Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday Observance. Hosted by the BRO Hospital & Fort Riley MEDDAC 16 January 2019,

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1 1st ID Equal Opportunity Office (7606 Parker Street) LTC Jason Tucker EO Program Manager MSG Walatta McKenzie EO Program NCOIC MSG Michael Cannon Division EOA SFC Raphael Collins Division EOA st Infantry Division Brigade EOAs SFC Dwayne Kimmel 1 st ABCT EOA SFC Jonathon Morgan 2 nd ABCT EOA SFC Eduardo Matta 1 st CAB EOA SFC Daralyn Williams 1 st IDSB EOA Fort Riley Equal Employment Opportunity Office EEO Officer: Complaints Manager: Disability/Special Emphasis Program Mgr: What do I do if I have an Equal Opportunity related concern? INFORMAL COMPLAINT Most issues can be resolved at the lowest level using one of the following; Direct Approach: Speaking directly to the individual about the issue. Indirect Approach: Sending an or writing a letter about the issue. Third Party: Ask a friend or Coworker to approach the person about the issue on your behalf. Chain of Command: Use your commanders open door policy to inform them of the issue to seek their help to solve it. FORMAL COMPLAINT A Formal complaint is one that is filed in writing using DA Form 7279 and often requires an investigation. Formal complaints filed IAW AR are subject to timelines and administrative review requirements. Soldiers should make an attempt to solve EO concerns informally before filing a formal complaint. To file a formal complaint see your Equal Opportunity Advisor. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday Observance Hosted by the BRO Hospital & Fort Riley MEDDAC 16 January 2019,

2 Sequence of Events Welcome and Introduction...SFC Orlando Marin Pharmacy Services NCOIC & EOL, BRO Hospital National Anthem...SFC Jennifer Champagne 1ID Band Invocation...CH (CPT) Joseph L. Wingo Chief, Dept. of Ministry & Pastoral Care, BRO Hospital Entertainment...1ID Band Jazz Combo Introduction of Guest Speaker...SFC Orlando Marin Pharmacy Services NCOIC & EOL, BRO Hospital Guest Speaker.Dr. Kimathi Choma Assistant Dean, KSU College of Arts & Sciences Presentation of Award....COL Theodore R. Brown Commander, BRO Hospital & Fort Riley MEDDAC Closing Remarks...COL Theodore R. Brown Commander, BRO Hospital & Fort Riley MEDDAC Benediction....CH (CPT) Joseph L. Wingo Chief, Dept. of Ministry & Pastoral Care, BRO Hospital Reprisal & Retaliation (AR , Para 5-12) Army personnel are prohibited from taking acts of reprisal against any Soldier for filing a complaint of unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment. a. No person will restrict a member of the Armed Services from making a protected communication with a Member of Congress; an IG; a member of a DOD audit, inspection, investigation, or law enforcement organization; or any other person or organization (including any person in the chain of command) designated under this regulation or other administrative procedures to receive such communication. b. A protected communication is (1) Any lawful communication with a Member of Congress or an IG. (2) A communication in which a member of the Armed Forces communicates information that the member reasonably believes evidences a violation of law or regulation, including a law or regulation prohibiting sexual harassment or unlawful discrimination, gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds or other resources, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety, when such communication is made to any of the following: (a) A Member of Congress, an IG, or a member of a DOD audit, inspection, investigation, or law enforcement organization. (b) Any person or organization in the chain of command; or any other person designated pursuant to regulations or other established administrative procedures to receive such communications. c. Soldiers will be free from reprisal for making or preparing a protected communication. d. No employee or Soldier may take or threaten to take an unfavorable personnel action, or to withhold or threaten to withhold a favorable personnel action, in reprisal against any Soldier for making or preparing a protected communication. e. The chain of command will ensure complainants are protected from reprisal or retaliation for filing EO complaints. Should Soldiers be threatened with such an act, or should an act of reprisal occur, they must report these circumstances to the IG. If allegations of reprisal is made known to any agency authorized in this regulation to receive complaints, the agency should refer the complaint to the IG. It is strongly encouraged to simultaneously report such threats or acts of reprisal to the appropriate chain of command.

