Chinese new ecenomical policy

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Melissa Farmer
6 years ago
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1 Chinese new ecenomical policy

We can see in China a parallel with Soviet union when they openly announced in 15 march of 1921 th about The New Economic Policy (NEP) Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika.

2 We can see in China a parallel with Soviet union when they openly announced in 15 march of 1921 th about The New Economic Policy (NEP) Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika. Proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries It was officially decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist

.The laws sanctioned the co-existence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which on the other hand was a state oriented "mixed

Given postwar urban erosion of support, Lenin designed propaganda campaigns as a supplement to the New Economic Policy to further increase backing of the

3 .The laws sanctioned the co-existence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which on the other hand was a state oriented "mixed economy. Given postwar urban erosion of support, Lenin designed propaganda campaigns as a supplement to the New Economic Policy to further increase backing of the Bolsheviks. The campaigns aimed to create a communist-friendly culture. Lenin considered the NEP as a strategic retreat. However, he justified the NEP by insisting that it was a different type of capitalism. He insisted that this form of state capitalism was the last stage of capitalism before socialism evolved.

expressed the previously unthinkable opinion that the teachings of Marx and Engels could not be expected to

4 In our days in China the situation looks the same. China's new economic policy made headlines in December 1984 when a leading article in the People's Daily expressed the previously unthinkable opinion that the teachings of Marx and Engels could not be expected to solve all of China's present problems. The same time appeared some sort of freedom for religion as well, because China is interested about foreign investments and foreign investors

5 The same time appeared some sort of freedom for religion as as well. I guess it was influenced by foreign investors. You need others money and you have to show them some sort of internal freedom. They opened again monastery's and temples but it appeared no monks anymore because most of them were killed during a cultural revolution and to fill the monasterys with monks is a big problem.

6 As I was in China I heard the rumors that they has used soldiers as a monks, to fill the monastery's. Soldiers put on monks robes and have to perform as a monks. Its hard to believe but that s what I heard. Another thing is government using monastery's as some sort of income, because people who visit monastery's or temples they donate money and government takes his profit, different sources mentioned from 40% to 70%.It was told by people not by monks, then it's hard to believe as well. I visited myself Lama temple in Beijing and I had a long conversation with abbot. I invited him to the conference in Perth Buddhism & Australia as a speaker he was interested to come but not as a speaker but as a listener because he said he lacks education and knowledge. I met many monks in China and in most cases as I understood the education was a problem. Another case is Chinese Buddhist Academy. Last year we has 2 monks from Chinese Buddhist Academy and the presentations what they had were brilliant,i visited Academy myself and talked to the monks about conference in Australia. They mentioned that its better for them do not have close connection with foreigners because it could influence their future lives. I know there is 200 monks studying in Buddhist Academy and it seems for me the number to compared with monastery's in China very small.

My thought was to use the situation and start with Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia because after all what has happened I mean in China, Cultural Revolution as we all know there are not so many educated

8 My thought was to use the situation and start with Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia because after all what has happened I mean in China, Cultural Revolution as we all know there are not so many educated monks and religiously educated people left in China as before. That's a reason why I thought its useful to build online Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia and everybody who wants or are interested in Buddhism could use it to get knowledge about Buddhism. And the idea came when I was building Buddhist Encyclopedia for Estonia.

Estonia is a small country only 1,5 mil. people and thought came to my mind why not to look into future and try something bigger and more useful for future generations.

9 Estonia is a small country only 1,5 mil. people and thought came to my mind why not to look into future and try something bigger and more useful for future generations. Because who knows what will happened with Estonian language after 300 years As economical situation has changed in China there is possibility to start to build a first Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia to fill the emptiness in culture and I'm sure it'll take years to fill this hole.

10 Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia has advantages over traditional paper encyclopedias. Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia has a low "publishing" cost for adding or expanding entries and a low environmental impact in some respects, since it never needs to be printed. Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia articles are all linked, or cross-referenced. When highlighted text like this is seen, it means there is a link to some relevant article or Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia page with further in-depth information.

12 We strive for articles that document and explain the major points of view in a balanced and impartial manner. Therefore its best reason to gather everything what we can find about Buddhism in one place that people can easily find different materials and different aspects about Buddhism related materials. Our goal is not to publish only scientific aspects about Buddhism but to include materials from different schools and even sects about themselves. All information must a be shared with the rest of the world under a creative commons license that allows the creation of works, at least for non-commercial purposes.

