Section 1 Standards-Based Instruction

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1 Section 1 Standards-Based Instruction Standards at a Glance In the last chapter, students read about the rise of Charlemagne and the spread of Christianity in Europe. Here, students will focus on the relationship between Charlemagne, and his successors, with the popes in Rome. Section Focus Question How did popes try to establish authority over kings? Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Lesson Focus: The coronation of Charlemagne set the precedent of popes having the authority to crown emperors. Later, Pope Gregory VII issued strict rules limiting the authority of emperors. This led to a conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV, who was then excommunicated.) Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Ask students to define the words papacy and monarchy. Using the Idea Wave technique (TE p. T38), ask students to tell how the leadership positions are different and how they are alike. (Papacy is the system of leadership in the Roman Catholic Church, where the pope is the sole ruler. Monarchy is a system of government in which leadership is also held by one person, usually a king or queen, and it may or may not require adherence to a particular religion.) Set a Purpose Read each statement in the Reading Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to mark the statements true or false. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 43 Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark their worksheets again. Use the ReQuest strategy (TE p. T37) to call on students to share. Universal Access L1 H-SS Demonstrate an understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs (e.g., Charlemagne, Gregory VII, Emperor Henry IV). H-SS Research, Evidence, and Point of View 2 Students distinguish fact from opinion in historical narratives and stories. Charlemagne and Pope Leo III had a cooperative relationship. 412 Chapter 15 Medieval Conflicts and Crusades Less Proficient Readers Section 1 Popes and Rulers Study Aid To help students remember the events they learned about in this section, have them create an illustrated timeline. One side of the timeline should list the Reading Preview Reading Skill Identify Facts Facts are pieces of information that can be proved or disproved. For example, you can prove that an event happened on a certain date by researching that event in a history reference source. To identify a fact, ask yourself what you could use to prove or disprove the piece of information. If you can determine a source for this task, it is likely a fact. High-Use Words tradition (truh DISH uhn), p. 413 issue (IHSH oo), p. 415 Key Terms and People clergy (KLER jee), p. 413 Pope Leo III (pohp LEE oh thuh therd), p. 413 coronation (kor uh NAY shuhn), p. 413 Pope Gregory VII (pohp GREHG uh ree thuh SEHV uhnth), p. 415 secular (SEHK yuh luhr), p. 415 Henry IV (HEHN ree thuh forth), p. 415 excommunicate (ehks kuh MYOO nih kayt), p. 415 Background Knowledge A feudal system provided law and order in the early Middle Ages. The manorial system dominated medieval life. In this section, you will read about the conflicts and cooperation between kings and popes. A Study in Cooperation After Roman rule collapsed in Europe, the Christian Church became the stable center of medieval life. Gradually, local kings restored law and order. But the popes the bishops of Rome claimed authority over all of Christendom. The relationship between Charlemagne and Pope Leo III marked a high point in cooperation between a ruler and a pope. A Christian Ruler Charlemagne was a devout Christian. He viewed his victories as proof of God s blessing. To thank God, he set out to improve the Church. He ordered priests, monks, and nuns to live strictly by Church rules. Scholars at his court edited manuscripts to create a library of Christian texts. date and tell the significance of the event. The other side of the timeline should include a drawing, picture, or symbol to help illustrate the event. 412 Chapter 15

2 Charlemagne tried to rule in a Christian manner. Many of his advisers were drawn from the clergy. The clergy is the group of people who give their lives to serve the Church as priests, monks, and higher church officials. He sent messengers out in pairs a churchman and a noble to find and fix cases of injustice. He encouraged all his subjects to live together in perfect peace and charity. However, Charlemagne hoped for more. Although he controlled a huge empire, he wanted the title emperor. In Roman tradition, the title of emperor gave the ruler a special relationship with God. At that time, the only emperor recognized by the Church was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. A Pope in Trouble In 799, Charlemagne received an important visitor: Pope Leo III. Leo had left Rome after rivals there had planned to blind him and remove him from office. The terrified