Over 30 chantries and obits at cathedral. Organisation. Renovation in late 18 th c changed layout of cathedral monuments.

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2 Over 30 chantries and obits at cathedral. Organisation. Renovation in late 18 th c changed layout of cathedral monuments. Cathedral of dean & canons, different from other medieval cathedrals that had monastic houses. This was a uniquely English phenomenon, not know on continent. This was therefore not an enclosed community unlike for example Winchester where access to their equivalent of a Close was a monastic precinct. This is reflected in the parish altar being in the nave. 2

3 What were chantries? Purgatory place between death and the Day of Final Judgement Part of intercessionary acts popular in the period. Efficacy of the mass considered best way of interceding for soul in Purgatory. Abolished in 1547 by Edward VI in the 2 nd Chantry Act the First Chantry Act, 1545, by Henry VIII was more perhaps of a money gathering exercise although he had hdan ambivalent attitude to purgatory himself. His will asked kdfor a chantry in St George s Chapel, Windsor with Jane Seymour. 3

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6 Chantries in Salisbury need to be seen in the context of the 4 th Lateran Council of Rome in At the time the cathedral moved to its current location here, this council made the doctrine of purgatory official. But prayers of the dead had been a feature of the Christian religion for over a 1000 years before. Purgation of the soul had stretched over time from an event at the time of death to a place i.e. tory where purgation took place. So by 1300 this was a sophisticated movement with many nuances and rituals, of which chantry masses were a large part. In England chantries were the most popular form of religious foundation after the Black Death, and many remain unknown to this day. 6

7 By 1300 there were at least 8 chantries in the cathedral Only one of these was a secular foundation, that of Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, grandson of King John Buried in 2 places!!! Not a thought that occurs to many young people today. By 1400 this number had increased to c.25 and by 1500 there were 33. Lots of crossover with the vicars choral 7

8 The 1319 Missae Currentes organised these groups into a system where there were almost continuous masses from dawn to All masses were conducted during these hours. Evidence for this sort of organisation in Durham cathedral for monks, but this was to ensure all chantry/mass commitments were carried out. The chantry priests /vicars choral may not have had definite chapel that they were attached to especially if this chantry was founded through the dean and canons. Only if the endowment was independent of the dean and canons and the foundation had its own funds could a chantry priest or priest be separate from the corporate life of the cathedral. In the case of Salisbury the large number under the authority of the dean & canons made this sort of organisation important. This document set out the yearly responsibility for chantry priests, allocating them to particular chapels/altars for the commemorative masses. In monastic houses where the prior and convent took this responsibility we know that these were chalked on boards. But it does raise the problem of sufficient remembrance for the founder, e.g. of St George s Anne of Exeter to remedy this. requirement to say her name in English hhlf half way through hmass. Not sure what Salisbury did to remedy this possible defect especially over time. 8

9 Map of Close with those properties linked to chantries marked, but obviously if many were also vicars choral they would be associated with their properties. Should be noted that only 10 perpetual chantries were mentioned in the Valor of 1535, and there is a suggestion that this was not complete! 9

10 Other chantries included many founded in 13 th century, most gave land or property to the church in return for these masses, even bishops. Some canons gave their houses in the Close to the Dean and canons in return for chantry masses. Some were manned by the vicars choral but not all. 14 have been traced in the 14 th century mostly canons and bishops but few laity. Cage chantries reflect this trend. 10

11 Plan of floor showing tomb in north nave aisle and chapel itself empty of tombs. 11

12 Founded many chantries in the area, in Farleigh Hungerford parish church and castle and Chippenham. Walter was part of a larger Hungerford family, which in the 15 th century held large areas of land locally and were prominent local officials, being MPs for the area. Walter supported Henry IV s seizure of the throne in 1399 and from that date was a loyal and prominent Lancastrian supporter. He was created Knight of the Bath at Henry IV s coronation, served as JP, MP and Sheriff for Wiltshire, but also served on diplomatic missions across Europe. He was high in the favour of Henry V, fighting with him at Agincourt, and campaigned with him for 5 years. On Henry V s death in 1422, he was created joint guardian of Henry VI, a 9 month old baby and was one of the king s executors. 12