14 We avoid advocacy and we characterize information and issues rather than debate them. We even include so called anti- Buddhist materials then anyone can decide and charge themselves what they prefer or choose. The same has to be done about historical aspect of different schools and sects. In some areas there may be just one wellrecognized point of view; in other areas we describe multiple points of view, presenting each accurately and in context, and not presenting any point of view as "the truth" or "the best view. Both traditional and non-traditional Buddhist movements must be represented

Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia content will be freely distributable and reproducible. The goal is that many visitors could come to Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia to acquire knowledge.

15 Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia content will be freely distributable and reproducible. The goal is that many visitors could come to Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia to acquire knowledge. I mean Buddhist monks, lay Buddhists, scholars and people who are interested in knowledge about Buddhism, Buddhist culture, history and art. Articles can be found using the search box on the top-right side of the screen. Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia is available in two languages English and Chinese. Much of the data collected will be stored in databases or cataloged in metadata databases to allow it to be used in various ways both within the project website and by other ways.

Why so? As we see how internet is growing in capacity,then after couple of hundred years or more there,ll be maybe only two languages what will be most popular, English and Chinese.

17 Why so? As we see how internet is growing in capacity,then after couple of hundred years or more there,ll be maybe only two languages what will be most popular, English and Chinese. So we try to look into future and organize Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia so that these two languages will be the most popular. Purpose to gather together cultural and linguistic data collection, interactive digital archives, analysis of documentary and literary sources for Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia

Chinese Buddhism (simplified Chinese: 汉传佛教 ; traditional Chinese: 漢傳佛敎 ; pinyin: Hànchuán Fójiào) refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China since ancient

20 Chinese Buddhism (simplified Chinese: 汉传佛教 ; traditional Chinese: 漢傳佛敎 ; pinyin: Hànchuán Fójiào) refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China since ancient times. Buddhism has played an enormous role in shaping the mindset of the Chinese people, affecting their aesthetics, politics, literature, philosophy and medicine. For over a thousand years Buddhism has dominated religious life in China, having both a profound impact on China and Buddhism and producing a great body of literature and art. China was the conduit through which Buddhism reached Korea, Japan and Vietnam. The Buddhism what is found in China is almost exclusively Mahayana.

Buddhism is regarded as the largest religion in China today, with 100 million followers, or about 8 percent of the Chinese population, including Tibetans, Mongolians and a few other ethnic minorities.

22 Buddhism is regarded as the largest religion in China today, with 100 million followers, or about 8 percent of the Chinese population, including Tibetans, Mongolians and a few other ethnic minorities. According to the State Administration for Religious Affairs there are about 13,000 Buddhist temples and about 200,000 Buddhist monks and nuns. Over the centuries as Buddhism developed it splintered into many schools and sects, each with its has his own distinctive traditions, doctrines and practices. Subsects representing lineages of disciples that split off from the main schools often over minor doctrinal differences and cults that conducted special observances and rituals often focused on a particular sutra and kept alive by a lineage of masters also developed.

This has created a situation where China currently has vast amount of different Buddhist materials, including texts, Chronicles, commentaries from practitioners, sutras, tantras, paintings,

23 This has created a situation where China currently has vast amount of different Buddhist materials, including texts, Chronicles, commentaries from practitioners, sutras, tantras, paintings, sculptures, temples, shrines, monasteries, etc. In modern China numerous different Buddhist traditions are practiced, for example of Chan, Tibetan Buddhism, etc., which results even more variety in available Buddhist materials in China. We can say that China, with all its available information sources on Buddhism is one of the richest in world. For a beginner on Buddhist path, the vast amount of different sources on Buddhism might be confusing. Also the most qualitative and informative materials might not be available for everyone, due to the expense of books, or they simply might not have access to the materials.

At the same time it has become common in China that we hear news about fake monks and charlatans, who wear the monk robes and pretend to be educated monks, which often misguides people.

24 At the same time it has become common in China that we hear news about fake monks and charlatans, who wear the monk robes and pretend to be educated monks, which often misguides people. Nowadays, when we have internet and available resources to publish and print books, everyone can write about Buddhism and express their opinion. As a result, such a large amount of materials are published, that the genuine and most profound Buddhist materials are amongst piles of opinions and expressions made by people, who are not always educated Buddhist. This creates a great risk to the tradition of Buddhism, as the younger generation of Buddhists and people interested in Buddhism might reject or build their understanding of Buddhism based on others mis-conceptions. China, with the biggest population of Buddhists in the world and the large and increasing global influence has the biggest potential to preserve and develop Buddhist tradition, influencing the course of development for Buddhism globally.

25 Therefore, I have presented the following idea and project- On-Line Buddhist Encyclopedia of China

An encyclopedia (also spelled encyclopedia or encyclopædia) is a type of reference work, a compendium holding a summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of

26 An encyclopedia (also spelled encyclopedia or encyclopædia) is a type of reference work, a compendium holding a summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information to cover the thing or concept for which the article name stands. Together, the phrase literally translates as "complete instruction" or "complete knowledge".

