China Academic Library

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1 China Academic Library

2 Academic Advisory Board: Researcher Geng, Yunzhi, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Han, Zhen, Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Researcher Hao, Shiyuan, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Li, Xueqin, Department of History, Tsinghua University, China Professor Li, Yining, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, China Researcher Lu, Xueyi, Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Wong, Young-tsu, Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Professor Yu, Keping, Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, China Professor Yue, Daiyun, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, China Zhu, Yinghuang, China Daily Press, China Series Coordinators: Zitong Wu, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, China Yan Li, Springer More information about this series at

3 Yijie Tang Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture

4 Yijie Tang ( ) Department of Philosophy Peking University Beijing, China ISSN ISSN (electronic) China Academic Library ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing Co., Ltd and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Contents 1 Confucianism and Constructive Postmodernism What Kind of Age Are We in Now? The Rise of Two Trends of Thought in China in the 1990s In the New Historical Period of Chinese Revival and in the Context of Globalization, Traditional Chinese Culture May Well Make an Epochal Contribution to Human Society Man and Nature as a Closely Related Living Community and Unity of Man and Heaven Constructive Postmodernism, a Second Enlightenment and Confucian Renxue (Learning of Goodness) Defining Human and Examining Human Rights from the Standpoint of Li: A Traditional Chinese Concept The Contemporary Significance of Confucianism Why Addressing the Topic The Contemporary Significance of Confucianism? Various Points of View About the Learning of the Chinese Classics, Especially Confucianism, in Academic and Cultural Circles What are the Main Issues in Contemporary Human Society? The Relationship Between Man and Nature The Relationship Between Man and Man The Relationship Between Body and Mind References Toward a Chinese Hermeneutics Is there a Subject Called Hermeneutics in Ancient China? Is it Possible to Find Out General Patterns of Interpretation in the Study of Chinese Classics? v

6 vi Contents Zuo Chuan s Interpretation of Chun Qiu Ji Ci s Interpretation of I Ching Han Fei Tzu s Interpretation of Lao Tzu Glossary References Emotion in Pre-Qin Ruist Moral Theory: An Explanation of Dao Begins in Qing On Dao Begins in Qing The Basis for the Pre-Qin Ruist Emphasis on Qing On Qing Arises from Xing 情生于性 Distinguishing Qing and Desire Some Reflections on New Confucianism in Chinese Mainland Culture of the 1990s The Problem of Harmonious Communities in Ancient China An Inquiry into the Possibility of a Third-Phase Development of Confucianism Immanence and Transcendence in Chinese Chan Buddhism Chinese Chan Buddhism Neither Valued Scriptures nor Established in Words, but Claimed Everything Should Listen to the Essential Mind Chinese Chan Buddhism Broke Outmoded Conventions and Abolished Sitting in Meditation, but Only Valued Seeing the Nature and Accomplishing the Buddhahood Chinese Chan Buddhism Did Not Worship Images, Rather Abused the Buddhas and Berated the Masters, but Claimed One Who Is Enlightened in One Thought Is a Buddha The Introduction of Indian Buddhism into China: A Perspective on the Meaning of Studies in Comparative Philosophy and Comparative Religion The Introduction of Indian Buddhism into China and the Popularization of the School of Prajna Teachings [bo-re xue] in the Wei and Jin Periods The Beginnings of Buddhism in China The An Shigao of Hinayana School The Zhi-lou-jia-qian of Mahayana School The Interaction Between the Imported Ideological Culture Buddhism And the Previously Existing Ideological Culture of China Adaptation to Tradition The Enrichment and Intensification of Tradition Relative Excellence and Real Contribution

7 Contents vii 9.3 The Comparative Study of Philosophies and Regions The Search for Common Laws Attention to the Specific Characteristics of a Culture The Isolation of Old Topics and New Issues Relationships Between Traditional and Imported Thought and Culture in China: The Importation of Buddhism Vocabulary On the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) The Origin and Characteristics of Daoism General Background The Development of Daoism Characteristics of Daoism Vocabulary The Daoist Religion of China The Attempt of Matteo Ricci to Link Chinese and Western Cultures Modes of Relating Oriental and Occidental Cultures Linking Catholicism with Confucianism (Heru) Complementing Confucianism (Buru) Transcending Confucianism (Chaoru) Concordance with Confucianism (Furu) Body and Use and the Correlation of Chinese and Western Harmony The Possible Orientations of Chinese Culture in the Context of Globalization Prospects for the Study of the History of Chinese Philosophy and the Issue of the True, the Good, and the Beautiful in China s Traditional Philosophy Chinese Philosophy as a Threefold Integration Integration of Heaven with Man: The True Integration of Knowledge with Practice: The Good Integration of Feeling with Scenery: The Beautiful The Study of Chinese Philosophy and the Reason for Being Human Questions Concerning the Categorical System of Traditional Chinese Philosophy The Significance of Studying the Categorical System of Traditional Chinese Philosophy How to Study the Concepts and Categories of Traditional Chinese Philosophy Analysis of the Meaning of Concepts and Categories

8 viii Contents Analysis of the Development of the Meanings of Concepts and Categories Analysis of the Systems of Concepts and Categories of Philosophers (or Philosophical Schools) Analysis of the Similarities and Differences Between the Concepts and Categories of Chinese and Foreign Philosophies A Tentative Theory of the Categorical System of Traditional Chinese Philosophy Discussion New Progress in the Study of the History of Chinese Philosophy The History of Chinese Philosophy as the History of Knowledge of the Chinese Nation The Concept and Category of Traditional Chinese Philosophy The Comparison and Analysis of Traditional Chinese and Foreign Philosophies The Method Employed by Traditional Chinese Philosophy in Establishing a System A Reconsideration of the Question of The True, the Good, and the Beautiful in Traditional Chinese Philosophy Confucius Demands of the Realm of Life Laozi s Quest in the Realm of Life Zhuangzi s Quest in the Realm of Life Brief Conclusion Chinese Character Chinese Traditional Cultures and Corporate Management A Study of the Question of China s Cultural Development The Enlightenment and Its Difficult Journey in China The Eighteenth-Century European Enlightenment Movement and China s Sixteenth-Century Late Ming Enlightenment Trend of Thought The Mid-Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society Amid the Enlightenment of the West and Its Struggle to Advance Through Manifold Obstacles China s Own Enlightenment and Its Slogan of Science and Democracy : Have They Come to Fruition? Whither Enlightenment in Chinese Society?

9 Contents ix 23 The Coexistence of Cultural Diversity: Sources of the Value of Harmony in Diversity Introduction Harmony in Diversity Commonalities Across Cultural Traditions Regional Diversity and the Bidirectional Nature of Cultural Selection Conclusion On the Clash and Coexistence of Human Civilizations The Clash of Civilizations and the New Empire Theory Coexistence of Civilizations and New Axial Age Can Chinese Culture Make Contributions to the Coexistence of Civilizations? The Confucian Doctrine of Ren ( 仁, Benevolence, Virtue) Is a Resource of Thinking with a Positive Meaning for the Coexistence of Civilizations The Taoist Doctrine of the Way (tao) Can Provide Significant Resources of Thinking to Prevent The Clash of Civilizations Constructing Chinese Philosophy in Sino-European Cultural Exchange Western Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy as an Independent Discipline Paradigms and Frameworks of Western Philosophy and Potential Problems in Chinese Philosophy Future Developments in Chinese Philosophy Chinese Glossary

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