the discourse giving The Analysis of the Topics

Transcription

1 1

2 the discourse giving The Analysis of the Topics Artha-Viniścaya-Sūtram translated by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu (2016)

3 2 Table of Contents Introduction The Analysis of the Topics Outline (1) The Five Components (2) The Five Components that provide Fuel for Attachment (3) The Eighteen Elements (4) The Twelve Sense-Spheres (5) The Twelve Factors of Conditional Origination (6) The Four Noble Truths (7) The Twenty-Two Faculties (8) The Four Absorptions (9) The Four Formless Attainments (10) The Four Spiritual States (11) The Four Ways of Practice (12) The Four Cultivations of Meditation (13) The Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness (14) The Four Right Strivings (15) The Four Bases of Spiritual Power (16) The Five Faculties (17) The Five Strengths (18) The Seven Factors of Awakening (19) The Noble Eightfold Path

4 3 (20) The Sixteen Modes of Mindfulness while Breathing (21) The Four Factors of Stream Entry (22) The Ten Strengths of a Realised One (23) The Four Confidences (24) The Four Analytical Knowledges (25) The Eighteen Special Qualities of the Buddha (26) The Thirty-Two Marks of a Great Man (27) The Eighty Secondary Characteristics Conclusion

5 4 Introduction The Compiliation When I started work on this project I thought we were dealing with a Dīrgha-type text that had been overlooked in the Pāḷi tradition. Once I became more familiar with the text or rather texts, as there are very great variations involved in the rescension of this text 1 I came to a different conclusion. It appears to have started as a collection of topics found in the Dharma, together with their explanations, that has been expanded as the work developed. There is more than one way this might have happened, and what follows is simply a suggestion that would make sense of the material. It could be then that there was at the core a set of categories around meditation practice. These would be: (8) The Four Absorptions (9) The Four Formless Attainments (10) The Four Spiritual States (11) The Four Ways of Practice (12) The Four Cultivations of Meditation (13) The Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness (20) The Sixteen Modes of Mindfulness while Breathing (21) The Four Factors of a Stream Enterer conceived of as originally appearing in successive order. As (13) The Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness are also the first of the things on the side of Awakening (Bodhi-pakṣya-dharma), these were then also attracted into the work, breaking up the strict meditation sequence, by adding (8) The Four Absorptions (9) The Four Formless Attainments (10) The Four Spiritual States (11) The Four Ways of Practice (12) The Four Cultivations of Meditation (13) The Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness (14) The Four Right Strivings (15) The Four Bases of Spiritual Power (16) The Five Faculties (17) The Five Strengths (18) The Seven Factors of Awakening (19) The Noble Eightfold Path (20) The Sixteen Modes of Mindfulness while Breathing (21) The Four Factors of a Stream Enterer 1 See Samtani s collection of major variants in his Appendices to the edition of the text.

6 5 It is possible that the more doctrinal categories at the beginning of the work were also part of the original text, as having a background in doctine has always been considered central to the meditation tradition as well. (1) The Five Components (2) The Five Components that provide Fuel for Attachment (3) The Eighteen Elements (4) The Twelve Sense-Spheres (5) The Twelve Factors of Conditional Origination (6) The Four Noble Truths (7) The Twenty-Two Faculties This was probably then expanded with other basic factors and explanations, especially the categories concerning the Buddha near the end of the text 22-27, until it achieved something like its present size, at which point standard introductions and endings were added on to make it more like a normal sūtra. 2 If we accept this explanation of the growth of the work, then we can speculate that we are dealing with three or four separate sections. After the introduction we get some standard doctrinal categories, sections 1-7 (Five Components, Five Components that provide Fuel for Attachment, Eighteen Elements, Twelve Spheres, Twelve Factors of Conditional Origination, The Four Noble Truths, The Twenty-Two Faculties). This is followed by the main meditation categories, 8-12 (Four Absorptions, Four Formless Attainments, Four Spiritual States, Four Ways of Practice, Four Cultivations of Concentration, Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness). We then have the sections that complete the Factors of Awakening, (Four Right Abandonings, Four Paths to Spiritual Power, Five Faculties, Five Strengths, Seven Factors of Awakening, Noble Eightfold Path); and we continue with meditation sections 20 & 21 (Sixteen Modes of Mindfulness while Breathing, Four Factors of a Stream Enterer). The work then concludes with sections 22-27, which are concerned with the special qualities of the Buddha: (22) The Ten Strengths of a Realised One (23) The Four Confidences (24) The Four Analytical Knowledges (25) The Eighteen Special Qualities of the Buddha (26) The Thirty-Two Marks of a Great Man (27) The Eighty Secondary Characteristics Ven. Sujāto has convincingly shown that the Satipaṭṭhānasutta in the Dīgha- and Majjhima-nikāya-s 3 of the Pāḷi tradition has undergone a similar expansion, and it is 2 Note that there is a discrepancy in the numbers mentioned: at the beginning of the sūtra it states that 1,250 monastics attended, and at the end that only 500 attained Awakening. 3 Bhikkhu Sujato, A History of Mindfulness, How Insight Worsted Tranquillity in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (pdf, no date given).