The planned Buddhist Encyclopedia of China web environment will be in two languages- Chinese Mandarin and English, maximizing the impact on more Buddhist readers around the globe.

28 The planned Buddhist Encyclopedia of China web environment will be in two languages- Chinese Mandarin and English, maximizing the impact on more Buddhist readers around the globe. This will also influence the view of English speaking Buddhist, present in an opinion on Buddhism from Chinese side. To fulfill such enormous work will take generations and even then the encyclopedia can be enriched by new movements in a tradition with has a history of 2600 years. Buddhism has continuously been around since Buddha Sakjamuni, in China Buddhism has been present for nearly two millenniums. The Encyclopedia would gather all the historic materials; information on all current Buddhist activates and would lay a foundation of highly educative Buddhist information for future generations.

1. The encyclopedia creates an opportunity for the public to access a vast amount of collected, sorted and categorized materials about Buddhism.

29 1. The encyclopedia creates an opportunity for the public to access a vast amount of collected, sorted and categorized materials about Buddhism. The service will be provided free of charge, the only condition and need would be a computer with internet access. 2. There are vast resources of available materials, accumulated over thousands of years in history of Chinese Buddhism, which will be published in the encyclopedia, adding new layers of cultural movements which have occurred in China over centuries.

3. Academic approach and methods of work will provide the opportunity to handle the materials and information scientifically, providing new means how to obtain the knowledge in Buddhism.

30 3. Academic approach and methods of work will provide the opportunity to handle the materials and information scientifically, providing new means how to obtain the knowledge in Buddhism. The scientific/academic approach is often more acceptable for the members of modern society. Its in first hand. 4.The people involved in the encyclopedia project have to be highly educated in Buddhism, which for China results a large group of specialists in fields of Buddhism and Oriental Science. But where to find them? The project will also result large quantity of qualified and well educated Chinese translators for Buddhist terminology. Where to find them no idea? 5.Chinese Buddhism has a very rich and colorful history and presence. The goal and aim for the encyclopedia project would be establishing complete and in-depth overview of all the different aspects of Buddhism in China. 6. It is very possible that during the research and development of the encyclopedia, new materials about Chinese Buddhism will be found which have not been available for the public so far (for example Buddhist text, Chronicles, Commentaries, etc)

7. The encyclopedia gives China an opportunity to become a leader in Buddhist and Oriental studies globally. Is it possible that Chinese government could be interested in that? 8.

31 7. The encyclopedia gives China an opportunity to become a leader in Buddhist and Oriental studies globally. Is it possible that Chinese government could be interested in that? 8. The Encyclopedia can be used by universities, schools, monasteries and other institutions as a source of qualified information and materials. 9. The encyclopedia can be used by Buddhist monks to extend and improve their knowledge about Buddhism 10. The encyclopedia project enables to influence and interact on other countries where Buddhism is practiced. 11. The encyclopedia project provides opportunity for Chinese and overseas readers to further understand the history of China and the cultural heritage of China, reaching back for over 1000 years. 12.The on-line encyclopedia is an opportunity for people in the modern, 21th century to obtain old and new ethical and cultural values. 13. The Project will result vast amount of knowledgeable historical materials, which otherwise are threatened to be lost in history. 14. With the technology of modern 21th century, it will be easy to collect, maintain and publish large amount of materials.

15. The Encyclopedia will have strong emphasis on audio-visual materials in order to provide the best opportunities available for the readers.

32 15. The Encyclopedia will have strong emphasis on audio-visual materials in order to provide the best opportunities available for the readers. The encyclopedia will contain all available relevant audio-visual files, which are combined with the content. Artists and designers will be involved in the project, who will be in charge of gathering and composing audio-visual materials. 16. It is important that to make this encyclopedia, the processing and publishing of information would take place in a politically free and uninfluenced environment, which provides free and perfect development of the encyclopedia. 17. The on-line database will provide highly informative source of information and knowledge, which is independent from any personal, political, religious views. The working collective for the encyclopedia will have the same condition; they have to be independent and un-influenced from any personal or third party opinions.

18. The Encyclopedia is a lifelong project, which means over the coming decades, the structure of the encyclopedia might change, as well as the working collective will be replaced with a younger

We have to be aware that the encyclopedia carries key value for the following generations, who will read, use and further develop the encyclopedia and the field of Buddhist knowledge. 19.

