Shinto Polytheistic Founder No one founder No one founder Lao Tze Confucius Where/ When. Japan 500 BCE. Hsun Tzu Wang Fuzhi Sacred Texts

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1 Animism Polytheistic Shinto Polytheistic Taoism Confucianism Founder No one founder No one founder Lao Tze Confucius Where/ When Seemed to form around the world in disconnected areas oldest known religion (timing not exact) Japan 500 BCE China 500 BCE China 500 BCE Shaman (Medicine man or Emperor Lao Tze Confucius Key People woman) Zhuangzi Mencius Huangdl Hsun Tzu Wang Fuzhi Sacred Texts Oral Histories Kokiji Record of ancient matters Tao-te-Ching The Analects Nikong Chronicles of Japan Sacred Places and Places Spread to Key Beliefs Worship tends to be outdoors in nature Practiced worldwide (mostly in Africa and the Americas) nature worship. everything in the universe has a spirit. believe that ancestors watch over the living from the spirit world. ancestor worship as a means of communicating with and showing respect to ancestors Shrines near locations of natural beauty Historical Landmarks Practiced mostly in Japan there is a sacredness of the whole universe humans can be in tune with this sacredness. Every mountain, river, plant, animal, and all the diverse phenomena of heaven and earth have spirits, or kami, which inhabit them. Reverence is paid to the ancestors through the practice of ancestor worship. Places can be a common area converted for worship (indoors or out) Importance placed on North South East and West Temples nature has a "way" in which it moves people should accept the "way" of nature, rather than resist it. An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature. Everything must have an opposing force that allows the harmonious universe to exist. (Yin and Yang) Primarily practiced in East Asia (China, Korea, Vietnam, China and Taiwan) Sacred spaces include public temples and cemeteries Home is considered a sacred place there is a natural social order to society explained through the Five Relationships: 1. Ruler to ruled. 2. Father to son. 3. Older brother to younger brother. 4. Husband to wife. 5. Friend to friend. if everyone knew their place in society, then order would prevail. Filial Piety-One should respect their elders.

2 Judaism Monotheistic Christianity Monotheistic Islam Monotheistic Hinduism Polytheistic Buddhism Polytheistic Founder Abraham Jesus Mohammad No one founder Siddhartha Gautama Where/ Middle East Israel/Palestine Saudi Arabia India India When 1000 BC 33 AD 622 AD 2500 BC 530 BC Key People Sacred Texts Sacred Places and Places Spread to Role of Women Key Beliefs Moses David Solomon Old Testament called The Torah Jerusalem Temple called Synagogue Solomon s Temple Israel & Europe (Diaspora) Patriarchal Raise children Arranged marriages Keep Kosher Messiah will come Follow 10 Commandments Keep Kosher Prophets Ethics no stealing, no pork, no murder Jesus Peter Paul Mother Theresa Marin Luther Holy Bible Old and New Testament Churches Jerusalem Rome- home of pope in Vatican City Europe, North & South America Can be nuns Patriarchal Raise children Jesus = Messiah Trinity 3=1, Gospels word of Jesus, Turn the other cheek Golden rule do unto others as you would have them do unto you Love, peace, equality Protestant Reformation Catholic Hierarchy o Martyrs o 7 sacraments Mohammad Abu Bakr Hussein Ali The Koran (Quran) Mosque Mecca - Hajj Medina - Hijra Jerusalem Middle East, North Africa Patriarchal had to wear Chador/Burka Arranged marriages Polygamy up to 4 wives Women go to court to get a divorce men say I divorce you 3 times 5 pillars of faith Sunni/Shiite Split No pork No stealing No smoking No gambling No dancing No murder Sharia- law code based on Quran eye for an eye Gandhi Siddhartha Gautama ( The Buddha ) Dalai Lama Vedas Upanishad (Bhagavad-Gita) Ganges River Temple India, Ceylon Patriarchal Arranged marriages Must do pujas sacrifices (ex. Throw on husband s funeral pyre (fire)) Atman soul Universal soul = Brahman Caste System Moksha Reincarnation If you have good dharma, then you ll have good karma, and are reincarnated to a better status meditation & yoga 3 main Gods Brahma, Vishnu & Shiva Tripitaka 3 baskets of wisdom Temples Stupa (have pieces/relics of Buddha) East Asia Live simply Patriarchal Can be nuns Live simply Give up desires 4 Noble Truths Eightfold Path Nirvana Follow Dharma Rejects caste system

