Year 7 PPE Revision Booklet

Transcription

1 Year 7 PPE Revision Booklet Summer Exams 2016 Dear Year 7. It has been a pleasure to teach you this year! You should use this booklet as well as your class book to help you revise for your exam. A lot of the content for the exam will be in your class book. If you are struggling to understand any questions in the booklet you should see Mr Baxter for advice on how to answer the question. When you have finished all the questions you should go about making mind-maps (colourful pages of all the key ideas) and Key Word cards to help you further revise. If you put the hours in revising you ll find you will do well in the assessment. Good luck! About the exam In the exam there will be two types of questions: 1. Multiple choice questions. You must select from A, B or C 2. A long essay, when you can pick from one of four essay questions. 3. The exam will cover the four topics we have studied this year: a. Utilitarianism b. God and Suffering c. Epistimilogy (The study of knowledge) d. Feminism

2 Topic 1 - Utilitarianism Revision 1. Using your books, find the meanings to the following words: Utilitarianism: Act Utilitarianism: Rule Utilitarianism: 2. In the image on the right you are faced with two choices. Saving one family members, or saving five Doctors. This poses a tough questions for people. Should you act to do what is right for you, or should you do what is right for other people? Which a. Would you save? Explain b. Should you save? Explain c. Would a Utilitarian encourage you to save? Explain 3. J.S.Mill felt that individual freedom was more important than following laws. He believed this because without freedom, we might all be slaves to someone or something else. Laws tell us what to do, whereas freedom lets us be who we want to be. Do you agree with him? Is individual freedom was more important than following laws?

3 Look at the essay below. This would be a low L.6 answer. Have a read of the essay and comment in the boxes below it. Act Utilitarianism is a better way to maximise happiness than rule utilitarianism Utilitarianism is that idea that we (humans) should act in a way that creates the maximum amount of happiness for the highest number of people. However, what happiness is and how we get to the point of making people happy is hard to understand and explain. To help answer this, Jeremy Bentham came up with the idea of Act Utilitarianism. This is the idea that we, as individual humans, should act so that in any given situation we are trying to maximise the happiness of the majority. As an example imagine if you were in a sweet shop. Inside, two children are screaming for sweets whilst their mother is telling them they can t have any. As a passer by, an Act Utilitarian would note that the happiness of the majority (the two children) is most important, they would therefore buy the sweets for the children! J.S.Mill disagreed with Bentham. He agreed that utilitarianism was a good idea, but came up with the idea of rule utilitarianism. This idea was that instead of individuals acting to maximise happiness, rules should be created. These rules would have the main aim of maximising happiness, and would normally be governed by a country or a society. In the case of the children in the sweet shop, Mill would argue that a law allowing a parent to act to protect their children from strangers would in the long term cause greater happiness than the children having sweets! In conclusion Act and Rule utilitarianism are two ways of attempting to make people happy. Overall I believe that Act utilitarianism is a better idea because it lets people be individuals acting as they want to, rather than how they have been told. To me, this is a better type of happiness. Does this essay look at both sides of the argument? What s the benefit of this? What are the key words mentioned in this essay? Does this essay include the opinions of different philosophers? How does this help? Does this essay have a good conclusion? Explain

4 6. Below are two potential essay questions, with some of the arguments for and against them. What would be your conclusions to these essay s? You should also think about key words/quotes and philosophers which you would consider using to support each side of the argument. Essay 1: Humans are always selfish! Some Arguments For: - Mill said that human freedom was very important. We should be free to act how we like. - Look at all the evidence in the world: look at all the people who act selfishly. This will never go away. - Utilitarianism is only a theory, people don t actually do it in practice. Some Arguments Against: - Mill said that our freedom has limits: sometimes laws (like those who agree with rule utilitarianism) help to stop people from acting in a way which hurts other people. - Utilitarianism would support the idea that we should act in a way so that we maximise the happiness of as many people as possible, How would you conclude this argument? What s your opinion? Essay 2: Doing good towards others is the most important thing in life! Arguments For: - Utilitarians would agree with this. We should act in a way which maximises the happiness of the majority. This is what Jeremy Bentham said. - A world that is selfish leads to people wanting to be greedy and powerful: think of the awful people in history who have been terrible to other people. Arguments Against: - Individual freedom is the most important thing in life: we should be able to do what every we want. Mill supports the idea that freedom is important. - We must look after ourselves first: if we don t then we will all suffer. How would you conclude this argument? What s your opinion?

