8 Churches Under Communism 1

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1 8 Churches Under Communism 1 Left-wing totalitarianism is very similar to right-wing totalitarianism. Like we discussed last week, it is almost as if they end up meeting together the further left and right you go. Similar stress placed on charismatic, dictatorial leader. Bureaucratic Centralized party elite Party discipline Ruthless terror Secret police Censorship Indoctrination of youth Control of the economy Unlike fascism, communism is inherently hostile to religion. Communist Totalitarianism Communism as an idea is derived from the writings of Karl Marx ( ). dialectical progress of class struggle All history moves necessarily and inexorably towards the final destiny which is the Communist State. Marx understanding of history was based on materialist - that is, atheist presuppositions about reality. In his thinking, religion and was an invention of the ruling classes as a means to subjugate the lower classes and keep them content while undergoing exploitation. Thus, Marx famous dictum, "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. And yet, it was the particular adoption and adaption of Marxism by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( ) that was significant in the early 20th- Century in Russia. Lenin innovates and takes Marx ideas and adapts them. He adds the central role of the Community Party, in particular, the Vanguard Party, which needs to be in place to guide the nation towards the destiny of communism. Lenin, and Leon Trotsky are key in this leadership. 1 Much of the material gathered for this lecture is drawn (again) from Sarah Williams, History of Christianity II (Vancouver: Regent Audio, 2005). Great stuff!

2 The Russian Revolution, 1917 February, Tsar Nicholas II is overthrown. Bolsheviks, a minority political party at the time, had the formidable task of consolidating power in a decimated country that was geographically vast. Russia was plunged into a very bloody civil war and during the course of this civil war, famine spread throughout the land and killed more people the the Great War did (not counting those who died in the civil war) The Russian economy collapsed, famine spread, and civil war dominated the Russian landscape. It is out of this chaos that the Bolsheviks were able to seize control largely through the military genius of Leon Trotsky and the brilliance of Lenin to interpret everything that was happening to Russia through the lens of Communist ideology Lenin s death caused yet another ruthless vying for power among the Bolshevik leaders. Leaders turn on one another. During this power struggle, the shady and mysterious figure of Joseph Stalin emerges on the scene. Uses violent means and consolidates power by Adopts many of the Tsarist techniques and incorporates them into a totalitarian framework. Impact on the Church Whereas the Fascist regimes attempted to seduce the Churches into its ideology, the Communist regimes attempted to stamp out the Church through force. One form corrupts the church, the other may, in fact, purify it. Watch out for seductions! Persecution One of the first acts of the Bolsheviks after it took power was to confiscated church lands, cancel state subsidies, decree civil marriage, and nationalize the schools removing all Christian influence in education. All church leaders were labelled as counter-revolutionaries and supporters of the Tsar. During the civil war, many priests and monks were imprisoned or killed by the Red Army including the Patriarch Tikhon ( ). He opposed the separation of church and society, and responded to the Bolsheviks by excommunicating the entire government!! Church was slowly being choked by administration and police control. In the aftermath, schism emerges amongst the parish clergy: Those who want to accommodate and adaptation - Living Church Movement (Renovationist) Those who want to remain separate, faithful and firm.