pope fled across the Alps to the safety of Charlemagne s court. A few months later, Leo returned to Rome under the king s protection. The following year, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to support the pope. On Christmas Day, Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne emperor. Charlemagne seemed surprised by his coronation, or crowning ceremony. Nonetheless, becoming emperor was a dream come true. The coronation of Charlemagne had lasting effects on Europe and the Church. First, it strengthened the power of the Church in Western Europe by establishing the principle that only the pope could crown an emperor. However, in Eastern Europe, this same idea was seen as an insult to the Byzantine emperor. This disagreement over who could crown an emperor worsened the growing division between the Eastern and Western churches. As you have read in Chapter 2, this division eventually led to a schism, or complete split, between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. How did Charlemagne and the pope cooperate with each other? History Background tradition (truh DISH uhn) n. belief, custom, or old way of doing something Charlemagne s Coronation Here, Pope Leo III places the emperor s crown on Charlemagne, who also received the title Emperor of the Romans. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions Who appears to be the highest authority in this picture? Why? Section 1 Popes and Rulers 413 Most historians feel that it is simply not believable that Charlemagne did not know of Leo s plan to crown him emperor at the Christmas mass in the year A.D The coronation was probably planned by both of them for some time. However, the story enhanced Charlemagne s reputation as a humble and modest Christian. His biographer, Einhard, tells the story of Charlemagne s coronation the following way. But at first he was so much opposed [to the coronation] that he affirmed that, even though it was an important feast day, he would not have entered the church that day if he had known in advance the plan of the pope. Teach A Study in Cooperation H-SS Instruction High-Use Words Before teaching this section, preteach the high-use words tradition and issue, using the strategy on TE p Key Terms Following the instructions on p. 7, have students create a See It Remember It chart for the key terms in this section. To help students better understand the concept of authority, which is important to the understanding of this section, use the Concept Lesson, Authority, and the Concept Organizer. Concept Lesson, p. 51; Concept Organizer, p. 6 Read A Study in Cooperation with students, using the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE p. T36). Ask: What examples show that Charlemagne ruled as a Christian leader? (chose clergy for advisers, had a noble and churchman solve conflicts) Ask: What were the advantages to Charlemagne of cooperating with the pope? (As a religious man, he may have believed it was the morally correct thing to do. He may also have seen a good relationship with the pope as a path to more power and authority over the European region.) Independent Practice Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 15, Section 1 (Adapted version also available.) Monitor Progress As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure they understand that the pope and Charlemagne had a cooperative relationship. Charlemagne protected the pope and the pope made him emperor. Draw Conclusions Possible answer: The pope does because he is bestowing a title upon the king, which would imply his authority. Chapter 15 Section 1 413

3 SSMM15.book Page 414 Saturday, February 26, :39 PM Holy Roman Empire A Study in Conflict By 1100, the Holy Roman Empire covered much of Central Europe, including all of modern Germany. H-SS a Se ic ENGLAND S POLAND ATLANTIC OCEAN FRANCE 40 N HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE For: Interactive map Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxp-6151 Black Sea SPAIN Constantinople Rome 0 km E W 400 BY ZAN 0 miles 400 Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection TINE EMPIRE Mediterranean Sea 30 W At this time, assign the worksheet Emperor Henry IV (see Universal Access activity at the bottom of this page). N lt 20 W Ask students to share what they remember about Byzantine beliefs about monarchy from Chapter 2. Then, ask: Why do you think the Byzantine emperor would be angry that the pope felt he had authority to crown an emperor? (Possible answer: In the Byzantine Empire, the emperor was the head of the Church. To recognize that the pope was the head of the Church in Rome was to challenge the authority of the Byzantine emperor.) Ba 50 N (a) Locate What country bordered the Holy Roman Empire to the west? (b) Identify Benefits What benefits would the Church gain by linking itself to this empire? Why? 20 W Ask: What was the conflict over power that began with the coronation of Charlemagne? (Charlemagne believed that God had made him emperor. The pope believed that the Church had made Charlemagne the emperor.) North Sea 10 W Holy Roman Empire under Henry IV Have students read A Study in Conflict. Remind students to look for the causes and effects of the conflict. 