This Morals and Society course is all about ethics. What is ethics?

Transcription

1 This Morals and Society course is all about ethics What is ethics?

2 Ethics is a branch of philosophy What is philosophy?

3 Not an easy question to answer Philosophy has always had a serious public relations problem...

4 Philosophy begins in wonder... (Socrates) What sorts of things do philosophers typically wonder about? And how do they typically carry out their wondering about those things?

5 Philosophy is the discipline that wonders about the really BIG issues/ questions by means of constructing and evaluating arguments What s a really BIG issue/ question exactly?

6 How about those issues/questions that lie at the bottom of everything else... the most fundamental issues/questions that one can consider An example to help illustrate the point Science vs. Philosophy

7 Scientists typically wonder about how to best explain a particular observation they have made... But philosophers wonder about the nature of explanation itself and about the connection between perceived observation and reality...

8 The really BIG issues/questions of philosophy have traditionally been grouped into various branches of philosophical inquiry Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that considers the nature of reality

9 Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that considers the nature of knowledge Ethics is the branch of philosophy that considers the nature of morality

10 Logic is the branch of philosophy that considers the nature of correct reasoning What is philosophy good for?

11 Is philosophy just a bunch of useless bullsh#@t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ertrand Russell The Value of Philosophy

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ertrand Russell The Value of Philosophy What will we be doing in this particular philosophy course?

13 In this course we re going to carefully consider the BIG issues/questions of morality by means of constructing and evaluating arguments What are some of the BIG issues/questions of ethics?

14 Are there any universal moral absolutes or is the truth of moral claims a relative matter? How should we decide which actions are moral and which are immoral? Which theory of moral action should be adopted?

15 Under what conditions, if any, is it morally permissible for a woman to have an abortion? Is it ever morally permissible to assist another individual in euthanizing (i.e. killing) themselves?

16 When, if ever, is it morally permissible for the government to limit or prohibit the exposure of consenting adults to pornographic material? Do animals have rights? Is it morally permissible to experiment on animals, raise them for food and cause them unnecessary pain and suffering?

17 Do we have an ethical obligation to help eradicate extreme poverty and world hunger? Cool stuff right?

18 ETHICS AND THE EXAMINED LIFE The scope and importance of ethics

19 There s really no escaping ethics... Everyone does ethics whether they know it or not The only question is whether you ll take the easy (lame) way out and not think carefully and critically about ethical issues/ questions

20 Doing ethics will not always provide you with a clear cut answer to moral truth, but it will teach you how to ask the right critical questions about morality that will help lead you to well grounded answers Three important subdomains of moral philosophy

21 Meta ethics!"#$%#&'()*&(+"#&',-.,$"($/(0*&1&($21(3$1.%4&)*+5.%( 61+"5+6%&'(5$3&(/1$3(."7(0*.)(3$1.%(5%.+3'(.1&( '266$'&7()$(3&."8( Normative ethics 9:&36)'()$(7+'5$#&1;(7&#&%$6(."7(7&/&"7()*&(61+"5+6%&'(."7(')."7.17'(/$1(7&)&13+"+"-(1+-*)(."7(01$"-(5$"725)8 Applied ethics 9".%<=&'('6&5+>5;(5$")1$#&1'+.%(3$1.%(+''2&'('25*(.'(.?$1,$";(&2)*.".'+.;(5&"'$1'*+6;(."+3.%(1+-*)';(&)58 A few basic elements necessary for worthwhile ethical inquiry

22 A),/6$#!",4-$1#=(,1#-$!"#$&++',4&7)/$ 1&.'$"'( B!",4&'$1#&-)/,/6$0(-!$*)'')8$!"#$ +1,/4,+'#$)*$(/,%#1-&',>&5,',!. 1&%&#.")%<('+3+%.1('+)2.,$"' B!",4&'$1#&-)/,/6$0(-!$*)'')8$!"#$ +1,/4,+'#$)*$,0+&17&',!. )1&.,"-('$3&$"&(7+C&1&")%<;(3$1.%%<( '6&.D+"-;(.%%(6&1'$"'(.1&(5$"'+7&1&7(&E2.%(."7('*$2%7(?&()1&.)&7(.55$17+"-%< The relationship between religion and morality