7 6 doubtless true of other discourses in the Pāḷi canon also, 4 and was undoubtedly a way that the texts changed during the period of the oral tradition. This doesn t, in my view, make the discourse less interesting or useful, as nothing in it departs far from the early teaching that is common to all traditions. All but two of these topics listed and discussed have early Pāḷi canonical equivalents. 5 Contents The compilation consists of various categories, which are presented in three different ways, they are simple lists; expanded lists, where the list itself analyses the contents; and then others, which are listed first, and then analysed in detail according to their factors. When we look at the contents in this way we can see that we are dealing with a very heterogeneous collection. The following are simply listed, and not explained in any way: (1) The Five Components (2) The Five Components that provide Fuel for Attachment (3) The Eighteen Elements (4) The Twelve Sense-Spheres (7) The Twenty-Two Faculties (17) The Five Strengths (25) The Eighteen Special Qualities of the Buddha (27) The Eighty Secondary Characteristics The following are lists, which contain within themselves their explanation: (8) The Four Absorptions (9) The Four Formless Attainments (10) The Four Spiritual States (13) The Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness (14) The Four Right Strivings (15) The Four Bases of Spiritual Power (20) The Sixteen Modes of Mindfulness while Breathing (21) The Four Factors of Stream Entry (22) The Ten Strengths of a Realised One (23) The Four Confidences The following are listed first, then explained in detail: (5) The Twelve Factors of Conditional Origination (6) The Four Noble Truths (11) The Four Ways of Practice (12) The Four Cultivations of Meditation 4 This was noticed very early on, see for instance Rhys-Davids introduction to his translation of that Mahāparinibbānasuttaṁ, DN 16, in Sacred Book of the East, Vol III, p. 71 (Oxford, 1910). 5 See below for the three that do not find parallels.

8 (16) The Five Faculties (18) The Seven Factors of Awakening (19) The Noble Eightfold Path (24) The Four Analytical Knowledges (26) The Thirty-Two Marks of a Great Man 7 The three types of categories also occur in what is the closest discourse to this one found in the Pāḷi canon, the Saṅgītisuttaṁ DN 33. Not all of the topics listed here though, are listed there, and those that are listed there are sometimes treated differently. For instance the Five Faculties are listed in Saṅgīti, but not analysed as here, and the Five Strengths are not listed at all in the former discourse. What I have taken as the core topics here, 8-13, are also found in the Saṅgīti, as are 5 of the 8 following topics, 14-21, which I think may have been central to the original collection. As the Saṅgīti only really covers topics up to 10 in number it is not surprising that certain categories which exceed that number are not found there. It is interesting to note that the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and all the categories concerning the Buddha s special qualities are missing from the Pāḷi work also. There are three topics found in this sūtra that do not find parallels in the Pāḷi canon, they are (24) The Four Analytical Knowledges, (25) The Eighteen Special Qualities of the Buddha and (27) The Eighty Secondary Characteristics, which are only found in the post- Canonical stages of the development of the Pāḷi texts. I speculated above that these were part of the material which was added to the central core at a later date. The Material However it was collected, there is no doubt that this is one of the best collections of doctrinal items found in any discourse that has come down to us, and collects together some of the most important teachings of the Buddha, and analyses many of them. If there was one discourse that could be recommended to anyone trying to get an overview of the early teaching, especially on meditation, then this would it, and that is a high recommendation given that there are so many discourses available to us. I am currently working on a similar collection assembled from the Pāḷi texts, that could be used in a pedagogical way to summarise some of the main teachings found in the Pāḷi canon, and hope to publish that work soon after this one. Ānandajoti Bhikkhu October, 2016

9 8 the discourse giving The Analysis of the Topics Homage to the Buddha! Outline This I heard: at one time the Gracious One was dwelling near Śrāvast the Eastern Grounds, together with a great monastic community of one thousand, twohundred and fifty monastics. There the Gracious One, with a voice that was firm, deep, sweet, noble and without fault, addressed the monastics (saying): I will teach the Dharma to you, monastics, those Dharma teachings that are good in the beginning, good in the middle, good in the end, with their meaning, with their (proper) phrasing, I will make known the spiritual life which is complete, fulfilled, accomplished, that is to say, the Dharma instruction known as the Analysis of the Topics. Listen well and carefully, apply your minds, and I will speak. Surely, Gracious One, those monastics replied to the Gracious One, and the Gracious One said this: What, monastics, are the Dharma instructions known as the Analysis of the Topics? They are as follows: (1) The five components (of mind and matter), (2) the five components (of mind and matter) that provide fuel for attachment, (3) the eighteen elements, (4) the twelve sense-spheres, (5) the twelve factors of conditional origination, (6) the four noble truths, (7) the twenty-two faculties, (8) the four absorptions, (9) the four formless attainments, (10) the four spiritual states, (11) the four practices, (12) the four cultivations of concentration, (13) the four ways of attending to mindfulness, (14) the four right strivings, (15) the four bases of spiritual power, (16) the five faculties, (17) the five strengths, (18) the seven factors of awakening, (19) the eightfold noble path, (20) the sixteen modes of mindfulness while breathing,