33 18. The Encyclopedia is a lifelong project, which means over the coming decades, the structure of the encyclopedia might change, as well as the working collective will be replaced with a younger generation, which if guided properly can benefit the project and the impact of the project. We have to be aware that the encyclopedia carries key value for the following generations, who will read, use and further develop the encyclopedia and the field of Buddhist knowledge. 19. The key people involved in the encyclopedia will take part of all major scientific and religious Buddhist conferences, which result better opportunities and new ideas and networks on how to develop the encyclopedia. Participating such events gives excellent opportunity to improve the overview of different aspects of Buddhism. 20. Specialists from other fields of professions will be involved to maximize the quality result of the encyclopedia. For example- IT-specialists, designers, artists, photographers, translators, etc. To give the Encyclopedia a material foundation, sponsors are required.

21. There is large number of materials available which have already been translated into Chinese, which will be used. For example the Tripitaka 22.

The purpose of the Encyclopedia would be translating all relevant materials from any language into Chinese and English, which are the two most common languages in the world. 23.

34 21. There is large number of materials available which have already been translated into Chinese, which will be used. For example the Tripitaka 22. There are numerous materials on Buddhism available in English, Russian, Tibetan, Mongolian, Sanskrit, Pali, Thai, Burmese, which are not available in Chinese at the moment. The purpose of the Encyclopedia would be translating all relevant materials from any language into Chinese and English, which are the two most common languages in the world. 23. The purpose of the encyclopedia is to create an in-depth and complete data-base about materials related Buddhism, with main emphasis on Chinese Buddhism. 24. One of the conditions of the encyclopedia would be that used materials would not lose their religious value and that published materials would not insult anyone s religious beliefs or values.

25. In the organizing committee, the key emphasis and importance should be given to educated Buddhists, who would supervise and help in understanding the handled materials correctly from a Buddhist

Specialists from different traditions will be involved in the project, who will assist in gathering and composing materials about the history, texts, sutras, etc.

36 25. In the organizing committee, the key emphasis and importance should be given to educated Buddhists, who would supervise and help in understanding the handled materials correctly from a Buddhist point of view. 26. There are many different traditions in Buddhism. Specialists from different traditions will be involved in the project, who will assist in gathering and composing materials about the history, texts, sutras, etc. relevant to the Buddhist tradition they belong to 27. The published articles will have academic prologue. In case of traditional Buddhist texts, Chinese, Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, Mongolian terminology will be used. The meanings of the terminology will be explained in Chinese and English. 28. The work will be carried out in two forms- one would be traditional Buddhist concept and other academic view of the matter.

The aim and goal of the encyclopedia is to gather all available relevant and qualitative materials on Buddhism, publish those materials

37 29. According to the Buddhist practice in some traditions, some texts should never be published. The committee of the Project should be aware of such conditions and never breach them. 30. The aim and goal of the encyclopedia is to gather all available relevant and qualitative materials on Buddhism, publish those materials and preserve them for the following generations. 31.The Project will involve IT specialist, who will create a large database, which is able to contain, maintain, manage, preserve and publish a large volume of content.

38 .

The usage of all available technological solutions in the 21th century will be utilized in collecting, gathering, structuring all traditional and available materials and also in

The working collective will be led by an organizing committee, who in majority will be educated Buddhist. But it doesn't mean that there cant be academic scholars.

39 The usage of all available technological solutions in the 21th century will be utilized in collecting, gathering, structuring all traditional and available materials and also in creating new solutions. The project will be led by specialist from different fields, whose co-operation can maximize the effect and benefits of the encyclopedia. The working collective will be led by an organizing committee, who in majority will be educated Buddhist. But it doesn't mean that there cant be academic scholars. The committee will review the work of the collective and guide the overall activities related to the Project. The committee will be led by a leader, who can have free and independent views and opinions from the rest of the committee.

40 For project to success we must have people who work with websites, or IT specialists, people who gather information, translators and we need our own Buddhist library to use. Library must consist both English and Chinese recources. First we have to build up organization,until now we are only 6 people filled with enthusiasm, without any money. During a 6 month I have visited China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mongolia and no results. Because everywhere people want to get paid and no one wants to help us on voluntary bases. So far the result is 0 One Chinese scholar from Germany agreed to participate but no one else. I hope we can find people who are able to help us but so far all Asian region has been very promising on the beginning but later came out people just disappeared.

41 . References : BUDDHISM IN CHINA: factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=95 HISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN CHINA : Buddhisn in China : India lost Buddha to China: Rector : Chinese Buddhism : Buddhism Timeline : Buddhism and Buddhists in China : Facts about China: RELIGION : Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism : China Is Attempting to Wipe Out Buddhism :

China Buddhism Encyclopedia Online Website Project.

China Buddhism Encyclopedia Online Website Project Www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com About CBE Author and main coordinator of the project Vello Vaartnou Project launched in December 2012 Project is developed