3 Treatment of Persons (AR , Para 4-19) The Army is a values-based organization where everyone is expected to do what is right by treating all persons as they should be treated with dignity and respect. Hazing, bullying, and other behaviors that undermine dignity and respect are fundamentally in opposition to our values and are prohibited. This paragraph in AR is punitive. Soldiers who violate this policy may be subject to punishment under the UCMJ. Whether or not certain acts specifically violate the provisions of this paragraph, they may be inappropriate or violate relevant civilian personnel guidance. Commanders must seek the advice and counsel of their legal advisor when taking actions pursuant to this paragraph. What constitutes hazing & bullying? Hazing and bullying can include both physical and nonphysical interactions. Hazing typically involves conduct directed at new members of an organization or individuals who have recently achieved a career milestone. It may result from any form of initiation, rite of passage, or congratulatory act that includes unauthorized conduct such as: physically striking another while intending to cause, or causing, the infliction of pain or other physical marks such as bruises, swelling, broken bones, internal injuries; piercing another s skin in any manner; forcing or requiring the consumption of excessive amounts of food, alcohol, drugs, or other substances; or encouraging another to engage in illegal, harmful, demeaning, or unauthorized dangerous acts. Unlike hazing, bullying often, but not always, takes the form of excessive corrective measures that, like hazing, involve the infliction of physical or psychological pain and go beyond what is required for authorized corrective training. Hazing & bullying are not limited to superior-subordinate relationships. They may occur between peers or, under certain circumstances, may involve actions directed towards senior personnel by those junior in rank, grade, or position to them. Hazing may occur during graduation or promotion ceremonies or similar military "rites of passage. However, it may also happen in military settings, such as in small units, to initiate or welcome a new member to the unit. Bullying may also occur in all settings but it most often appears as excessive correction of, or punishment for, perceived performance deficiencies. Hazing and bullying are prohibited in all cases, to include off-duty or "unofficial celebrations or unit functions, on or off post. Dr. Kimathi Choma Assistant Dean of Diversity, Recruitment and Retention in the College of Arts & Sciences at Kansas State University Dr. Kimathi Choma was named the Assistant Dean of Diversity, Recruitment, and Retention in the College of Arts & Sciences at Kansas State University in March 2016, after serving as Interim Dean for a year and a half. Prior to his current role, Dr. Choma was in the K-State College of Veterinary Medicine where he had been the director of undergraduate public health programs for Pathways to Public Health and the Master of Public Health field experience facilitator for six years. As Assistant Dean, Choma develops and guides the comprehensive strategy for diversity, retention, recruitment and inclusion for the college. He also leads efforts to advance inclusion initiatives and practices for underrepresented groups within the college. Dr. Choma earned a Bachelor of Science degree at Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania, in 1997 before completing two years of graduate-level chemistry course work at the University of South Dakota in preparation for veterinary medical school. He graduated from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Kansas State University in May 2007 and earned his Master of Public Health from the university in "As someone who is passionate about diversity and strives to promote student academic and professional success at the undergraduate and the graduate levels, I believe the objectives of the position parallel my professional goals and recent experiences. Much of my experience has centered around the student perspective, however, I am excited to work with faculty, staff and various entities to enhance the Kansas State experience and to service the needs of those within the College of Arts and Sciences." (Quote from Dr. Choma)