23 Do religious people still need to spend time doing ethics? Doesn t one s religious code answer all of the important moral questions? Many people believe that morality and religion are inseparable... that religion is the source or basis of morality and that moral precepts are simply what God says should be done

24 Divine Command '7?1:7'(('0<1&!"#$%&"&G-*&($,(&H'414& 9-77$)*(I&%#$%&'%&'(&?1:7'(('0<1&-:& '7?1:7'(('0<1 A potential problem for people who think that God is the source/maker of morality

25 Does God command that we perform moral actions because those actions are moral in and of themselves? Or is some action moral simply because God commands that we do that action? The Euthyphro dilemma for Divine Command theory FGH B,!"#1(3$1.%+)<(2#+#/2-($"(I$7J'( 5$33."7'($1(+)(2)#-/C! FKH!/(3$1.%+)<(2#+#/2-($"(I$7J'( 0)1&'$,-$!"#$!"#$%"!"&$8,''$)*$D)2( FLH!/(3$1.%+)<(7$&'(/)!$2#+#/2($"(I$7J'( 0)1&'$,-$-)0#!",/6$$'()*)'()'%$)*$ D)2C-$8,''$ FMH N*&1&/$1&;(0*.)(3.D&'(."(.5)(3$1.%(+'( #,!"#1()*&(!"#$%"!"&(0+%%($/(I$7()1( '$3&)*+"-($'()*)'()'%($/(I$7J'(0+%%(

26 The Euthyphro dilemma for Divine Command theory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eibniz worry about Divine Command theory S!"('.<+"-;()*&1&/$1&;()*.)()*+"-'(.1&("$)( -$$7(.55$17+"-()$(."<(')."7.17($/( -$$7"&'';(?2)('+36%<(?<()*&(0+%%($/(I$7;(+)( '&&3'()$(3&()*.)($"&(7&')1$<';(0+)*$2)( 1&.%+=+"-(+);(.%%()*&(%$#&($/(I$7(."7(.%%(*+'( -%$1<R(*)1$8".$+1&,-#$",0$*)1$8"&!$"#$"&-$ 5&1).+"(7&'6$,5(6$0&1;(+/(.1?+)1.1<(0+%%( 5$"'+')'(+"()*.)(0*+5*(+'(6%&.'+"-()$()*&( 3$')(6$0&1/2%QU

27 Rachels worry about Divine Command theory SV"()*+'(#+&0;()*&(7$5)1+"&($/()*&(-$$7"&''( $/(I$7(+'(1&725&7()$("$"'&"'&8(!)(+'( +36$1).")()$(1&%+-+$2'(?&%+&#&1'()*.)(I$7(+'( "$)($"%<(.%%(6$0&1/2%;(."7(.%%(D"$0+"-;(?2)(.%'$(W.%%X(-$$7R(<&)(,*$8#$&44#+!$!"#$,2#&$!"&!$6))2$&/2$5&2$&1#$2#;/#2$5.$1#*#1#/4#!)$D)2C-$8,''<$!",-$/)7)/$,-$2#+1,%#2$)*$&/.$ 0#&/,/6G$M"&!$4)('2$,!$0#&/$!)$-&.$!"&!$ D)2C-$4)00&/2-$&1#$6))2L(!/(YZ(+'(-$$7J( 3&."'()*&('.3&(.'(YZ(+'(5$33."7&7(?<( I$7J;()*&"(YI$7J'(5$33."7'(.1&(-$$7J( 0$2%7(3&."(YI$7J'(5$33."7'(.1&( 5$33."7&7(?<(I$7;J(0*+5*(+'(."(&36)<( )12+'3888U What do you think?