10 An Analysis of the Topics 9 (21) the four factors of stream-entry, (22) the ten strengths of a Realised One, (23) the four confidences, (24) the four analytical knowledges, (25) the eighteen special qualities of the Buddha, (26) the thirty-two marks of a great man, (27) the eighty secondary characteristics. This, monastics, is indicated as the Dharma explanation known as the Analysis of the Topics. (1) The Five Components Herein, monastics, what are the five components? They are as follows: (1) The bodily-form component, (2) the feelings component, (3) the perceptions component, (4) the volitions component, (5) and the consciousness component. These, monastics, are the five components. (2) The Five Components that provide Fuel for Attachment Herein, monastics, what are the five components (of mind and body) that provide fuel for attachment? They are as follows: (1) The bodily-form component that provides fuel for attachment, (2) the feelings component that provides fuel for attachment, (3) the perceptions component that provides fuel for attachment, (4) the volitions component that provides fuel for attachment, (5) the consciousness component that provides fuel for attachment. These, monastics, are the five components that provide fuel for attachment. (3) The Eighteen Elements Herein, monastics, what are the eighteen elements? They are as follows: (1) The eye element, (2) the visible-form element, (3) the eye-consciousness element,

11 (4) the ear element, (5) the sound element, (6) the ear-consciousness element, (7) the nose element, (8) the smell element, (9) the nose-consciousness element, (10) the tongue element, (11) the taste element, (12) the tongue-consciousness element, (13) the body element, (14) the tangible element, (15) the body-consciousness element, (16) the mind element, (17) the thoughts element, (18) the mind-consciousness element. An Analysis of the Topics 10 These, monastics, are said to be the eighteen elements. (4) The Twelve Sense-Spheres Herein, monastics, what are the twelve sense-spheres? They are as follows: (1) The internal eye sense-sphere, (2) the external visible-form sense-sphere, (3) the internal ear sense-sphere, (4) the external sound sense-sphere, (5) the internal nose sense-sphere, (6) the external smell sense-sphere, (7) the internal tongue sense-sphere, (8) the external taste sense-sphere, (9) the internal body sense-sphere, (10) the external tangible sense-sphere, (11) the internal mind sense-sphere, (12) the external thought sense-sphere. These, monastics, are said to be the twelve sense-spheres. (5) The Twelve Factors of Conditional Origination Herein, monastics, what are the twelve factors of conditional origination? It is as follows: This being so, that is; from the arising of this, that arises. They are (also) as follows:

12 An Analysis of the Topics 11 (1) With ignorance as condition: volitions, (2) with volitions as condition: consciousness, (3) with consciousness as condition: mind and body, (4) with mind and body as condition: the six sense-spheres, (5) with the six sense-spheres as condition: contact, (6) with contact as condition: feeling, (7) with feeling as condition: craving, (8) with craving as condition: attachment, (9) with attachment as condition: continuation, (10) with continuation as condition: birth, (11) with birth as condition: (12) old age, death, grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair (all) arise, and so there is an origination of this whole great mass of suffering. (1) (But) from the cessation of ignorance, there is the cessation of volitions, (2) from the cessation of volitions, the cessation of consciousness, (3) from the cessation of consciousness, the cessation of mind and body, (4) from the cessation of mind and body, the cessation of the six sense-spheres, (5) from the cessation of the six sense-spheres, the cessation of contact, (6) from the cessation of contact, the cessation of feeling, (7) from the cessation of feeling, the cessation of craving, (8) from the cessation of craving, the cessation of attachment, (9) from the cessation of attachment, the cessation of continuation, (10) from the cessation of continuation, the cessation of birth, (11) from the cessation of birth: (12) old age, death, grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair (all) cease, and so there is a cessation of this whole great mass of suffering. Herein what is ignorance? It is as follows: (1) {Ignorance} Not knowing the past, not knowing the future, not knowing the present; not knowing the internal, not knowing the external, not knowing the internal and the external; not knowing what are (volitional) deeds, not knowing results, not knowing (volitional) deeds and their results; not knowing good actions, not knowing bad actions, not knowing what are good actions and bad actions; not knowing causes, not knowing fruition, not knowing causes and fruition; not knowing the origination of causes in things, not knowing conditional origination, not knowing the conditional origination of things; not knowing the Buddha, not knowing the Teaching, not knowing the Community; not knowing suffering, not knowing origination, not knowing cessation; not knowing the path, not knowing wholesome and unwholesome things, 6 not knowing blameable and blameless things; not knowing what things should and should not be practiced, not knowing what things are inferior and superior, (or) dark and light. 6 This and the next four pairs are all related to the dharma in the Bodhi-pakṣya-dharma according to the commentary.

13 An Analysis of the Topics 12 In regard to the six sense-spheres, darkness, or lack of penetration, lack of insight, lack of knowledge of the way things are, complete delusion, bewildered ignorance. This is said to be ignorance. (2) {Volitions} With ignorance as condition: volitions is said. What are volitions? There are these three volitions: {1} Bodily volitions, {2} verbal volitions, {3} mental volitions. {1} What are bodily volitions? Breathing in and breathing out, these things are indeed bodily, (they are) dependent on body, connected with body, existing dependent on body. Therefore breathing in and breathing out is said to be bodily volitions. 7 {2} What are verbal volitions? After thinking and reflecting he speaks words, not without thinking, not without reflecting. Therefore thinking and reflecting are said to be verbal volitions. {3} What are mental volitions? Whatever passionate intentions, hateful intentions, deluded intentions (there are), these are mental factors, (they are) dependent on mind, connected with mind, existing dependent on mind. Therefore intention is said to be mental volitions. These, monks, are said to be the three volitions. (3) {Consciousness} With volitions as condition: consciousness is said. What is consciousness? The group of six consciousnesses. 7 The commentary has a hard time indeed explaining how breathing in and out can be considered saṁskāra (volitions). In fact there appears to be a confusion between two different uses of saṁskārā, one in the context of pratitya-samutpāda, and another in the context of nirodhasamāpatti. Here the definition that applies in the latter context, and been mistakenly utilised in the former.

