Toulmin Model-Claims, Warrant, and Qualifiers
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1 Toulmin Model-Claims, Warrant, and Qualifiers Objective: By the end of this lesson, students will be able to define the claims, warrant, and qualifiers in the Toulmin Model and apply these to argumentative essays. Sep 17-10:49 AM Next Class: Finish Claims, Warrants, and Qualifiers and SSW Reminders: *Corrections/Missing Assignments (Vocab 1 and 2, Freewrites, and Reading Analysis) DUE FRIDAY *Essay Revisions *College Trip Next Week *Freewrites on Wiki are homework that night and due next class 10% off for late, can only revise a week from when they are handed back Sep 18-8:37 AM 1
2 v=kqfkti6gn9y Sep 26-8:13 AM What is a claim? Claim=the statement being argued (THESIS) Answers the question: What's your point? Types: -of fact: Is it real? Is it a fact? Did it really happen? Is it true? Does it exist? -of definition: What is it? What is it like? How should it be classified? How can it be defined? How do we interpret it? Does its meaning shift in particular contexts? -of cause: How did this happen? What caused it? What led up to this? What are its effects? What will this produce? -of value: Is it good or bad? Beneficial or harmful? Moral or immoral? Who says so? What do these people value? What value system will be used to judge? -of policy: What should we do? How are we to act? What policy should we take? What course of action should we take to solve this problem? Activity: In your group, identify the type of claim for each claim. Be able to justify your decision. Claims: (fact, defini on, cause, value, polic 1. Generally, public secondary schools in America are not adequately preparing students for college. 2. Opera is not as entertaining as musical comedy. 3. America should rapidly move toward normalizing diploma c and trade rela ons with Cuba. Alcoholism is a disease, not a vice 4. The introduc on of the computer into university wri ng classes has enhanced student wri ng abilit 2
3 What is data (grounds)? Data=the facts or evidence used to prove the argument -can consist of statistics, quotations, reports, findings, physical evidence, or various forms of reasoning -answers the questions "How do I know?", "What is your proof?", "Why?" -can consist of: *evidence: facts, stats, reports, or physical proof *source credibility: authorities, experts, celebrities *analysis and reasoning: reason offered as proof *premises: ideas already held by the listener Activity: As a group, choose one of the claims and give at least 3 types of data that could be used to prove the claim. Claims: (fact, defini on, cause, value, polic 1. Generally, public secondary schools in America are not adequately preparing students for college. 2. Opera is not as entertaining as musical comedy. 3. America should rapidly move toward normalizing diploma c and trade rela ons with Cub 4. Alcoholism is a disease, not a vice. 5. The introduc on of the computer into university wri ng classes has enhanced student wri ng abilit What is a warrant? Warrant=The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data -can be based on ethos, pathos, logos (discussed further in class later) -establishes a mental connection between the grounds and claim -types: *generalization-assumes that what is true of a well chosen sample is likely to hold for a larger group or population, or that certain things consistent with the sample can be inferred of the group/population. *analogy-conclude from one situation or event based on the nature and outcome of a similar situation or event. Are there sufficient, typical, accurate, relevant similarities? *sign/clue-certain types of evidence are symptomatic of some wider principle or outcome. *causal argument: a given occurrence or event is the result of, or is effected by, factor X. *from authority: Does person X or text X constitute an authoritative source on the issue in question? *from principle: Locating a principle that is widely regarded as valid and showing that a situation exists in which this principle applies. -example: The dog is probably friendly. It is a Dalmation. (warrant: generalization-most or all Golden Retrievers are friendly.) Activity: Look at the arguments and underline the claim, circle the data, and write out the warrant and label the type of the warrant. 3
4 Arguments: (generaliza on, analogy, sign/clue, casual argument, authority, principle 1. A on Varsity Baseball is likely to win the next game because they are playing a home gam 2. Juno is a wonderful movie because it was nominated for four Academy Awards. 3. Flag burning should be uncons tu onal because a na onal poll says that 60% of Americans want fl ag burning uncons tu 4. If you surf at Hun ngton Beach right a er it rains you risk ge ng a bacterial infec on because runoff from the rain washes bacteria into the o Sep 26-11:13 AM Sep 26-12:36 PM 4
5 Sep 26-12:46 PM 5
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