28 SUBJECTIVISM, RELATIVISM AND EMOTIVISM Are moral claims truth evaluable?

29 An interesting Meta-Ethical issue Emotivism N1#$!"#1#$)53#47%#$0)1&'$*&4!-L [$"'+7&1;(/$1(&\.36%&;()*&(/$%%$0+"-()*1&&( '&")&"5&'] K4 6#1&*1(C&'(&(D.$:1 L4 M.<<1%(&$:1&%#1&01(%&#$':*-&1=1:!'('&")&"5&(G(3$1&(%+D&('&")&"5&(K($1( '&")&"5&(LQ(T*.)(7$(<$2()*+"DQ T*&"(0&(.''&1)()*.)(S.?$1,$"(+'(01$"-U( &1#$8#$0#1#'.$#O+1#--,/6$)(1$)8/$ +,#-)./0)$1))2$'3+()*$2,-&++1)%&'$)1$&$*&4!L( An interesting Meta-Ethical issue Emotivism N44)12,/6$!)$#0)7%,-!-<$0)1&'$ (P#1&/4#-$&1#$/#,!"#1$!1(#$/)1$*&'-#$ 5(!$&1#$,/-!#&2$0#1#'.$#O+1#--,)/-$)*$ #0)7)/-$)1$&Q!(2#- 61$6&1,&'()$('25*()*+"-'(.'(.5,$"'(."7( 6&$6%&(."7()*.)()*&<(.1&()*&1&/$1&( ').)&3&")'()*.)(5."(?&()12&($1(/.%'& ^$0&#&1;(/$1()*&(&3$,#+');(0)1&'( (P#1&/4#-(.1&(%+D&(#O4'&0&7)/-()*.)( #O+1#--(&++1)%,/6($1(2,-&++1)%,/6(*##',/6-;(?2)("$)*+"-(3$1&8(

30 Treating others as you would like to be treated awesome! Raping, torturing and murdering innocent children disgusting!

31 A few worries to consider... If emotivism is correct, there are no properties of moral goodness and badness. There are only favorable or unfavorable attitudes

32 If emotivism is correct, there can be no real disagreement about moral issues since there is no objective fact of the matter Are there really no objective moral facts that are true?

33 It is never morally permissible to rape, torture and murder an innocent child... Is this claim a fact or opinion?

34 Are the truth of moral claims relative or absolute? An interesting Meta-Ethical issue Relativism N--(0,/6$!"#1#$&1#$0)1&'$!1(!"-<$8"&!$ B!",4&'$1#'&7%,-0(+'()*&(#+&0()*.)(8"&!(+'( +"7+#+72.%;(-1$26($1(52%)21& R(53#47%#(1&%.,#+'3('.<'()*.)(0*.)(3.D&'(."<(.5,$"(3$1.%%<(1+-*)(+'(+/($"&(.661$#&'($/( )*.)(.5,$" K('!(1&'(1&%.,#+'3('.<'()*.)(0*.)(3.D&'(."<(.5,$"(3$1.%%<(1+-*)(+'(+/($"&J'(52%)21&(.661$#&'($/()*.)(.5,$"

35 Cultural ethical #).!,+)&%#1&$/1)%N(&4('!(1#&H-:&(-9'1%,I&($,(& '%&'(&?1:7'(('0<1&-:&'7?1:7'(('0<1 Relativism and the cultural differences argument... :"#$6#/#1&'$*)10$)*$!"#$&16(0#/!$ (-#2$!)$-(++)1!$4('!(1&'$1#'&7%,-0 FGH 01$"-(7+C&1(/1$3(52%)21&()$(52%)21& 01$"-(7+C&1(/1$3(52%)21&()$(52%)21&;( )*&"(1+-*)(."7(01$"-(.1&(1&%.,#&()$( 61+"5+6%&' N*&1&/$1&; FLH

36 A few worries to consider... Relativism and the subjectivist fallacy S#'&7%,-!-$4)/*(-#$5#',#*-$&/2$$ +#14#+7)/-$8,!"$!1(!" FGH P&%+&/'(#.1<(/1$3($"&(6&1'$"(F$1( 52%)21&H()$(."$)*&1 N*&1&/$1&;( FKH N12)*(#.1+&'(/1$3($"&(6&1'$"(F$1( 52%)21&H()$(."$)*&1 P2)()*&(4)/4'(-,)/(2)#-/C!(1&.%%<(*)'')8( /1$3()*&(61&3+'&'8(!"(/.5)()*&($"%<(0.<()*&(.1-23&")(0$2%7(0$1D(+'(+/(."(.77+,$".%( 61&3+'&(0&1&(.77&7()*.)(5%.+3&7()*.)( S?&%+&/(a()12)*U8(P2)()*.)(5."J)(?&(1+-*)bQb

37 All perspectives are equally valid or This is true for me, and that is true for you... Socrates thought that relativism was absurd and argued against it strongly

