PLEASE CITE AS: RESPONSE FORMAT FOR ALL IPTS ITEMS: Strongly disagree Strongly agree

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1 PLEASE CITE AS: THOMAE, M., BIRTEL, M.D. & WITTEMANN, J. (2016). THE INTERPERSONAL TOLERANCE SCALE (IPTS): SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 2016 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, WARSAW, POLAND, 13 TH 16 TH JULY 2016 RESPONSE FORMAT FOR ALL IPTS ITEMS: Strongly disagree Strongly agree

2 THE INTERPERSONAL TOLERANCE SCALE (IPTS): SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION MANUELA THOMAE MICHELE D BIRTEL JÖRG WITTEMANN

3 INTRODUCTION ALLPORT (1954) TO TOLERATE SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING VS. A TOLERANT PERSON INTOLERANCE OF INTOLERANCE (MILITANT VS. PACIFISTIC TOLERANCE) LINKS TO LIBERAL ATTITUDES EDUCATION EMPATHIC ABILITY SELF-INSIGHT INTROPUNITIVENESS TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY PERSONAL VALUES

4 INTRODUCTION ALLPORT (1954) TOLERANCE AS IN TOLERANT PERSONALITY IT IS UNFORTUNATE THAT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LACKS A BETTER TERM TO EXPRESS THE FRIENDLY AND TRUSTFUL ATTITUDE THAT ONE PERSON MAY HAVE TOWARD ANOTHER, REGARDLESS OF THE GROUPS TO WHICH EITHER BELONGS (ALLPORT, 1954; P. 425) TOLERANT PEOPLE ARE THOSE IN WHOM ETHNIC ATTITUDES HAVE NO SALIENCE AT ALL. THEY HAVE NO INTEREST IN GROUP DISTINCTIONS. TO THEM A PERSON IS A PERSON (ALLPORT, 1954; P.428)

5 INTRODUCTION RIVKA WITENBERG: TOLERANCE TO HUMAN DIVERSITY TOLERANCE AS A MORAL VIRTUE PUTTING UP WITH VS. RESPECT, EQUALITY, LIBERTY BUTRUS & WITENBERG (2013) PREDICTORS OF TOLERANCE TO HUMAN DIVERSITY DILEMMA-LIKE STORIES OPENNESS, AGREEABLENESS, INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY

6 INTRODUCTION WITTEMANN (2005) ADDRESSES THE PROBLEM OF MEASUREMENT OF TOLERANCE (IN GERMAN) INTERPERSONAL FOCUS 3 DIMENSIONS WARM TOLERANCE COLD TOLERANCE LIMITS OF TOLERANCE

7 RESEARCH AIMS 1. TO TRANSLATE, ADAPT, EXTEND AND VALIDATE AN ENGLISH LANGUAGE VERSION OF WITTEMANN S TOLERANCE SCALE 2. TO ESTABLISH THE FACTORIAL STRUCTURE, ITEM AND SCALE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IPTS 3. TO ESTABLISH FIRST EVIDENCE OF CONVERGENT AND DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF THE IPTS

8 METHODOLOGY Study 1 Study 2 Sample Size Study Environment Online Online Sex 82.5% female 84% female Age (5.83) (5.67) Occupation 98% student 99% student

9 METHODOLOGY STUDY 2 ONLY: BASIC EMPATHY SCALE (CARRE ET AL., 2013, BASED ON JOLLIFFE & FARRINGTON, 2006) MOTIVATION TO CONTROL PREJUDICED REACTIONS (DUNTON & FAZIO, 1997) RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM (FUNKE, 2005) SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION (PRATTO ET AL., 1994) INTERPERSONAL TRUST SCALE (ROTTER, 1967)

10 Cronbach s Alpha Mean Warm Tolerance Cold Tolerance Total Limits of Tolerance Warm Tolerance Cold Tolerance Total Limits of Tolerance Study 1 Study (0.55) 3.25 (0.85) 5.23 (0.62) 5.04 (0.83) (0.62) 3.42 (0.91) 5.08 (0.68) 5.07 (0.83) EFA (Oblimin) 3 Factors 3 Factors Factor Loadings Warm Tolerance Cold Tolerance Limits of Tolerance.431 to to to to to to.698

RESULTS: STUDY 2 Chi-square df p CFA 1220.