5 Topic 1 Utilitarianism Mind Map!

6 Topic 2 God and Suffering Revision Link the key word to the image: Omnipotent, Plantinga, Hick, The Fall, Omnibenevolent, Omniscient 2. Accepting that there is a God which is omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing) and omnibenevolent (all loving) what problems might the following pose for a religious believer: The Nepal earthquake might cause a problem for a believer because A sick child may cause a problem for a believer because 3. Complete the spider diagram: God might allow suffering because Assuming there is a God, he/she would allow suffering because (try to come up with x5 reasons)

7 4. Religious people use a number of arguments as to why God might allow evil and suffering. Argument The Earth is a punishment due to Adam and Eve The Story of The Fall Evil and suffering happen because God allows humans to make bad choices in life: it s our fault Alvin Plantinga God allows evil and suffering because he wants us to be tested and develop in life. John Hick How does this explain why there is suffering in the world? Debate 1: Suffering proves God cannot exist! 5. Below are two Debate questions. Please write down at least two arguments for and arguments against each question. You should also think about key words/quotes and philosophers which you would consider using to support each side of the argument. Arguments For: Arguments Against: Key words/quotes/philosophers I would mention in this debate: Debate 2: Suffering is good for humans! Arguments For: Arguments Against: Key words/quotes/philosophers I would mention in this debate:

8 Topic 2 God and Suffering Mind Map!

9 Topic 3 Epistemology Define what is meant by the following: Epistemology: Plato s Tri-partite theory of Knowledge: A Gettier Problem: Using the following words, fill in the gaps from the below: Combination, Plato s France, fact believing, Definition, Gettier, justified, know, evidenced, if, tri-partite, true, Paris, study, knowledge, cases. The d of epistemology is the s of. It is concerned with how we k anything, indeed we know anything at all! Plato s theory of knowledge said that knowledge was a c of both b something but also that something being t. For example, I know that is the capital of because it is a fact that can be e by research, but also because I believe it. G found a problem with P tri-partite theory. He said that there were c of j true belief which were not f. (We will look at example of these below)

10 2. Complete the four quotes below. Who do you agree with? 3. Descartes disagreed with Hume, saying that we might be deceived by a demon. How does the film The Matrix link to this idea? 5. Look at the L.6 response to questions below. Read the sample answer and answer the questions below it: Knowledge only comes from experience Evaluate arguments for and against this statement Knowledge is when you believe something that is also true. Plato identified this as the tripartite theory and used this diagram to explain his thinking. Essentially, what Plato argued was that knowledge was the result of believing something and it also being true. For example, I believe that the capital of Spain is Madrid. Evidence and Fact would agree with me, therefore it is knowledge (or more accurately propositional knowledge). If, however, I though the capital of Spain was Paris, I might believe it, however as it isn t truth, it is not knowledge.

11 Now we know what knowledge is, the question is: How do we get knowledge? Where does it come from?. On the one hand you could argue that knowledge comes from experience. Both Hume and Locke would agree, with Hume saying that knowledge comes from experience and Locke saying that we build complex concepts from simple experiences. For example, an adult may talk about freedom and it s importance having been locked inside a room for 10 minutes. This simple experience allows us to think about greater concepts. However, Descartes argued that our senses (touch, feel, smell etc ) cannot be fully trusted. He argued that we can only gain knowledge through reasoning. This was supported by Kant who argued that reasoning is the only way to get true knowledge about the world around us. This idea that we cannot trust our senses is worth considering. How, for example, do we know the world is real and not controlled like in the film the adjustment bureau? How do we know we aren t dreaming or deceived by a devil as Descartes said, like in the Matrix? Sure following reason is the only way to knowledge. In conclusion, I believe that knowledge is a combination of reason and experience. We cannot experience everything in life, for example I may never go to Australia, but I can reason that Koala Bears live there. Life is about combining reason and experience to form out knowledge. Does this essay look at both sides of the argument? What s the benefit of this? What are the key words mentioned in this essay? Does this essay include the opinions of different philosophers? How does this help? Does this essay have a good conclusion? Explain

12 Topic 3 Epistemology Mind Map!

13 Topic 4 Feminism Look at the events below. Explain how they had an impact on women s rights: 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act makes it illegal to discriminate against women in work, education and training Women over 30 are granted the right to vote in Britain. The Parliamentary Qualification of Women Act is passed, enabling women to stand as MP The Married Women s Property Act allows married women to own their own property. Previously, when women married, their property transferred to their husbands Clementina Black, Secretary of the Women s Trade Union League, secures the first successful equal pay resolution for men and women This had an impact on women s rights because In the eyes of the law, men and women are now equal. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

14 Do you agree with these statements? Men and women are more equal in Britain than they used to be AGREE/DISAGREE How are men and women still unequal in The workplace: Men and women are equal in the eyes of the law AGREE/DISAGREE Men and women are equal in school and in the workplace AGREE/DISAGREE Pick one law which you believe had a big impact on gender equality. Explain why this law was important. The media: The law I am choosing is This law was important because The Family: The Beauty Myth The more legal and material equality women have achieved, the more strictly and heavily images of female beauty have become important In The Beauty Myth, N W argues that the primary cause of the persistent i between men and women - generally in favour of m - is that women are judged on their b. Wolf argues that beauty is an additional r for women to succeed: women are expected to perform just as well as men in their work, but also judged on their. Beauty, Naomi Wolf, inequalities, requirement, men, appearance

15 A gender stereotype is when boys and girls are encouraged/judged to behave in a way because of their gender. What gender stereotypes are these in this image? What other gender stereotypes would you find in the Media? Where else have you seen Gender stereotypes? How do these images link to traditional and nontraditional gender stereotyping?

16 Men and women are now equal. Are they? Thinking about the law, the media, families and the workplace. Create an argument for and against this below: FOR: AGAINST: How would you conclude this argument? Bullet point it below.

17 Topic 4 Feminism Mind Map!