3 The Living Church Movement emerges and cuts itself off from any separationist movement. Alliance with the Soviet regime. Aim was to reconstitute Orthodoxy in order to make it acceptable to the Soviets. Churches under Pressure Bolsheviks sponsored anti-religion initiatives. League of the Militant Goddess Law of Religious Association - forbidden to engage in social, cultural or charitable work. Every congregation must be registered. And the police could go through the list of all the registered leaders in any particular church and exclude any of them at any time. Excludes any church propaganda which in theory, outlawed any form of evangelism from the church Law - the church could only meet for worship in a State regulated building. That was the only form of public engagement. 1930s - Great Purges of Restores voting rights of the clergy, but they would be labelled in society as a class of idiots who toiled to promote outdated myths from the past and exploited the poor Russian Churches are almost wiped out. The Baptists and the Lutherans were almost eradicated. The Mennonites were either killed or emigrated out of Russia, often to Canada in the 1920s. Christianity discounted - icons are burnt publicly and are replaced with the new icons of the Soviet Union. Effects? During this decade of intense persecution, we get more and more evidence of the underground church. People were not abandoning the faith, but if anything, they seemed to be flocking to the Christian faith in droves! In the mid-1930s, 57% of the population were active believers according to the League of the Militant Goddess. Not lukewarm but active! They measured this by a census in One of the questions asked was, Do you believe in God? During the height of Stalin s liquidation of all opposition and you have to fill this in. To answer yes, could cost you your life. And millions of people (not knowing if they would be the last Christian in Russia) answered yes. Steadfastness of the average Christian. Stalin can t wipe out over half of his population, plus he is about to wage war against the Germans and needed the support of his people. Nevertheless, the enforced silence of the church, its lack of public life, veiled a retirement into its inner depths. Disorganized, rent by schisms, often underground, the church experienced a

4 purgation which may be said to have aligned it with Isaiah s Man of Sorrows as never before. Sergei Hackel World War II Stalin changes tack during WWII - had to make friends with Britain and the US. Opened churches and tries to use them to garner support in defence of Russia Recognized the institutional church Theological schools and monasteries were reopened and churches were even permitted to publish their own journals. Encouraged the Russian church to extend its influence over Eastern Europe. Allows the Church to be harnessed behind the Soviet goals. Stalin saw the church merely as a tool to extend his power. Stalin s singular concern is to extend power of the USSR Post-war China falls to communism under Mao Zedong and the Communist Party Vietnam falls to communism Cuba falls Cold War The Church and the End of Communism Existence of churches was always an implicit challenge to totalitarian regimes Indigenous churches fostered the movement for democracy East Germany - Church was directly connected to anticommunist movement Social justice became part of what it meant to be a Christian - politics mattered! To be a Christian was to make a statement against a very, very powerful regime that may cost them their lives Pope John Paul II (Kremlin tried to assassinate him) - constantly exposed injustice in Poland and in other parts of the world. "Allow me, venerable gentlemen, to continue to consider Poland's interest as my own, and to participate in it as profoundly as if I still lived in this country and were a citizen of this nation. Pope John Paul II Address to the Communist Regime in Poland June 2, Russian government granted complete freedom to all religion - churches, land, buildings were handed back. Poland - Catholic Church opposed communism. Pope John Paul II addressed the communists on June 2, 1979, and through his tireless effort along with Lech Wales and the Solidarity Party, brought an end to communism almost ten years later to the day!

5 Russia after the Cold War Evangelical missionaries flocked to Russia to share the Gospel. Problem was that they were ignorant of the culture and the history that we ve just been discussing. Tension between evangelical and Orthodox Boris Yeltsin passed a law in collusion with the Orthodox Church - to be a legitimate church, you need to be registered with the government. To get registered is very difficult. New laws in recent years A Word about China Communist Party Takes Power 1949 to 1976 Mao s attitude: religion is the option of the wealthy, Red Army is the option of the poor. Effective re-imposition of state control of religion from above: Foreign Missionaries expelled 1966 Cultural Revolution perpetual revolution 17 million urban youth enlist in the Red Guard and ransack China Attempt to eradicate all religions Mao s attack on the Four Olds: Old Ideas, Old Culture, Old Customs, Old Habits closure of churches, imprisonment and martyrdom of many leaders, vigorous persecution 1976 Death of Mao / end of cultural revolution easing of restrictions on religious groups Post-Mao China State control of religion: 5 recognized religion: Taoism, Confucianism, Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism Instrument of Control: S.A.R.A. State Administration for Religious Affairs Or better known as the R.A.B. (Religious Affairs Bureau) - reports to the United Front of the Communist Party 1989 Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 The Red Army turns on the people Disillusionment with Marxism, unrestrained materialism Vacuum of meaning in China Christianity Craze Emergence of Cultural Christians and Boss Christians