11 RESULTS: STUDY 2 Chi-square df p CFA CFI.780 RMSEA 90% CI to.073

12 RESULTS: STUDY 2 Warm Tolerance Cold Tolerance Total Limits of Tolerance Warm Tolerance **.85**.09 Cold Tolerance Total Limits of Tolerance - Empathy.29** -.26**.31**.10 Motivation to Control Prejudice.17** -.15**.18** -.13** RW Authoritarianism -.17**.21** -.22** -.31** SDO -.26**.37** -.37** -.20** Interpersonal Trust.13* -.20**.19** -.19**

13 THE INTERPERSONAL TOLERANCE SCALE (IPTS) Scale Warm Tolerance Items 1. I see differences in people's opinions and beliefs as opportunities to learn from each other. 2. If I perceive somebody as acting incorrectly or curiously, I try to understand the reasons for their behaviour. 3. If the values and behaviours of another person contradict my own values, I make an effort to understand the other person before judging them. 4. I embrace other people the way they are, even if we have very little in common. 5. I can respect another person, even if their beliefs contradict my own beliefs. 6. I give other people room to be themselves, without trying to change them. 7. I am able to acknowledge new and unfamiliar things, even if I dislike them. 8. I am able to reconsider and adjust my opinion if a conversation yields novel viewpoints. 9. I try to fully put myself into another person's position in order to understand their viewpoint. 10.I believe that there are multiple accurate viewpoints for most things. 11.If I am bothered by the attitudes or acts of another person, I can discuss it with them without rejecting them as a person. 12.I always try to respect another person, irrespective of their beliefs and behaviours. 13.I accept that other cultural communities may act upon values which I consider intolerant.

14 Cold Tolerance (Intolerance?) 1. I tend to ignore other people's opinions, values and beliefs if I don't understand them. 2. I think that my values are more correct than those of most others. 3. I often judge others based on first impressions. 4. I find it hard to view other people's business without passing my own judgement. 5. I tend to judge others even if I don't really know anything about their situation. 6. I try to avoid people who hold values different from my own. 7. I find it difficult to accept people who are very different from me. 8. I struggle to appreciate people who do not conform to my personal ideals. 9. I try to get people to change if they are behaving in a way that I don't approve of. 10. I find people unpleasant whose lifestyle violates norms which are important to me. 11. I find it hard to tolerate practices that I consider embarrassing. 12. If someone provoked or upset me, I would look for opportunities for payback. Limits of Tolerance 1. I point it out to people when they make intolerant comments. 2. I challenge those who act aggressively towards weaker people. 3. I challenge negative generalisations based on a person's identity (e.g., sexual orientation, gender, race, religion). 4. I challenge intolerance based on incorrect or biased information. 5. I challenge intolerance whenever I see it. 6. I challenge intolerance whenever I can think of strong arguments. 7. The limit of my tolerance is easily achieved when somebody spoils somebody else's experiences in life. 8. It is important to me to challenge intolerance. 9. My tolerance ends where harm begins.

15 CONCLUSIONS DEVELOPMENT OF A PSYCHOMETRIC SCALE MEASURING INTERPERSONAL TOLERANCE 3 DISTINCT FACTORS: WARM TOLERANCE, COLD TOLERANCE, LIMITS OF TOLERANCE BUT: WARM AND COLD TOLERANCE COULD BE USED AS ONE SCALE (FACE VALIDITY) IPTS IS AN EXTENSION, TRANSLATION AND ADAPTATION OF WITTEMANN S (2005) GERMAN WORK

16 CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION (AUGUST 2016) WIDER RANGE OF SAMPLES ESTABLISH LINKS WITH PERSONALITY FACTORS (E.G. AGREEABLENESS, OPENNESS) BEHAVIOURAL (NON-SELF-REPORT) MEASURES IPTS RESPONSES TO INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS INTERGROUP CONTACT, MINDFULNESS OR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS

17 REFERENCES ALLPORT, G.W. (1954). THE NATURE OF PREJUDICE. 25 TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION. CAMBRIDGE, MA: PERSEUS BOOKS BUTRUS, N. & WITENBERG, R.T. (2013). SOME PERSONALITY PREDICTORS OF TOLERANCE TO HUMAN DIVERSITY: THE ROLES OF OPENNESS, AGREEABLENESS, AND EMPATHY. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 48(4), DOI: /J X WITTEMANN, J. (2005). DIE ZWISCHENMENSCHLICHE-TOLERANZ-SKALA (ZMT-SKALA): SKALENENTWICKLUNG UND VALIDIERUNG. UNPUBLISHED DIPLOM THESIS, FRIEDRICH- SCHILLER-UNIVERSITÄT JENA, GERMANY

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