13 The chantry in Salisbury cathedral was founded in 1429 when dean and chapter gave permission for Hungerford to enclose the area between these 2 pillars to create a chapel with an altar. He was buried beneath chapel. This was enclosed with iron railings not stone walls. The tomb seen here today was not originally in the chapel, and indeed Hungerford is believed to be buried beneath the floor of this area. The original tomb had a large double brass of Hungerford and his first wife, Catherine Peverell. The insignia included the Order of the Garter, and several of their personal device fo the sickle. 13

14 The brass was probably on the floor. This tomb has been created from many of the elements of the chapel founded by his son, Robert, at the east end. The chapel was manned by 2 chantry priests, each performing a mass daily. Not the common single priest chantries of earlier foundations. It was endowed with 50 of land a year 1427 to provide the salary of the priests and all incidentals. Chantry priests were paid 8 a year reasonable sum for this period. 14

15 The insignia included the Order of the Garter, and several of their personal device of the sickle. Lost brasses 15

16 Engraving of original chapel in early 18 th century, showing heraldic designs etc. This does not show the tomb in its current location. 16

17 After reformation and dissolution of chantries the original chantry had not been dismantled but was used as a pew by the bishop when listening to sermons in the nave, and for other important visitors tot he city during services. Therefore the tomb seen in this spot today, complete with brass inscription was not there originally. Chapel was moved 1789 at the time of many renovations and changes in the cathedral. Lord Radnor claimed descent from Hungerford through his wife and moved the chapel. Previously it had been used as the mayor s chapel for sermons in the nave after the Reformation, before being moved. 17

18 Old heraldic devices of Hungerford have also survived in this chapel 18

19 But sadly the brass tablet erected by Lord Radnor gives the impression that this tomb was situated in the chapel, but this cannot be the case and is most probably made from bits of his son s chapel. 19

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22 Robert, Lord Hungerford, Walter s son, also had close connections with the cathedral and was granted permission to build an external chapel to the north of the Trinity Chapel. 22

23 This was built by his widow at a cost of 497 and like his father s was a chantry of 2 priests. His chantry priests were also given a house in the close, so were not vicars choral. This matched the chapel to the south of the Trinity chapel being built at a similar date by RichardBeauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury. 23

24 Both chapels were demolished in these renovation works of the 1780s, and all that is left are the images of the chapel while being dismantled. Also in Gough s book This is the Hungerford chapel, showing the well known medieval moral tale of the living and the dead. (Often three princes and skeletons depicted) 24

25 There was also a painting of St Christopher & the Christ child. 25

26 The chantry contained the tombs of both Robert and his wife, Margaret Botreaux, both moved after the demolition by Wyatt in

27 Masonry re used for both tombs of father and son. 27

28 The Beauchamp chantry, on the south side, built by bishop who died in Had a licence for 4 priests to perform the chantry masses, but this number was not sustained for very long small endowment. Said to be derelict by 1505! Not covered in wall paintings but sculptured stone. Also removed in Original brass lost by mid 19 th c. His remains and monument are also lost, although his episcopal ring survives no one knows where his body is. Like Walter Hungerford the bishop endowed this chapel with land worth 50 a year. This had fewer wall paintings and was a more sculptural chapel. Both these meant that doors had to be created between them and the Trinity chapel. 28

29 Cheney This was also the burial place of others including Sir John Cheney, d.1509, executor of Beauchamp s will. Knight of the Garter, whose tomb was also moved into the nave, although without its original canopy. Other members of his family were also laid to rest here and the recent Time Team investigation found one in situ 29