6 House churches greatest engines of growth House church networks: True Jesus Church founded by Wei Enbo The Jesus Family founded by Jing Dianying The Little Flock of Watchman Nee The Rise of the Church in the Global South If you were to look back at the beginning of the twentieth-century, it may have seemed that the century would belong to such movements as: The End of Religion The Rise of Communism The dominance of Islam (dominant religion for Africa) Would anyone suggest that it was the Rise of Christianity as a truly global movement? Here are some numbers to consider: 2008 Number of Christians Europe Latin America Africa 560 million 480 million 360 million 2025 Given trends, Africa and Latin America will jostle for first place and will constitute one half of the Christians on the planet Projections are that Africa will win The centre of Christianity is moving inextricably from the north to the south 2008 List of countries which may have the largest Christian populations U.S. Brazil Mexico Nigeria Congo Ethiopia Philippines China NOT Britain France Canada Italy Spain

7 New Global Realities % of Christians lived in Europe % of Christians lived in Europe % of Christians were white % of Christians were white By 2050, there will be around 3 billion Christians in the world of whom only around one-fifth will be non-hispanic whites. Jenkins then quotes John Updike s wry comment, I don t think God plays well in Sweden God sticks pretty close to the Equator. Implications Different views regarding denominationalism: Are you evangelical, Catholic or charismatic? Yes. Churches are what keep people alive in increasingly crowded cities where there aren t any social services Churches offer health and healing Scripture has obvious relevance. For example, in the Global South, the Book of Revelation has immediate application. For, it describes a world in which government is under demonic forces in cities through the corruption of money and power. The Transformation of Africa million Christians (10%) million Christians (46%) Constitutes the largest religious change of any sort that has ever happened on the planet. If that is not, quantitatively, the largest religious change in human history in such a short period, I am at a loss to think of a rival. Philip Jenkins. When you look at revivals in Africa over the past 100 years, there is seldom a time when there wasn t a revival taking place somewhere at some point. Implications: Accounts for some of the hostilities in Africa between Muslims and Christians. Muslims assumed that Islam would simply win out in Africa. Take Nigeria for example. In 1900, Nigeria was 1%

8 Christian and 33% Muslim. In the 1950 s, it was 45% Christian and 45% Muslim. By the year 2000, it is majority Christian. Missions The Re-evangelization of the church in the West. The fastest growing churches in Europe are immigrant churches. Recognize that the face of Christianity has changed and North Americans are the ones in need of being reached. Nigerian churches are working on methods to make the gospel message intelligible to whites. Implications We need to recognize that Christianity does not have a geographical core. Islam has a geographical core in Arabia and the Near East. The Faith of Christ is always young Western Christianity is becoming an oxymoron We are in a place to look at Christianity again with new eyes (keeps it young). Explosion of Christianity in South Korea Growth in Korean churches Presbyterian 54,987 73,844 Methodists 18,107 39,613 Over a 5-year period, Korean churches grew by 80,000 converts. During this time, Korean churches also grew in their independence from missionary support. This was a good thing because from 1910 to 1945, the Japanese brutally persecuted the Koreans. The Korean awakening (as it has been called) has shown that God can bring revival even to places without a dominant Christian culture. Korea Today 29% of South Koreans are Christians (compared to 1% in 1901) Of the Koreans who live abroad, 71% of them are Christian

9 China If there is one thing we can agree upon regarding the number of Christians in China: only God knows how many there are. - speech to the Academy of World Religions, about 1 million Protestants -- 4 million Catholics Today: some Western estimates as high as 130 million Estimated breakdown, assuming about 84 million Christians: (6.5% of total population of billion) Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association (state controlled) Underground Catholics loyal to Rome Three-Self Patriotic Movement (state controlled) House Church Estimate 5 Million 8 million million 50 Million Strengths: Church has been/is being purged through continued persecution. Extremely resilient Not lukewarm Weaknesses: Thinness of theology Prone to heresy Hierarchical nature of Chinese culture Conclusion What is one or two take-aways you have gained through learning Church History? How has learning God s Story in History affected your self-understanding as a Christian?

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