3 Important Terms: these terms are used by multiple religions Monotheism Polytheism 10 Commandments (used by Judaism, Christianity and Islam) Reincarnation Hindu Terms: Brahman Buddhism Terms: 4 Noble Truths Karma 1. Dharma 2. Moksha 3. Caste System 4. Upanishads Vedas Eightfold Path Nirvana

4 Judaism (Jewish) Terms: Diaspora Islamic Terms: Hejira Zionism Allah Synagogue Meccah Temple Hajj Christian Terms: Church Catholic Protestant Atonement Savior 5 Pillars of Islam Sin

5 The study of religions around the world tells us many things about the past and the people of the different regions. It is also important to understand how religions created thousands of years ago are still relevant around the world today. On the Regents there will be several multiple choice questions regarding role of religion and its contributions and importance. If religion is a thematic essay topic it is important to be comfortable with at least 2 religions. Choose 2 Religions How are these religions similar? #1 #2 How are these religions different? How prevalent is this religion in the world today? What region is this religion centered in? What do the followers believe? What guides the behaviors of the followers? Practice Regents Answers: 1) 1; 2) 4; 3) 1; 4) 1; 5) 4; 6) 3; 7) 4; 8) 2; 9) 1; 10) 3; 11) 4; 12) 3; 13) 1; 14) 3; 15) 1; 16) 3; 17) 2; 18) 4; 19) 4; 20) 1; 21) 1; 22) 4; 23) 1; 24) 3; 25) 2; 26) 2

6 1. Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Pyramid in Egypt are examples of 1. architectural accomplishments that reflect religious beliefs 2. the influence of Buddhist architecture on conquered nations 3. ancient architectural monuments no longer in use 4. the influence of cultural diffusion on contemporary architecture 2. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in 1. the central authority of the Pope 2. a prohibition of the consumption of port 3. reincarnation and the Four Noble Truths 4. monotheism and ethical conduct 3. Which is a valid statement about the history of South Asia? 1. Religious beliefs have both unified and divided the people of the region. 2. Little cultural diffusion has occurred in this region. 3. Urbanization has strengthened the traditional beliefs and lifestyles of the people of the region. 4. Superpower involvement has brought peace and economic prosperity to the region 4. When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my caste. What is the main idea of this quotation? 1. the caste system continues to influence Indian society 2. the caste system has been reflected by most Indians 3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste 4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system 5. According the teachings of Confucius, the key to the successful organization of society is that 1. the ruler should be chosen democratically 2. the evil in humans must be eliminated 3. ancestor worship should be discontinued 4. individuals should know and do what is expected of them 6. In traditional Chinese culture, which philosophy had the greatest influence on the development of social order and political organization? 1. Taoism 2. Shintoism 3. Confucianism 4. Marxism 7. The teachings of Confucius encouraged people to 1. put their own interests first 2. reject government authority 3. believe in reincarnation 4. follow a code of moral conduct 8. In Japan, the martial arts, the tea ceremony, and flower arranging best reflect the influences of 1. imperialism and militarism 2. Buddhism and Shintoism 3. capitalism 4. mercantilism 9. A person who practices the Shinto faith would be most likely to 1. visit a shrine placed on the shore of a lake 2. pray five times a day 3. bathe in the Ganges River 4. make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem

7 10. Taoism and Shintoism are similar in that both religions stress 1. adhering to the five Confucian relationships 2. following the Eightfold Path 3. developing harmony between humans and nature 4. believing in one God 11. One similarity between the Five Pillars of Islam and the Ten Commandments is that both 1. support a belief in reincarnation 2. promote learning as a means to salvation 3. encourage the use of statues to symbolize God 4. provide a guide to proper ethical and moral behavior 12. One way in which Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism are similar is that each 1. accepts the supreme authority of the Pope 2. rejects the Old Testament as part of the Bible 3. is a branch of Christianity 4. was once the official religion of the Byzantine Empire 13. The Koran, jihad, and the hegira are most closely associated with the practice of 1. Islam 2. Judaism 3. Shinto 4. Buddhism 14. The Buddhist religion teaches that salvation is earned by 1. following the Ten Commandments 2. worshiping Allah as the one true god 3. learning to give up selfish desire 4. being baptized and confirmed 15. Confucianism in traditional China served to 1. maintain social order 2. create ethnic unrest 3. emphasize material wealth 4. support democratic government 16. Traditional animistic beliefs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are based on 1. a desire for wealth 2. a written tradition 3. an appreciation for the forces of nature 4. a willingness to accept Christianity 17. Jewish religions and cultural identity has been greatly influenced by 1. Ramadan and the concept of reincarnation 2. the Torah and the Diaspora 3. the New Testament and the Four Noble Truths 4. the Koran and the code of bushido 18. In India, the Caste system determined a person s occupation, personal associations, and marriage partner. This situation shows that the Caste system 1. has helped eliminate ethnic and religious rivalries 2. has promoted social mobility within Indian society 3. has been stronger in urban areas that in rural areas 4. has been a way of life as well as an element of religion 19. Mansa Musa s journey to Mecca in the 1300 s is evidence that 1. the Crusades had a great influence on western Africa 2. most African leaders were educated in the Middle East 3. European culture was superior to the cultures of western Africa 4. Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire

8 20. From as early as I can remember, the Emperor was an important presence even in our remote home. He was a descendant of the gods from thousands of years before, never to be looked at or listened to by mere mortals, a presence to be revered and protected and obeyed Finally, my family and neighbors gathered around the radio and listened in stunned silence to the voice that had never before been heard, saying he was only human after all. Everyone was crying. I was sad and confused The attitudes toward the Emperor expressed in this passage were based in the traditions of 1. Shintoism 2. Christianity 3. Islam 4. Judaism 21. Beginning with childhood, all of man s study is centered on one aim alone to emerge successfully from the three days examination and all he has in his mind is what success can bring to him in terms of power, influence, and prestige. -Ye Shib, Chinese scholar This quotation refers to the Chinese 1. civil service system 2. social welfare system 3. contemplation of nature 4. religious practices 22. The Eightfold Path, the Four Noble Truths, and the concept of nirvana are associated with the religion of 1. Islam 2. Jainism 3. Shinto 4. Buddhism 23. One way in which the Vedas, the Bible, and the Koran are similar is that these religious books 1. provide guidelines to govern the behavior of believers 2. deny the existence of a supreme being who rules the universe 3. encourage strife between segments of believers 4. support political rebellions to overthrow existing governments 24. Which values are most closely associated with the fundamental principles of Buddhism? 1. competition and financial success 2. maintaining the caste system and providing education for all people 3. practicing nonviolence and giving up worldly desires 4. self-determination and democracy 25. A belief of animism is that 1. after death the soul is reborn in another human form 2. holy wars must be fought to gain entry into heaven 3. meditation leads followers to nirvana 4. spirits of nature inhabit all living and nonliving objects 26. The Analects: In his [the leader] personal conduct, he was respectful. In his serving his superiors, he was reverent. In his nourishing the people, he was kind. In governing the people, he was righteous. Confucius These selections show that the ancient civilizations who developed these concepts placed emphasis on 1. anarchy 2. law 3. trade 4. architecture

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