38 Socrates: So I ve heard, Protagoras held that man was the measure of all things: of those that are, that they are; of those that are not, that they are not and isn t this roughly what he means: Particular things are to me just as they appear to me, and are to you just as they appear to you? Theaetetus: Yes, that s what he means. A Socratic argument against relativism FGH 955$17+"-()$(SBTN:EUERV;(+/('$3&$"&(?&%+&#&'()*.)(Z(+'()12&;()*&"(Z(+'()12&( FKH?1)!&6)1&-(?&%+&#&'(SBTN:EUERV(+'(!1(# FLH R)41&!#-(?&%+&#&'(SBTN:EUERV(+'(*&'-# FMH c$(sbtn:euerv(+'(-,0('!&/#)(-'.(?$)*(!1(#( /$1(_1$).-$1.'(."7(*&'-#(/$1(c$51.)&' FdH P2)(FMH(+'(.(4)/!1&2,47)/b(!)J'(,0+)--,5'#( /$1($"&(."7()*&(-&0#(!",/6()$(?&(?$)*(!1(#(."7(*&'-#('+32%)."&$2'%< FeH N*&1&/$1&;(SBTN:EUERV(+'(."(,/4)11#4!( )*&$1<('+"5&(+)(%&.7'()$(&5-(12( 4)/-#=(#/4#-

39 Ironically, rather than promoting tolerance, relativists cannot consistently advocate tolerance since that would require advocating an objective moral value Disturbing consequences related to Relativism E*$1#'&7%,-0$,-$!1(#<$!"#/$-)$&1#$!"#$ *)'')8,/6$4)/-#=(#/4#-GGG K('!(1#-(F$1(+"7+#+72.%'H(.1&(0)1&''.(,/*&'',5'# 9%%(0)1&'(1#*)10#1-(.1&(81)/6 A$1.%(2,-&61##0#/!-(?&)0&&"(+"7+#+72.%'( +"()*&('.3&(52%)21&(.3$2")()$(.1-23&")'( $#&1(0*&)*&1()*&<(7+'.-1&&(0+)*()*&+1( 52%)21&J'(.55&6)."5&($/('$3&)*+"-;(1.)*&1( )*."($#&1()*&(3$1.%+)<($/()*&(+''2&(+)'&%/ A$1.%(41,74,-0(?&)0&&"(4('!(1#-(?&5$3&'(,0+)--,5'#;(0*+5*()*1&.)&"'(3$1.%(61$-1&''

40 But the real problem with relativism is that if relativism is true, the following argument MUST be accepted by relativists A powerful argument against cultural relativism FGH 955$17+"-()$(52%)21.%(1#'&7%,-!-;( 0*.)&#&1(-)4,#!.(&++1)%#-($/(+'(0)1&';(."7(0*.)&#&1('$5+&)<(2,-&++1)%#-($/(+'(,00)1&' FKH!"(W&>,(D#10&/.;('$5+&)<(&++1)%#2($/( '&"7+"-(X#8-()$(5$"5&")1.,$"(5.36'(."7(#O!#10,/&7/6()*&3(+"(*$11+>5( 0.<' N*&1&/$1&; FLH 955$17+"-()$(52%)21.%(1&%.,#+')';(W&>,( D#10&/.(&4!#2(0)1&''.(+"('&"7+"-( f&0'()$(5$"5&")1.,$"(5.36'(."7( &\)&13+".,"-()*&3(+"(*$11+>5(0.<'

41 EVALUATING MORAL ARGUMENTS Logic is primarily concerned with the nature and evaluation of arguments

42 What s an argument? An argument is a group of statements, some of which (called the premises) are intended to provide support, justification or evidence for the truth of another statement (called the conclusion)

43 Making sense of the definition of a philosophical argument... A group of statements Composed of premises and a conclusion The premises are supposed to support the conclusion A few basic concepts pertaining to philosophical arguments... R!&!#0#/!-$&/2$/)/9-!&!#0#/!- 9(&'$'"(")'(+'(.('&")&"5&45%.+34 &\61&''+$"()*.)(+'(S)12)*(&#.%2.?%&U(F+8&8( 5.6.?%&($/(?&+"-(&+)*&1('*%"($1(+$,&"H g+c&1&")(d+"7'($/('&")&"5&'45%.+3'4 &\61&''+$"'] B-'(-)&%#$%&9$%&)-+4&H9-77$)*I O'1&9$%P&H1Q9<$7$8-)I R1%N(&1$%&%#1&9$%4&H(.//1(8-)I S$T,&9$T,&:$%&?$T,4&H)-)(1)(1I