14 An Analysis of the Topics 13 Which six? They are as follows: {1} Eye-consciousness, {2} ear-consciousness, {3} nose-consciousness, {4} tongue-consciousness, {5} body-consciousness, {6} mind-consciousness. These are said to be the consciousnesses in the group of six consciousnesses. (4) {Name and Bodily-Form} With consciousness as condition: mind and bodily-form is said. Herein, what is mind? Mind is the four formless components. Which four? {1} The feelings component, {2} the perception component, {3} the volitions component, {4} the consciousness component. This is mind. What is bodily-form? Whatever has form, all of these: the four great existents, and whatever is derived from the four great existents. Which four? They are as follows: {1} The earth element, {2} the water element, {3} the fire element, {4} and the wind element. What is the earth element? Whatever is weighty and solid.

15 {2} What is the water element? Whatever is fluid and flowing. {3} What is the fire element? Whatever has heat and ripens. {4} What is the wind element? An Analysis of the Topics 14 Whatever is flexible, circulates and is light in motion. This is bodily-form and previously mind. The two of them together in brief is what is said to be mind and bodily-form. (5) {Six Sense-spheres} With mind and bodily-form as condition: the six sense-spheres is said. What are the six sense-spheres? The six internal sense-spheres. They are as follows: {1} The eye sense-sphere, {2} the ear sense-sphere, {3} the nose sense-sphere, {4} the tongue sense-sphere, {5} the body sense-sphere, {6} the mind sense-sphere. This is said to be the six sense-spheres. (6) {Contact} With the six sense-spheres as condition: contact is said. What is contact? The group of six contacts. Which six? {1} Eye-contact, {2} ear-contact, {3} nose-contact, {4} tongue-contact,

16 An Analysis of the Topics 15 {5} body-contact, {6} mind-contact. This is said to be contact. With contact as condition: feeling is said. What is feeling? The group of six feelings. {What six?} (7) {Feeling} {1} Feeling arising from eye-contact, pleasant, unpleasant, and neither unpleasant nor pleasant, and so {2-6} feeling arising from ear-, nose-, tongue-, body and mindcontact, pleasant, unpleasant, and neither unpleasant nor pleasant. This is said to be feeling. With feeling as condition: craving is said. What is craving? The group of six cravings. Which six? {1} Craving for form, {2} craving for sounds, {3} craving for smells, {4} craving for tastes, {5} craving for tangibles, {6} craving for thoughts. {This is said to be craving.} (8) {Craving} (9) {Attachment} With craving as condition: attachment is said. What is attachment? There are four attachments.

17 An Analysis of the Topics 16 What four? {1} Attachment to sensuality, {2} attachment to views, {3} attachment to virtue and practice, {4} and attachment to self-view. {This is said to be attachment.} (10) {Continuation} With attachment as condition: continuation is said. What is continuation? (There are) three continuations. Which three? They are as follows: {1} Continuation in the sense-realm, {2} continuation in the form-realm, {3} continuation in the formless-realm. Herein, what is continuation in the sense-realm? The (sense-realms) are as follows: {1} {Hells} There are eight hot hells. Which eight? They are as follows: 8 {1} The reviving (hell), {2} the black-thread (hell), {3} the crushing (hell), {4} the hot (hell), {5} the great hot (hell), {6} the remorseful (hell), {7} the scolding (hell), {8} and the never-ceasing (hell). There are eight cold hells. 8 The first set are imagined as places, or types of hell.

18 An Analysis of the Topics 17 (Which eight?) They are as follows: {1} The tumurous (hell), 9 {2} the very tumurous (hell), {3} the squealing (hell), {4} the squaking (hell), {5} the screaching (hell), {6} the blue-lotus (hell), 10 {7} the red-lotus (hell), {8} the great red-lotus (hell). {2} ghosts, {3} animals, {4} humans, {5} {gods}. There are gods in six sensual-realms. What are the six? {1} The gods known as the Four Great Kings, {2} the gods of the Thirty-three Divinities, {3} the Yāma (gods), {4} the Contented (gods), {5} those gods Delighting in Creation, {6} those gods Wielding Power over the Creation of Others. Herein, what is continuation in the form-realm? They are as follows: {1} the High Divinities retinue, 11 {2} the Ministers of the High Divinities, {3} the Great High Divinities, {4} (the High Divinities of) Limited Radiance {5} (the High Divinities of) Unbounded Radiance, {6} (the High Divinities of) Streaming Radiance, {7} (the High Divinities of) Limited Beauty, {8} (the High Divinities of) Refulgent Beauty, {9} the cloudless (High Divinities), 9 In the Pāḷi tradition, rather than being cold hells, these are time periods applied to those living in hell. I follow the Nibandhana in the translation of the names here. 10 This and the two that follow are said to gain their names because the body cracks open in ways that resemble these flowers. 11 In Pāḷi this is usually used as a name for the whole collection of Brahmā realms. The equivalent at this position is the Brahma-pārisajja-loko, the World of Brahmā s Retinue.