10 W 60 N KEY 0 Instruction A Study in Conflict Popes and rulers sometimes competed for power. Charlemagne believed that God had made him emperor in order to do God s work on Earth. It was the duty of the pope to assist him in that work. Pope Leo, however, believed that the Church had made Charlemagne emperor. It was the duty of the emperor to assist the Church in doing God s work on Earth. Some 200 years after Charlemagne s coronation, these different views led to a dramatic clash between an emperor and the pope. The Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne s empire collapsed, the German lands to the east were divided among a number of dukes. Following Germanic tradition, they chose one of their own to be king. In many cases, the German king had little power over the other nobles. A German king known as Otto the Great decided to increase his power. Otto built a small empire by making alliances with other nobles. In 962, he persuaded the pope to crown him Holy Roman Emperor. Otto and his successors used the Church to support their authority. 414 Chapter 15 Medieval Conflicts and Crusades Universal Access L1 English language Learners L1 Less Proficient Readers Biography of Henry IV Have students Answer (a) France (b) The Church would gain authority in much of the central part of Europe because of its expanse and location. 414 Chapter 15 find out more about Henry IV. Distribute the worksheet Biography of Henry IV. You might wish to have students work in pairs to answer the questions. Before discussing the beliefs of Gregory VII, ask students to L1 Special Needs share their observations about how Henry s personal characteristics contributed to the conflict with the pope. Emperor Henry IV, p. 47

4 A Strong-Willed Pope In 1073, a monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. Gregory had strong ideas about the powers of the pope. He issued a list of rules declaring his supreme authority over both Church and secular, or nonchurch, leaders. Gregory declared the pope alone had the power to choose bishops. He even claimed to have the power to remove emperors from the throne. It is easy to imagine how Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor at the time, reacted to Gregory s new rules. They were a direct attack on his own power and rights. The stage was set for a clash of wills between the two men. A Defiant Ruler The clash began when Henry ignored the pope s rules and named his own bishop for the city of Milan, Italy. In response, Pope Gregory appointed a rival bishop. Next, Henry tried to remove Gregory as pope. Pope Gregory then excommunicated Henry. To excommunicate means to exclude a person from a church or a religious community. In addition, the pope freed Henry s subjects from their feudal oaths of loyalty to the emperor. issue (IHSH oo) v. to put something forth officially H-SS RE&PV 2 Identify Facts Decide whether this statement is a fact: Pope Gregory then excommunicated Henry. If it is a fact, how could it be proved? Power Struggle Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV (shown at far left) and Pope Gregory VII (left) engaged in a bitter struggle for power. Henry gave in but later forced the pope from office. Critical Thinking: Understand Sequence What sequence of events led to this incident? Instruction (continued) Ask: How did Pope Gregory s rules challenge the authority of Henry IV? (The pope declared that only he had the power to choose bishops, that he was superior to the secular leaders, and that he could remove an emperor.) Discuss the power of excommunication with students. Help them understand that this was the pope s most powerful weapon of authority. Ask: What two things did Pope Gregory do to force Henry to accept his authority? (He excommunicated Henry and freed Henry s subjects from their oaths of loyalty to him.) Independent Practice Have students complete the Interactive (Adapted version available.) Monitor Progress Check Notetaking Study Guide entries for student understanding of the conflict that occurred between Pope Gregory and Henry IV. Tell students to fill in the last column of the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what they learned that confirms or invalidates each statement. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 43 History Background The castle at Canossa where Henry begged forgiveness from Pope Gregory was owned by Matilda, the countess of Tuscany and one of the most powerful supporters of the papacy in Europe. Matilda s family used its military forces to protect those they saw as legitimate popes and to fight against those they saw as antipopes. Although the pope and emperor made a Section 1 Popes and Rulers 415 formal peace at Canossa, they were far from friendly, and Matilda remained Pope Gregory s chief conduit for communication with northern Europe. Mistrusting the emperor, she wrote to the pope s supporters in Germany to trust only those messages from the pope that had come through her. Reading Skill It is a fact. It could be proved by reading the written notice by Pope Gregory VII issuing the excommunication. Understand Sequence The coronation of Charlemagne by the pope began a conflict over supreme authority. Pope Gregory VII issued rules defining the papal authority over secular leaders. Henry IV challenged the pope s authority and was excommunicated. Chapter 15 Section 1 415