44 A few basic concepts pertaining to philosophical arguments...?1#0,-#-$&/2$k)/4'(-,)/- N*&(').)&3&")'()*.)(."(.1-23&")(+'( 5$361+'&7($/(5."(?&(7+#+7&7(+")$()0$( 5.)&-$1+&'(+"(#+1)2&($/('-".*/,".'-$'.'-"0. 1,$0.23'-3).'-".$*4%(")' N*&(1*"(3&"&($/(."(.1-23&")(.1&()*$'&( ').)&3&")'()*.)(61$#+7&()*&(1&.'$"';( $/()*&(.1-23&")()$(?&()12& K4 U&#$=1&;-.:&<1/(&H?:17'(1I L4 6#1:1;-:1>&U&$7&$&9$%&H9-)9<.('-)I The purpose (or goal) of a philosophical argument is to convince someone of true beliefs in the right kind of way

45 Differentiating good and bad philosophical arguments... T*&)*&1(."(.1-23&")(+'(5$"#+"5+"-($1( "$)(7&6&"7'(0*$%%<($"(0*&)*&1(0&(?&%+&#&(+)'(61&3+'&';(."7(0*&)*&1(+)'( 5$"5%2'+$"('&&3'()$(/$%%$0(F%$-+5.%%<H( /1$3()*$'&(61&3+'&' N*&1&(.1&()0$(E2&',$"'()*.)("&&7()$(?&(.'D&7(0*&"(+)(5$3&'()$()*&( &#.%2.,$"($/(.1-23&")'] HJI O-1(&%#1&9-)9<.('-)&-;&%#1&$:/.71)%& :1$<<,&;-<<-+&;:-7&%#1&?:17'(1(&-;& %#1&$:/.71)%2 %:.1&H-:&$%&<1$(%&?<$.('0<1I2 Moral statements and moral arguments

46 A moral statement is a statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one s motives or character) is good or bad A few basic concepts pertaining to moral arguments... N$*#8$#O&0+'#-$)*$0)1&'$ -!&!#0#/!- [.6+)$%(62"+'*3&")(+'(81)/6 f&"".(-")('2$/)!(*.#&(%+&7 h$2()(6"!()$()1&.)(*+3(.'(*&()1&.)&7( <$2 N."+.(+'(.(6))2(6&1'$" [12&%)<()$(."+3.%'(+'(,00)1&' V&W-891&%#1&.(1&-;&%#1&%1:7(&81)/6>&-")('2>&)(6"!>& 6))2&$)*&,00)1&'4&6#1(1&$:1&9-77-)&%1:7(&-;& 7-:$<&*'(9-.:(1

47 The best method for evaluating moral premises is to construct a possible counterexample A few basic concepts pertaining to moral arguments... K)(/!#1#O&0+'#-(.1&(#O4#+7)/-()$('$i 5.%%&7(I(/,%#1-&'J(61+"5+6%&'8 T*&"(."(.1-23&")(3.D&'(.(2"+#&1'.%( 5%.+3(%+D&(S9%%(ZJ'(.1&(hJ'U;(6$+","-($2)(.(5$2")&1&\.36%&(@2')(+"#$%#&'(6$+","-( $2)(."(&\.36%&($/(."(Z()*.)(+'("$)(.(h8( jz9a_kj](s!)(+'(.%0.<'(01$"-()$(%+&u [VBlNj`jZ9A_kj](N*&($6&"+"-( '5&"&(/1$3(!"-%$1+$2'(P.').17' K"#4@,/6$&$0)1&'$+1#0,-#$&6&,/-!$ +)--,5'#$4)(/!#1#O&0+'#-$,-$&$8&.$!)$ 4)/-('!$)(1$4)/-,2#1#2$0)1&'$ 3(26#0#/!-(