4 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day is a United States federal holiday marking the birthday of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, around the time of King s birthday, January 15. This year s poster (on the front cover of this program) showcases the sentiment of what Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said during his acceptance speech of the Noble Prize in 1964, I refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism and war that the bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood can never become a reality. Dr. King is silhouetted in black in the forefront of the poster with his teachings shown in bright colors representing daybreak. The national recurring theme of this holiday is Remember! Celebrate! Act! A Day On, Not A Day Off! It calls upon the American people to engage in public service and promote peaceful social change. Dr. King s unfinished movement toward equality can be achieved by our united, enduring efforts. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used the power of words and acts of non-violent resistance, such as protests, grassroots organizing, and civil disobedience to achieve seemingly-impossible goals. He is honored and remembered in hundreds of statues, parks, streets, squares, churches, and other public facilities around the world as a leader whose teachings are increasingly relevant to the progress of humankind, and is the only non-president memorialized on the National Mall in the Nation s Capital. In 1964, at 35 years old, Martin Luther King Jr. became the youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee and posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Professionalization of Online Conduct KEY TERMS ONLINE CONDUCT: The use of electronic communication. ONLINE MISCONDUCT: The use of electronic communication to inflict harm. Examples include, but are not limited to: Harassment, Bullying, Hazing, Stalking, Discrimination, Retaliation, or any other types of misconduct that undermine DIGNITY AND RESPECT. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION: The transfer of information (signs, writing, images, sounds, or data) transmitted by computer, phone, or other electronic device. Electronic communications include, but are not limited to: text messages, s, chats, instant messaging, screensavers, blogs, social media sites, electronic device applications, and web/video conferencing. SITUATION: The Army values require that everyone be treated with DIGNITY AND RESPECT. This is a critical component of the Army profession. As members of the Army team, individuals interactions in person and online reflect on the Army and its values. The Army values apply to all aspects of our life, including online conduct. Harassment, bullying, hazing, stalking, discrimination, retaliation, and any other type of misconduct that undermines dignity and respect are not consistent with Army values and negatively impact command climate and readiness. Soldiers and Civilian employees who participate in or condone misconduct, whether in person or online, may be subject to criminal, disciplinary, and/or other corrective action. GUIDANCE Commanders and Leaders are to reinforce a climate where current and future members of the Army Team, including Soldiers and Army Civilians, understand that online misconduct is inconsistent with Army values and where online related incidents are prevented, reported, and where necessary addressed at the lowest possible level. ALL ARMY TEAM MEMBERS When engaging in electronic communication, should apply THINK, TYPE, POST : THINK about the message being communicated and who could potentially view it, TYPE a communication that is consistent with Army values, and POST only those messages that demonstrate dignity and respect for self and others. Personnel experiencing or witnessing online misconduct should promptly report matters to the chain of command/supervision. Alternative avenues for reporting and information include: Family support services, EO, EEO, SHARP, IG, and Army Law Enforcement.

5 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, Life s most persistent and urgent question is: What are you doing for others? Each year, Americans across the country answer that question by coming together on the Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday to serve their neighbors and communities. The day represents the opportunity to start the year off right by making a positive impact in the community. Volunteer Opportunities Get Involved! Make a Difference! Volunteer! The Early Years Born as Michael King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr. was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. Michael King Sr. stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death of his father-in-law in Michael King Sr. became a successful minister and adopted the name Martin Luther King Sr. in honor of the German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther. In due time, Michael Jr. would follow his father's lead and adopt the name himself. In 1948, Martin Luther King Jr. earned a sociology degree from Morehouse College and attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. He thrived in all his studies, and was valedictorian of his class in 1951, and elected student body president. He also earned a fellowship for graduate study. During his last year in seminary, Martin Luther King Jr. came under the guidance of Morehouse College President Benjamin E. Mays who influenced King s spiritual development. Mays was an outspoken advocate for racial equality and encouraged King to view Christianity as a potential force for social change. After being accepted at several colleges for his doctoral study, including Yale and Edinburgh in Scotland, King enrolled at Boston University. During the work on his doctorate, Martin Luther King Jr. met Coretta Scott, an aspiring singer and musician, at the New England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married in June 1953 and had four children, Yolanda, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott and Bernice. In 1954, while still working on his dissertation, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, Alabama. He completed his Ph.D. and earned his degree in King was only 25 years old. Contact Information Army Community Service Army Volunteer Corps Program & Army Community Service Volunteers 7264 Normandy Drive on Custer Hill Fort Riley, KS

6 The Courage of Rosa Parks I have a Dream Speech (page 4 of 4) On the evening of December 1, 1955, 42-year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus in Montgomery, Alabama, to go home after an exhausting day at work. She sat in the first row of the "colored" section in the middle of the bus. As the bus traveled its route, all the seats in the white section filled up, then several more white passengers boarded the bus. The bus driver noted that there were several white men standing and demanded that Parks and several other African Americans give up their seats. Three other African American passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated. The driver asked her again to give up her seat and again she refused. Parks was arrested and booked for violating the Montgomery City Code. At her trial a week later, in a 30-minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee. On the night that Rosa Parks was arrested, E.D. Nixon, head of the local NAACP chapter met with Martin Luther King Jr. and other local civil rights leaders to plan a citywide bus boycott. King was elected to lead the boycott because he was young, well-trained with solid family connections and had professional standing. But he was also new to the community and had few enemies, so it was felt he would have strong credibility with the black community. In his first speech as the group's president, King declared, "We have no alternative but to protest. For many years we have shown an amazing patience. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. August 28, 1963 This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of God s children will be able to sing with a new meaning, My country, tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim s pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