19 An Analysis of the Topics 18 {10} (the High Divinities) Born of Merit, {11} the (High Divinities) of Increasing Fruit, {12} the No-Longer Increasing (High Divinities), 12 {13} the Untroubled (High Divinities), {14} the Good-looking (High Divinities), {15} the Beautiful (High Divinities) {16} and the Highest (High Divinities). What is continuation in the formless-realm? They are as follows: {1} The Sphere of Infinite Space, {2} the Sphere of Infinite Consciousness, {3} the Sphere of Nothingness, {4} and the Sphere of Neither-Perception-nor-Non-Perception. The formless gods arise in four ways according to (the level of) mind-only meditation. This is said to be the formless element. These are the three continuations. {This is said to be continuation.} With continuation as condition: birth is said. What is birth? (11) {Birth} For the various beings in the various classes of beings there is (the process of) birth, being born, rebirth, appearing, turning up, manifestation, the acquisition of the components, the acquisition of the elements, the acquisition of the sense-spheres, the production of the mind-components, the arising of the life faculty, being brought together in their respective divisions. This is said to be birth. 12 These last four have no parallels in Pāḷi. There they are stated to be: Vehapphala-brahma-loko, the World of the High Divinities of Great Fruit; Asaññāsattāvāso, the Realm of Unconscious Beings; Aviha-brahma-loko, the World of the Steadfast High Divinities. The equivalent of the latter,, is found two places higher here.

20 An Analysis of the Topics 19 (12) {Old Age and Death} With birth as condition: old age, death is said. What is old age? Whatever baldness, greying hair, wrinkled skin, agedness, bentness, crookedness, warpedness, twistedness, rattling in the throat when breathing in and breathing out, moles on the limbs, being propped up on crutches, forward bending of the body, decay of the sense faculties, breaking up of the conditions (for life), the state of being ancient, decrepitude, indisposition, weakness, dwindling away, complete dwindling away. This is said to be old age. What is death? For the various beings in the various classes of beings there is a fall, a falling away, a dwindling away, a disappearance, a making of time, a dwindling away of the lifespan, a dwindling away of the vital heat, a cessation of the life-faculty, a throwing off of the components. This is said to be death. This death together with the former old-age, these two together are in short what is said to be old-age and death. This, monastics, is the twelve-fold conditional origination. (6) The Four Noble Truths Herein, (monks,) what are the four noble truths? [They are as follows:] {1} The noble truth of suffering, {2} the noble truth of the arising of suffering, {3} the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, {4} the noble truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering, Herein, what is the noble truth of suffering? [It is as follows:] Birth is suffering, old age is suffering, sickness is suffering, (1) {The Noble Truth of Suffering}

21 An Analysis of the Topics 20 death is suffering, being parted from what is liked is suffering, being joined to what is not liked is suffering, not to obtain that which is wished for and sought for is suffering, in brief, the five components (of mind and body) that provide fuel for attachment are suffering. This is said to be the noble truth of suffering. (2) {The Noble Truth of the Arising of Suffering} What is the noble truth of the arising of suffering? It is as follows: It is that craving which leads to continuation in existence, which is connected with enjoyment and passion, greatly enjoying this and that. This is said to be the noble truth of the arising of suffering. (3) {The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering} What is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering? Whatever craving there is which leads to continuation in existence, which is connected with enjoyment and passion, greatly enjoying this and that, its abandonment without remainder, letting go, wasting away, destruction, fading away, cessation, stilling and disappearance. This is said to be the noble truth of the cessation of suffering. (4) {The Noble Truth of the Practice Leading to the End of Suffering} Herein, what is the noble truth of the practice leading to the end of suffering? It is that eightfold noble path beginning with right view and so on. It is as follows: {1} Right view, {2} right thought, {3} right speech, {4} right action, {5} right livelihood, {6} right endeavour, {7} right mindfulness, {8} right concentration.

22 An Analysis of the Topics 21 This is said to be the noble truth of the practice leading to the end of suffering. These, monastics, are the four noble truths. (7) The Twenty-Two Faculties Herein, monastics, what are the twenty-two faculties? They are as follows: (1) The eye faculty, (2) the ear faculty, (3) the nose faculty, (4) the tongue faculty, (5) the body faculty, (6) the mind faculty, (7) the female faculty, (8) the male faculty, (9) the life faculty, (10) the suffering faculty, (11) the sorrow faculty, (12) the pleasure faculty, (13) the well-being faculty, (14) the equanimity faculty, (15) the faith faculty, (16) the energy faculty, (17) the mindfulness faculty, (18) the concentration faculty, (19) the wisdom faculty, (20) the I-will-know-the-unknown faculty, (21) the understanding faculty, (22) the complete understanding faculty. These, monastics, are the twenty-two faculties. (8) The Four Absorptions Herein, monastics, what are the four absorptions? (1) Here, monastics, a monastic, quite secluded from sense desires, secluded from wicked and unwholesome things, having thinking, reflection, and the happiness and rapture born of seclusion, dwells having attained the first absorption. (2) With the stilling of thinking and reflection, with internal clarity, and onepointedness of mind, being without thinking, without reflection, having the happiness and rapture born of concentration, he dwells having attained the second absorption. (3) With the fading away of rapture he dwells equanimous, mindful, clearly knowing, experiencing happiness through the body, about which the Noble Ones declare: He