30 Not Beauchamp, whose empty tomb was excavated, but probably family member 30

31 The final chapel is that of Edmund Audley, bishop of Salisbury, 1502 death in His chapel is a classic stone cage chantry, and located to the north of the high altar, incorporating the Easter sepulchre. 31

32 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. This chapel was founded in a different way from the earlier ones. His endowment was kept separate from the assets of the den and chapter, and it was incorporated as its own body, with its own seal. This was probably an attempt to make sure the value of the endowment did not decline in the same way as those of other chantries in the cathedral, many of which appear to have failed by the early 16 th century. 32

33 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Stone cage chantry built between 2 pillars of chancel. Founded by Audley in 1516 along with another chantry in Hereford cathedral which was not in this form as Audley buried here as well. He is buried under floor and the table top is the Easter Sepulchre 33

34 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. 34

35 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Common in form to all cage chantries in study. Has reredos with shields these probably depicted religious themes as they have been removed. The reredos, now bereft of its statues has 5 alcoves, all carved with canopies. The decoration includes religious imagery such as the Five Wounds of Christ, a mass that was sanctioned in the late 15 th century and which became very popular. 35

36 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. The Easter sepulchre also gives a clear view to the high altar, perhaps as part of the sequence of masses, to make sure the Elevation of the Host did not occur at the same time. There is still the evidence for the stone altar, which was removed, in common with all others in 1550, under the direction of the bishop of London. 36

37 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Dedicated to Assumption of the BVM and this was probably depicted on this boss but has been defaced The vaulting is a common feature of these chapels and is a miniature version of what was being built at the same time in St George s Windsor Castle. The heraldry is a combination of the bishop s and arm and the cathedrals. 37

38 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Looking at this in context, there is a remarkable similarity between the vaulting in this chapel and that of Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury, being completed at the same time in Christchurch Priory. 38

39 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. His initials also appear on the exterior of the chapel a reminder of those passing to the shrine of St Osmund to remember the bishop in their prayers. 39

40 Post Reformation Audley lands belonging to the chapel were sold by the Crown in 1549 to in Baldginton Parva, Oxon, to John Knight of Newberry & Robert Were of Marlborough for 683.8s 4d with an annual value of 44 19s 8d a year. The furniture of the chapel so both Hungerford s and Audley were also sold in 1548 to Thomas Chaffynge of Mere. What is remarkable is that they were not dismantled at this date. The Walter Hungerford chapel would intrude into the viewpoint in the nave especially as the emphasis moved to more sermons in the nave. Ludlow examples removed these are examples of many others that were lost. But this had another life as the place where dignitaries sat for these sermons so definitely not the tomb then! Lost due to changes for fashion and renovation in that late 18 th century not liturgy! 40

41 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Hungerford chapel very unusual. The 2 nd chantry act of Edward VI was the end for the vast majority of chapels based on ignorance and superstition. All lands meant to be surrender to Crown as per dissolution of the monasteries, but the dean and chapter applied to the crown in February Fb 1549 for an exemption. The chapter Act book of this date tells of an agreement with the Crown where in return for a double pension the chapter was able to keep the endowed lands form both the Hungerford chantries. There is a series of account rolls for these transactions in the archive from 1473 to The payment of 17 6s 8d a year was paid to the crown for these lands. This pattern has not been identified in any other chantry studies. 41

42 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. So Salisbury is both the same as many other major churches and cathedral, in having a large number of chantries founded in the 3 centuries up to 1547, many of which did not survive in their original form to the dissolution. Their founders were a mixture of lay and secular people connected to the cathedral. They had a large number of altars, and a few chapels. What makes Salisbury different is the evidence for organisation of the masses to provide a continuous round of the Elevation of the Host for visitors, and that they were able to negotiate this double pension from the king. The movement & demolition of the chapels is also an illustration of how they were not static literally! Chantries were the most popular religious foundation of the later middle ages, and without much physical evidence are often overlooked. You have the opportunity to change this perception through the evidence here in the cathedral. 42