5 Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, Section Quiz, p. 52 To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 15, Section 1 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 15, Section 1 (Adapted version also available.) Extend Have students prepare the History Challenge unit activity, a Debate on Church- State Relations. Allow time for students to research and prepare their arguments. Encourage the class to take notes on the debate and decide the winners. L1 L3 A Pope s Pardon This painting shows Pope Gregory forgiving Henry IV. Critical Thinking: Compare and Contrast How does this image compare with the one on page 413? Section 1 Check Your Progress Comprehension and Critical Thinking 1. (a) Recall How did Charlemagne try to reform the Church in his empire? (b) Analyze Cause and Effect How did Charlemagne s coronation contribute to the split between the Christian churches? 2. (a) Describe What rights did Pope Gregory VII claim as pope? (b) Draw Conclusions Why was the power to choose bishops an important factor in the conflict between the pope and the emperor? Across Europe, members of the clergy and secular rulers took sides. In an effort to end his excommunication, Henry visited the pope in an Italian castle. Stories say that Henry stood in the snow outside the castle for three days before the pope would see him. Though the pope forgave him, the conflict continued. Henry later took revenge on the pope by marching his army to Rome and forcing the pope from office. The power struggle between popes and rulers continued long after Gregory and Henry died. Eventually, in 1122, the Church and the Holy Roman Empire reached an agreement called the Concordat of Worms. This agreement gave the Church the sole authority to appoint bishops. But it also allowed emperors to give fiefs, or grants of land, to bishops in order to win their loyalty. Despite this agreement, popes and rulers continued to have conflicts. What actions did Henry IV and Pope Gregory take as they competed for power? Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you have seen how popes and rulers competed for power in medieval Europe. In the next section, you will read about the struggle for power between rulers and their nobles. H-SS: 7.6.4; RE&PV 2 Reading Skill 3. Identify Facts Decide whether this statement is a fact: In 1073, a monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. If it is, how could it be proved? Read each sentence below. If the sentence is true, write yes and explain why. If the sentence is not true, write no and explain why. 4. It was important that clergy be well educated. 5. Bishops were responsible for the secular life of the people. For: Self-test with instant help Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxa After being excommunicated, an individual had to participate in Church activities. Writing Decide whether each statement below is logical or not. Write L for logical or NL for not logical, and explain why. 7. Charlemagne encouraged his subjects to live together in perfect peace and charity to make his job easier. 8. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV so that he would become a better Christian. 416 Chapter 15 Medieval Conflicts and Crusades Compare and Contrast In the first image, the two leaders appear equal. In the second, the pope appears as a higher authority. both appointed bishops; Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry; both agreed to Concordat of Worms; Henry invaded and forced out the pope. 416 Chapter 15 Section 1 Check Your Progress 1. (a) He ordered priests, monks, and nuns to live strictly; he resolved conflicts with a noble and a church leader. (b) It was the beginning of the conflict over who had power to crown an emperor. The Eastern Church did not believe that the pope had the authority. 2. (a) He claimed that the pope alone had the power to choose bishops and remove emperors from the throne. (b) Emperors wanted to choose bishops who would follow their rules and maintain their own political agendas. 3. It is a fact. One could read documents from the time. 4. Yes. Clergy were teachers and advisers. 5. No. Secular means nonreligious. 6. No. An excommunicated person is restricted from all church activities. 7. L 8. NL; answers will vary.