23 An Analysis of the Topics 22 lives pleasantly, mindful, and equanimous, (thus) he dwells having attained the third absorption. (4) Having given up pleasure and given up pain, and with the previous disappearance of mental well-being and sorrow, without pain, without pleasure, and with complete purity of mindfulness and equanimity, he dwells having attained the fourth absorption. These, monastics, are the four absorptions. (9) The Four Formless Attainments Herein, monastics, what are the four formless attainments? (1) Here, monastics, a monastic, having completely transcended perceptions of form, with the disappearance of perceptions of (sensory) impact, not attending to perceptions of variety, (understanding): This is endless space, abides in the sphere of endless space. (2) Having completely transcended the sphere of endless space, (understanding): This is endless consciousness, he abides in the sphere of endless consciousness. (3) Having completely transcended the sphere of endless consciousness, (understanding): This is nothing, he abides in the sphere of nothingness. (4) Having completely transcended the sphere of nothingness, he abides in the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception. These, monastics, are said to be the four formless attainments. (10) The Four Spiritual States (Herein, monastics,) what are the four spiritual states? Here, monastics, a monk {1} endowed with friendliness, with a mind free from hatred, enmity and ill-will, which is lofty, extensive, undiscriminating, 13 immeasureable, welldeveloped, with (a mind) liberated through concentration he abides pervading one direction (with friendliness), so for the second (direction), so for the third (direction), so for the fourth (direction), and so in the highest (direction), the lowest (direction) and across the whole world in all quarters, (he abides) having friendliness, with a mind free from hatred, enmity and ill-will, which is lofty, extensive, undiscriminating, immeasureable, well-developed, with (a mind) liberated through concentration he abides pervading one direction (with friendliness). So, (2) having kindness... (3) having gladness... (4) having equanimity with a mind free from hatred, enmity and ill-will, which is lofty, extensive, {undiscriminating,} 13 Adyena is translated in accordance with the commentarial explanantion, it could also be rendered as unified.

24 An Analysis of the Topics 23 immeasureable, well-developed, with (a mind) liberated through concentration he abides pervading one direction (with equanimity). These, monastics, are the four spiritual states. (11) The Four Ways of Practice Herein, {monastics,} what are the four ways of practice? (1) There is, monastics, practice which is painful and slow in knowledge, (2) practice which is painful and quick in knowledge, (3) practice which is pleasant and slow in knowledge, (4) practice which is pleasant and quick in knowledge. (1) {Painful and Slow in Knowledge} Herein, what is the practice which is painful and slow in knowledge? Here, one person constitutionally has great passion, has great hatred, has great delusion, and because of his great passion, he continually experiences pain and sorrow which is born of passion, and because of his great hatred, he continually experiences pain and sorrow which is born of hatred, and because of his great delusion, he continually experiences pain and sorrow which is born of delusion. And for him these five supermundane faculties are slow, feeble, not sharp, not speedy in bringing about the destruction of the pollutants. What five? They are as follows: 14 {1} The faith faculty, {2} the energy faculty, {3} the mindfulness faculty, {4} the concentration faculty, {5} the wisdom faculty. Thus these five supermundane faculties are feeble and not speedy and are slow in bringing about contact with the meditation that has immediate result, that is to say, the destruction of the pollutants. This is the practice which is painful and slow in knowledge. 14 There is a definition of these faculties at 16 below.

25 An Analysis of the Topics 24 (2) {Painful and Quick in Knowledge} Herein, what is the practice which is painful and quick in knowledge? Here, one person constitutionally has great passion, has great hatred, has great delusion, and because of his great passion, he continually experiences pain and sorrow which is born of passion, and because of his great hatred, he continually experiences pain and sorrow which is born of hatred, and because of his great delusion, he continually experiences pain and sorrow which is born of delusion. (But) for him these five supermundane faculties are in high measure, (they are) sharp and speedy in bringing about {the destruction of the pollutants}. What five? They are as follows: {1} The faith faculty, {2} the energy faculty, {3} the mindfulness faculty, {4} the concentration faculty, {5} the wisdom faculty. (Therefore) these five supermundane faculties being in high measure, they are (sharp) and speedy and quick in bringing about contact with the meditation that has immediate result, that is to say, the destruction of the pollutants. This is the practice which is painful and quick in knowledge. (3) {Pleasant and Slow in Knowledge} Herein, what is the practice which is pleasant and slow in knowledge? Here, one person constitutionally has little passion, has little hatred, has little delusion, and because of his little passion, he does not continually experience pain and sorrow which is born of passion, and because of his little hatred, he does not continually experience pain and sorrow which is born of hatred, and because of his little delusion, he does not continually experience pain and sorrow which is born of delusion. (But) for him these five supermundane faculties are slow, feeble, not sharp, not speedy in bringing about {the destruction of the pollutants}. What five? They are as follows: {1} The faith faculty, {2} the energy faculty, {3} the mindfulness faculty,