7 I have a Dream Speech (page 3 of 4) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. August 28, 1963 I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. Montgomery Bus Boycott While others were advocating for freedom by any means necessary, including violence, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used the power of words and acts of nonviolent resistance, such as protests, grassroots organizing, and civil disobedience to achieve seemingly-impossible goals. After 381 days of nearly universal participation by citizens of the Black community, many of whom had to walk miles to work each day as a result, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in transportation was unconstitutional. In 1955, Dr. King served as the leader and spokesman for the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was a campaign by the African American population of Montgomery, Alabama to force integration of the city s bus lines.

8 Southern Christian Leadership Conference I have a Dream Speech (page 2 of 4) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. August 28, 1963 In 1957, Dr. King was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization designed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. He would serve as head of the SCLC until his assassination in 1968, a period during which he would emerge as the most important social leader of the modern American civil rights movement. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. In 1963, Dr. King, along with fellow SCLC leader Ralph Abernathy, set up headquarters in Birmingham, Alabama. They began recruiting volunteers for rallies and gave workshops in nonviolent techniques. The Birmingham Campaign was a strategic effort to promote civil rights for African Americans. As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied? We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating For Whites Only. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.

9 I have a Dream Speech (page 1 of 4) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. August 28, 1963 Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we have come to our nation s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked insufficient funds. But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God s children. Birmingham Campaign Birmingham, at the time, was described as the most segregated city in America. The subsequent brutality of the city s police, illustrated most vividly by television images of young Blacks being assaulted by dogs and water hoses, led to a national outrage resulting in a push for unprecedented civil rights legislation. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Letter from the Birmingham Jail Dr. King and others involved in organizing the Birmingham campaign were arrested for violating the injunction prohibiting public civil rights demonstration. It was during this campaign that Dr. King drafted the Letter from a Birmingham Jail, the manifesto of Dr. King s philosophy and tactics.

10 March on Washington It was at this march Dr. King delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, which cemented his status as a social change leader and helped inspire the nation to act on civil rights. Dr. King was later named Time magazine s Man of the Year. Dr. King played a pivotal role in ending the legal segregation of African American citizens in the U.S., influencing the creation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of Later in 1963, Dr. King was one of the driving forces behind the March for Jobs and Freedom, more commonly known as the March on Washington, which drew over a quarter-million people to the National Mall. In 1964, at 35 years old, Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Dr. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, sparking riots and demonstrations in more than 100 cities across the country. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial is located in West Potomac Park at 1964 Independence Avenue, S.W., referencing the year the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law. The memorial s official dedication date is August 28, 2011, the 48th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, though the ceremony was postponed until October 16 due to Hurricane Irene. This memorial is the first African American honored with a memorial on the National Mall and the fourth non-president to be remembered in such a way. Martin Luther King, Jr. s message is universal: a non-violent philosophy striving for freedom, justice, and equality. In 1996, Congress authorized Martin Luther King, Jr. s fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha, to establish a Memorial to him in Washington, D.C. The Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation held a design competition, and identified the Tidal Basin site for the memorial s location. In 2000, the judges selected ROMA Design Group s plan for a stone with Dr. King s image emerging from a mountain. The plan s theme referenced a line from King s 1963 I Have a Dream speech, With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. The final design includes a massive carved mountain with a slice pulled out of it, symbolizing the Stone of Hope being hewn from the Mountain of Despair. Reinforcing this motif, the edges of the Stone of Hope and the Mountain of Despair incorporate scrape marks to symbolize the struggle and movement, as well as an engraving of the words Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope. Visitors may enter the memorial through the Mountain of Despair and tour the memorial reflecting on the struggle that Dr. King faced during his life, approaching the plaza where the Stone of Hope stands. In the stone, a carving of Dr. King gazes to the horizon and encouraging citizens to strive for equality and justice.