council at Trent: The First Session, Cal vin in Geneva: The Reformed Answer to MUnster 237 Cal vin and the Eucharist: Protestant Divisions Confirmed 24 8 Reformed Protestantism: Alternatives to Calvin REUNION SCORNED, Crisis For the Habsburgs, : An Emperor's Exhaustion, a Pope's Obsession 276 A Catholic Recovery: England : Turning-points for Dynasties 286 The Last Session of the Council of Trent, Protestants in Arms: France and the Low Countries, Vlll

3 - PART II EUROPE DIVIDED: THE NEW EURO PE DEFINED, JI7 Northern and Southern Religion JI7 Tridentine Successes 322 The Catholic Defence of Christendom, Militant Northern Protestants, The Massacre of St Bartholomew, Poland : An Alternative Future? 34 Protestantism and Providence THE NORTH: PROTESTANT HEARTLANDS 347 Defining Lutheranism: Towards the Formula of Concord 347 The 'Second Reformation' in Germany 353 Baltic Religious Contests: Poland-Lithuania and Scandinavia 35 8 The Northern Netherlands: Protestant Victory 367 The Northern Netherlands: The Arminian Crisis 373 A Reformed Success: Scotland 378 Elizabethan England: A Reformed Church? 382 Ireland: The Coming of the Counter-Reformation THE SOUTH: CATHOLIC HEARTLANDS 4 Italy: The Counter-reformation's Heart 4 1 Spain and Portugal: King Philip's Church 417 The Counter-Reformation as World Mission CENTRAL EUROPE: RELlGION CONTESTED 442 The Empire and Habsburg Lands: A Shattered Church 442 Habsburgs, Wittelsbachs and a Catholic Recovery 449 Transylvania: A Reformed Israel 457 France: Collapse of a Kingdom, France: A Late Counter-Reformation 474 IX

4 II : DECISION AND DESTRUCTION CODA: A BRITISH LEGACY, New English Beginnings: Richard Hooker and Lancelot Andrewes 502 Early Stuart England: The Church's Golden Age? 513 War in Three Kingdoms, A Spectrum of Protestantisms, American Beginnings 533 PART III PATTERNS OF LlFE 13 CHANGING TIMES 549 Time Ending 550 Hearing God's Voice 555 Fighting Antichrist: ldols 55 8 Fighting Antichrist: Witches DEATH, LIFE AND DISCIPLINE 576 Negotiations with Death and Magic 576 Telling out the Word 584 Godly Discipline 591 A Spirit of Protestantism? LOVE AND SEX: STAYING THE SAME 608 A Common Legacy 608 The Family in Society 61 5 The Fear of Sodomy LOVE AND SEX: MOVING ON 63 0 The 'Reformation of Manners' 630 Catholicism, the Fami1y and Celibacy 63 6 Protestantism and the Fami1y 647 Choices in Religion OUTCOMES 668 Wars of Reformation 669 T olerating Difference 674 x

5 Cross-currents: Humanism and Natural Philosophy 679 Cross-currents: Judaism and Doubts 688 The Enlightenment and Beyond 698 Appendix oftexts: Creeds, Lorďs Prayer, Ten Commandments and Hail Mary 709 Notes 713 Further Reading 781 Index 789 Xl

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