26 {4} the concentration faculty, {5} the wisdom faculty. An Analysis of the Topics 25 (Therefore) these five supermundane faculties are slow, not sharp, feeble, not speedy and are slow in bringing about contact with the meditation that has immediate result, that is to say, the destruction of the pollutants. This is the practice which is pleasant and slow in knowledge. (4) {Pleasant and Quick in Knowledge} Herein, what is the practice which is pleasant and quick in knowledge? Here, one person constitutionally has little passion, has little hatred, has little delusion, and because of his little passion, he does not continually experience pain and sorrow which is born of passion, and because of his little hatred, he does not continually experience pain and sorrow which is born of hatred, and because of his little delusion, he does not continually experience pain and sorrow which is born of delusion. (But) for him these five supermundane faculties are in high measure, (they are) sharp and speedy in bringing about {the destruction of the pollutants}. What five? They are as follows: {1} The faith faculty, {2} the energy faculty, {3} the mindfulness faculty, {4} the concentration faculty, {5} the wisdom faculty. (Therefore) these five supermundane faculties, being in high measure, they are (sharp) and speedy and quick in bringing about contact with the meditation that has immediate result, that is to say, the destruction of the pollutants. This is said to be the practice which is pleasant and quick in knowledge. These, monastics, are the four ways of practice. (12) The Four Cultivations of Meditation Herein, monastics, what are the four cultivations of meditation? (1) The cultivation of meditation, monastics, which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the abandoning of sensual desire. (2) The cultivation of meditation, monastics, which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to a pleasant abiding here and now.

27 An Analysis of the Topics 26 (3) The cultivation of meditation, monastics, which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the acquisition of knowledge and insight. (4) The cultivation of meditation, monastics, which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the acquisition of wisdom. (1) {The Abandoning of Sensual Desire} Herein, monastics, what is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the abandoning of sensual desire? Here, monastics, a monastic who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty place, in regard to this very body from the sole of the feet upwards, from the hair of the head down, bounded by the skin, as it is placed, as it is disposed, full of manifold impurities, reflects with right wisdom as it really is: There are in this body: Hairs of the head, body hairs, nails, teeth, filth, skin, flesh, bones, sinews, nerves, kidneys, heart, spleen, pleura, intestines, mesentery, upper stomach, food, stomach, liver, excrement, tears, sweat, spit, mucus, grease, synovial fluid, marrow, fat, bile, phlegm, suppuration, blood, skull, brain, (thus on this body) full of manifold impurities he reflects with right wisdom as it really is. Just as though, monks, there were a granary with open doors at both ends, full of various and manifold kinds of corn varieties: grain, sesame, mustard, mung beans, meal and beans, and a man with good vision looking round would understand: these are bearded grains, these are fruit-grain, even so, monastics, a monastic in regard to this very body as it is placed, as it is disposed, reflects thus. This is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the abandoning of sensual desire. (2) {A Pleasant Abiding Here and Now} Herein, monastics, what is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to a pleasant abiding here and now? Here, monastics, a monastic who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty place, has a body that is suffused internally with the happiness and joy born of seclusion and concentration, and is fulfilled, satisfied and manifesting it. For him there is no part of the whole body that is not pervaded, not manifesting it, that is to say, the internal happiness and joy born of seclusion and concentration.

28 An Analysis of the Topics 27 Just as though, monastics, water-lilies or red lotuses or white lotuses which are born in water, growing in water, immersed in water, they are all cool, flowing, streaming, fulfilled, satisfied and manifesting in water, so, monastics, a monastic who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty place, has a body that is suffused internally with the happiness and joy born of seclusion and concentration, and is fulfilled, satisfied and manifesting it. For him there is no part of the whole body that is not pervaded, not manifesting it, that is to say, the internal happiness and joy born of seclusion and concentration. This is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to a pleasant abiding here and now. (3) {The Acquisition of Knowledge and Insight} Herein, monastics, what is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the acquisition of knowledge and insight? Here, monastics, a monastic grasps well and truly the perception of light, applies his mind well, sees it well, penetrates it well, daily he cultivates his illumined mind, determined on the perception, as by day, so by night, as by night, so by day; as before, so later, as later, so before; as below, so above, as above, so below. Thus with an open mind, which is receptive, by day he cultivates his illumined mind, determined on the perception, in every corner of the world. Just as though, monastics, in the first month of the summer the days are cloudless, without thunder or rain, or mists, and in the middle of the day, as far as there is light, it is pure, fulfilled, luminous, and there is no darkness found, so, monastics, a monastic grasps well and truly the perception of light, applies his mind well, sees it well, penetrates it well, by day he cultivates his illumined mind, determined on the perception, as by day, so by night, as by night, so by day; as before, so later, as later, so before; as below, so above, as above, so below. Thus with an open mind, which is receptive, daily he cultivates his illumined mind, determined on the perception. This is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the acquisition of knowledge and insight. (4) {The Acquisition of Wisdom} Herein, monastics, what is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the acquisition of wisdom? Here, monastics, a monastic who has gone to the wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty place, having given up pleasure, given up pain, and with the previous disappearance of mental well-being and sorrow, without pain, without pleasure, and with complete purity of mindfulness owing to equanimity, dwells having attained the fourth absorption.

