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1 Readings Pages Great Architecture of the World Photo: Alexander Aptekar 2009 ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY
2 Writing Assignment Research Paper Photo: Alexander Aptekar 2009 This semester we have viewed and analyzed 10,000 years of architectural history. Many of us will never see the actual buildings. Yet we are surrounded by architecture every day. This type of building is called vernacular, meaning it was designed and built by ordinary architect or people. These buildings may not be important in the history of architecture, but they affect our attitudes and experiences. In this paper you will describe your neighborhood and select one interesting building. Why did this building catch your eye. Describe it using architectural terms such as scale, proportion, form and rhythm. What is its use for? Then compare and contrast the building to the remainder of the neighborhood. Analyze the success or failure of this building in your neighborhood. ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY
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4 Stave church, Borgund, Norway: 1150 commons.wikimedia.org By Frode Inge Helland
5 Stave church, Borgund, Norway: 1150 This church from the Viking era. is built around four central giant upright logs. commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org
6 commons.wikimedia.org By Eduardo Stave church, Borgund, Norway: 1150 commons.wikimedia.org
7 Romanesque Architecture Centered in Western Europe: Britain, France, Germany, Spain End of the 9 th Century to the Rise of the Gothic: 12 th Century Influenced by Roman, Byzantine, Carolingian and Ottonian (German), Viking, Celtic and Saracenic (Moslem)
8 Romanesque Life During this Time: Political Turbulence Spain still controlled by the Moors Widespread illiteracy, Small & Scattered Population, Poor Communication Constant threat of warfare Monks held the Intellectual and Artistic Materials Greatest Patron was the Christian Church Language: Latin Religious Pilgrimages were very popular
9 Romanesque Pilgrimage Routes:
10 Romanesque: Common Traits Thick Stone Walls, Small Windows Fortresslike Appearance, Impression of Great Solidity and Heaviness. Articulation of Every Structural Division to Give Impression of Unity: Modular System of Construction with Interiors Divided in Bays. Differs from Smoothness of Early Christian Architecture. Fat Piers supporting Round Arches and Barrel Vaults Diversity throughout Countries and even within a Country because of Climate, Traditions, Materials and Communication
11 Who Built the Churches? 1 st Half of the 11 th Century Church Building gained Momentum Monks Ivory Carvings, Embroidery, Arts of the Cloister Architecture was one of the Mechanical Arts, not Liberal Arts Architects had an Inferior Social Status Erected by Stone Masons, ordinary workmen, hired by the Monks
12 Romanesque Churches Cruciform Plan Churches were Built along the Pilgrimage Routes Churches must accommodate many Pilgrims : so they provided a loop for circulation around the nave: side aisles At East End, a large semicircular apse behind was supplied with an Ambulatory (walkway around the Perimeter) and radiating Chapels displaying treasures
13 Romanesque Churches Long narrow Naves Twin Towers at Entrance Tower over the Crossing Large Triforiums (Upper Gallery over side aisles) Clerestories Clustered Piers supporting Roof Geometric ornament on Columns and Capitals
14 France: France is split into a number of independent Domains Pilgrimages / Blind Faith made it possible to erect a large Building to House Relics Pilgrims offerings gave financial sources Between : 80 Cathedrals, 500 large Churches and Tens of Thousands of Parish Churches were erected
15 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France: Pilgrimage Church 200 Nave w/ Unusual high Vaulting Pink & Gray bands on the Nave Arches: Divide Groin Vaults=Bays
16 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
17 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
18 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
19 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
20 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
21 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
22 ARTstor - (c) 2006, SCALA, Florence / ART RESOURCE, N.Y. Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France: The Tympanum
23 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
24 Sainte Madeleine, Vezelay, France:
25 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France: Pilgrimage Church Large Windows and a tall spacious Nave & Sanctuary Constructed of Stone (Fear of Fire) Designed with Continuous Aisles around the Nave and transept Chevet: Combination of the Aisles that encircle the Apse, small Chapels and Ambulatory
26 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France:
27 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France: commons.wikimedia by Jean-Pol GRANDMONT
28 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France:
29 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France: commons.wikimedia commons.wikimedia
30 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France:
31 Church of Sainte Foy, Conquest, France:
32 The Abbey of Fontenot, France: A stark Cistercian abbey it is an excellent illustration of the ideal of self-sufficiency. It contained a church, cloister, refectory, sleeping quarters, bakery and an ironworks. commons.wikimedia by Jean-Christophe BENOIST
33 The Abbey of Fontenat, France: KEY 1. Abbey Gate 2. Guest House 3. Church 4. Dormitory 5. Council Room 6. Cloister 7. Forge 2 1
34 The Abbey of Fontenat, France: Cloister, Arcade
35 The Abbey of Fontenat, France: Council Room Dormitory Forge
36 The Abbey of Fontenat, France: Aisle Nave 217 x26
37 Peterborough Cathedral England: Pilgrimage Church Began in 1177, Nave started 28 years later 211 long and 33 wide Nave w/ Wooden ceiling 81 high Built on the site of a Benedictine Abbey Church White Barnack stone juxtaposed to a painted wooden ceiling
38 Peterborough Cathedral England: commons.wikimedia by Steve Cadman
39 Peterborough Cathedral England:
40 Peterborough Cathedral England:
41 Cathedral of Durham England: Begun 1093 Pilgrimage Church built mainly in the 12 th Century 470 long 1 st Church to have ribbed vaults Earliest Church to use Pointed Transverse Arches to divide the Nave into Bays
42 Cathedral of Durham England: Begun by Sacred Destinations
43 by Robert Scarth Cathedral of Durham England: Begun 1093 commons.wikimedia
44 Cathedral of Durham England: Begun by Sam Judson
45 Cathedral of Durham England: Begun 1093 commons.wikimedia.org by Sam Judson
46 San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy: by aldoaldoz
47 San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy: Geometric marble veneer façade Simple Early Christian basilicas plan commons.wikimedia
48 San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy: Single pair of aisles flanks nave with clerestory windows Wood trusses support the roof
49 Cathedral, Baptistery and Tower, Pisa, Italy Construction lasted Site = Grassy Piazza sets stage for the White Marble exterior Peak of Italian Romanesque Architecture Set of Buildings link with light open arcades and inlaid marble by Alessio Facchin
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51 Pisa Cathedral, Italy: by Stefan Lew
52 Pisa Cathedral, Italy:
53 by alii
54 Pisa Cathedral, Italy: by Stephan M. Höhne
55 Pisa Baptistery, Italy:
56 Pisa Baptistery, Italy:
57 Cathedral, Baptistry and Tower, Pisa, Italy ARTstor - Hartill Art Associates Inc.
58 Vaults: Sexpartite Rib Vault Rib Vault
Beowulf was written in Old English between the 8 th and 11 th centuries; the oldest known copy is from 1010.
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