1/19/2011. Concept. Analysis
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1 Analysis Breaking down an idea, concept, theory, etc. into its most basic parts in order to get a better understanding of its structure. This is necessary to evaluate the merits of the claim properly (is it a fact, probably true, possibly true, impossible?). Analysis We will use 2 approaches 1. Broad overview of a concept by breaking it into the elements it shares with all forms of reasoning. 2. Specific attention to arguments by identifying: argument indicators premises conclusions assumptions 1
2 Anatomy of an Argument Proposition: A statement or sentence that declares something to be true. (It is snowing outside, killing people is wrong, there is an invisible dragon in my garage). Premise: Any proposition used as evidence to support another proposition. 2
3 Anatomy of an Argument Inference: An inference is the move one makes from reasons to a conclusion. When we conclude that something is true in the light of some set of reasons we have made an inference. Inferences can either be justified (valid) or unjustified (invalid) depending on what support the reasons give to the conclusion. Premise *inference* Conclusion 3
4 Analysis: Argument indicators Argument indicators: language that commonly indicates the presence of reasons or conclusions. 1. conclusion indicators: words that point to a conclusion that has been reached. Examples: Therefore So Hence Consequently Which Proves Which Establishes Justifies the view that In conclusion From which we can infer It follow that Demonstrates that Analysis: Argument indicators Argument indicators: language that commonly indicates the presence of reasons or conclusions. 2. reason indicators: words that point to a reason that has been offered in support of a conclusion. Examples: because Since For Follows form the fact that The reasons are First, second, etc. If then 4
5 Analysis: Checking for assumptions Check for assumptions. In your analysis could you find any assumptions a) That seem likely in the context b) Which must be added to the argument to make sense of what is said c) Which seem necessary to make the reasoning as strong as possible. Analysis: Argument Key <Reasons/Premise> [Conclusions] Argument indicators Assumptions: <I want you to be strong, confident Independent thinkers> so [I m teaching You how to analyze arguments] Assumption: analyzing arguments will make Someone a strong, etc. thinker (stated) That you are not already actively doing these things (unstated) Will be written out 5
6 Analysis: diagramming arguments Arguments can get very long and complicated. When this happens it is useful to construct a diagram of the argument to illustrate how the premises support the conclusion. Argument Patterns: 1. Vertical Pattern or chain. The premise directly supports a conclusion which can become the premise for another conclusion further down the chain. Each link in the chain depends on the others. Analysis: diagramming arguments Arguments can get very long and complicated. When this happens it is useful to construct a diagram of the argument to illustrate how the premises support the conclusion. Argument Patterns: 2. Horizontal Pattern In a horizontal pattern each premise supports the conclusion independently 6
7 Analysis: diagramming arguments Arguments can get very long and complicated. When this happens it is useful to construct a diagram of the argument to illustrate how the premises support the conclusion. Argument Patterns: 3. Conjoint Premises When two or more premises support a Conclusion conjointly. On it s own, neither Premise would lend any support to the conclusion. But together they can lend support. *this relationship can be reversed where one Or more Premises support multiple conclusions 7
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