29 An Analysis of the Topics 28 This is the cultivation of meditation which, when practised, developed, made much of, leads to the acquisition of wisdom. These are the four cultivations of meditation. (13) The Four Ways of Attending to Mindfulness 15 Herein, monastics, what are the four ways of attending to mindfulness? (1) Here, monastics, a monastic dwells contemplating internally (the nature of) the body in the body, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the world, he dwells contemplating externally (the nature of) the body in the body, he dwells contemplating internally and externally (the nature of) the body in the body, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the world. (2) He dwells contemplating internally, externally, internally and externally, (the nature of) feelings in feelings, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the world. (3) He dwells contemplating internally, externally, internally and externally, (the nature of) the mind in the mind, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the world. (4) He dwells contemplating internally, externally, internally and externally, (the nature of) things in (various) things, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the world. These, monastics, are the four ways of attending to mindfulness. (14) The Four Right Strivings Herein, monastics, what are the four right strivings? (1) Here, monastics, a monastic regarding bad and unwholesome thoughts that have arisen, generates desire for their abandoning, he endeavours, instigates energy, exerts his mind, and strives rightly. (2) Regarding bad and unwholesome thoughts that have not yet arisen, he generates desire for their non-arising, he endeavours, instigates energy, exerts his mind, and strives rightly. (3) He generates desire for the arising of wholesome thoughts that have not yet arisen, he endeavours, instigates energy, exerts his mind, and strives rightly. 15 Here begin the 37 things on the side of Awakening, (sapta-triṁśad Bodhi-pakṣya-dharmā), which culminates in the noble eightfold path.

30 An Analysis of the Topics 29 (4) Regarding wholesome thoughts that have arisen he generates desire for their endurance, persistence, non-abandoning, multiplication, extension, development, and fulfilment, he endeavours, instigates energy, exerts his mind, and strives rightly. These, monastics, are the four right strivings. (15) The Four Bases of Spiritual Power Herein, monastics, what are the four bases of spiritual power? (1) Herein, monastics, a monastic cultivates the basis of spiritual power that is concentration of desire accompanied by the volition of striving, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment, and his desire will not be too slack, nor too grasping. (2) He cultivates the basis of spiritual power that is concentration of energy accompanied by the volition of striving, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment, and his energy will not be too slack, nor too grasping. (3) He cultivates the basis of spiritual power that is concentration of thought accompanied by the volition of striving, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment, and his thought will not be too slack, nor too grasping. (4) He cultivates the basis of spiritual power that is concentration of investigation accompanied by the volition of striving, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment, and his investigation will not be too slack, nor too grasping. These, monastics, are the four bases of spiritual power. (16) The Five Faculties Herein, monastics, what are the five faculties? They are as follows: (1) The faculty of faith, (2) the faculty of energy, (3) the faculty of mindfulness, (4) the faculty of concentration, (5) the faculty of wisdom. (1) Herein, what is the faculty of faith? It is the faith he has regarding four things.

31 An Analysis of the Topics 30 Which four? {1} He has faith in the right view concerning the worldly realms of birth and death, {2} in refuge in deeds and results, {3} in all the deeds that I will do, whether good or bad, I will experience the result of that deed, {4} in he will not do bad deeds, even for the sake of life. This is said to be faith. (2) Herein, what is the faculty of energy? With the faculty of faith he has faith in those things, and with the faculty of energy he makes those things arise. This is said to be energy. (3) Herein, what is the faculty of mindfulness? With the faculty of energy he makes those things arise, and with the faculty of mindfulness he makes those things not go to destruction. This is said to be mindfulness. (4) Herein, what is the faculty of concentration? With the faculty of mindfulness he makes those things not go to destruction, and with the faculty of concentration he fixes his attention on those things. This is said to be concentration. (5) Herein, what is the faculty of wisdom? With the faculty of concentration he fixes his attention on those things, and with the faculty of wisdom he penetrates and reflects on the birth of those things. This is said to be wisdom. These, monastics, are the five faculties. (17) The Five Strengths Herein, monastics, what are the five strengths? They are as follows: (1) The strength of faith, (2) the strength of energy, (3) the strength of mindfulness,

32 (4) the strength of concentration, (5) the strength of wisdom. These, monastics, are the five strengths. An Analysis of the Topics 31 (18) The Seven Factors of Awakening Herein, monastics, what are the seven factors of awakening? They are as follows: (1) The factor of awakening that is mindfulness, (2) the factor of awakening that is investigation of the (nature of) things, (3) the factor of awakening that is energy, (4) the factor of awakening that is joy, (5) the factor of awakening that is tranquillity, (6) the factor of awakening that is concentration, (7) the factor of awakening that is equanimity. (1) Here, monastics, a monastic cultivates the factor of awakening that is mindfulness, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. (2) He cultivates the factor of awakening that is investigation of the (nature of) things, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. (3) He cultivates the factor of awakening that is energy, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. (4) He cultivates the factor of awakening that is joy, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. (5) He cultivates the factor of awakening that is tranquillity, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. (6) He cultivates the factor of awakening that is concentration, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. (7) He cultivates the factor of awakening that is equanimity, depending on solitude, depending on dispassion, depending on cessation, maturing in relinquishment. These, monastics, are the seven factors of awakening.