48 INTRODUCTION TO MORAL THEORIES What is a moral theory?

49 A moral theory is an explanation of what makes an action right or wrong. It provides general standards that can help us make sense of our moral experiences, judgements and principles A few basic notions pertaining to moral theories... N*&(')."7.17'($/(.(0)1&'(!"#)1.('*$2%7(?&( 6#/#1&'(&"$2-*(."7(-(5-!&/7&'(&"$2-*()$(,/*)10($21(0)1&'(1#&-)/,/68(!)('*$2%7] X1<?&.(&$((1((&%#1&+-:%#&-;&<1((&/1)1:$<& 7-:$<&?:')9'?<1( Y#1*&<'/#%&-)&-.:&7-:$<&Z.*/171)%( S-::-0-:$%1&-:&9#$<<1)/1&$(?19%(&-;&-.:& 7-:$<&?:')9'?<1(&';&)11*&01 9(SANU('*$2%7(,2#/7*.(0*.)(+'()*$2-*)()$(?&()*&(0)-!(,0+)1!&/!(/.5)$1(+"()*&(0)1&'( ',*#(."7(61$#+7&(.(+1)4#2(1#(/$1(3.D+"-( 3(26#0#/!-(.?$2)(1,6"!(."7(81)/6(.5,$"((

50 What s the difference between a moral theory and a moral code? A moral theory explains what makes an action right or wrong. A moral code is simply stipulates a set of moral rules

51 Is a moral theory the final authority on moral reasoning? A few basic notions pertaining to moral theories... B"%+D&(.(3.)*&3.,5.%(.\+$3;(.(3$1.%( )*&$1<(0+%%("$)(.%%$0(2'()$(7&725&47&1+#&( +"(')1+5)(%$-+5.%(/.'*+$"()*&(3$1.%(61+"5+6%&'( $1(@27-&3&")'("&&7&7()$('$%#&(.%%($/(1&.%i 0$1%7(3$1.%(61$?%&3'()*.)(0&(&"5$2")&1( [.1&/2%%<(4)/-,2#1#2$0)1&'$3(26#0#/!-(.?$2)('6&5+>5(5.'&'(."7(+''2&'(.%'$('*$2%7(?&().D&"(#&1<('&1+$2'%<(0*&"(+)(5$3&'()$( $21(3$1.%(1&.'$"+"- N*&(+7&.%(1&%.,$"'*+6(?&)0&&"(.(3$1.%( )*&$1<(."7($21(3$1.%(@27-&3&")'('*$2%7(?&($"&($/(1#Y#47%#$#=(,',51,(08(!"($)*&1( 0$17';()*&1&('*$2%7(?&(.'(325*(5$*&1&"5&(?&)0&&"()*&()0$(.(6$''+?%&

52 What s the best way to evaluate the adequacy of a moral theory? A suggested criteria for evaluating the moral adequacy of a theory K)/-,-!#/4.$8,!"$4)/-,2#1#2$0)1&'$$ 3(26#0#/!- 9(3$1.%()*&$1<()*.)(+'(+"5$"'+')&")(0+)*( )12')0$1)*<(@27-&3&")'(+'(.)(%&.')('2'6&5)( K)/-,-!#/4.$8,!"$0)1&'$#O+#1,#/4# 9(6%.2'+?%&(3$1.%()*&$1<('*$2%7(?&( 5$"'+')&")(0+)*()*&(/2"7.3&").%(/.5)'($/( $21(3$1.%(&\6&1+&"5& Z-#*('/#--$,/$0)1&'$+1)5'#0$-)'%,/6 9(-$$7(3$1.%()*&$1<('*$2%7(*&%6(2'('$%#&( 1&.%i%+/&(3$1.%(+''2&'(."7(7+%&33.'

53 What is the best moral theory (or criteria) for determining right and wrong conduct? Introduction to three of the most influential moral theories put forward

54 Utilitarian ethics (focus on consequences) N*&(3$1.%%<(.661$61+.)&(.5,$"()$(6&1/$13(+'()*&($"&()*.)( 0+%%(3.\+3+=&(*.66+"&''(."7(1&725&(6.+"(."7('2C&1+"- Kantian ethics (focus on acts) N*&(3$1.%%<(.661$61+.)&(.5,$"()$(6&1/$13(+'()*&($"&()*.)( +'(+"(.55$17."5&(0+)*()*&($21(3$1.%(72,&' Virtue ethics (focus on agents) N*&(3$1.%%<(.661$61+.)&(.5,$"()$(6&1/$13(+'()*&($"&()*.)( 0$2%7(?&(6&1/$13&7(?<(.()12%<(#+1)2$2'(.-&")( UTILITARIANISM Maximize the Good

55 KANTIANISM Do Your Duty VIRTUE ETHICS Be a Good Person