2. A. We met at the shop where we bought a present for Can. B. We met at Öykücü Bookshop, where we bought a present for Can.

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METU/ SFL Spring 2018 DBE GHO 2 Lower-INT GROUP (Student s Copy) RELATIVE CLAUSES II (Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses) EXERCISE 1. Read the text below, and underline the relative clauses.

You have to try to find something which you think he/she would like. The first thing you have to decide is the type of present, and the shop where you should buy it.

1 METU/ SFL Spring 2018 DBE GHO 2 Lower-INT GROUP (Student s Copy) RELATIVE CLAUSES II (Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses) EXERCISE 1. Read the text below, and underline the relative clauses. Buying a present for a person who is important to you is not so easy. Probably, the most difficult thing is buying a present for someone whom you don t know very well. You have to try to find something which you think he/she would like. The first thing you have to decide is the type of present, and the shop where you should buy it. You might decide to buy a joint present with a friend as it makes your job easier. You can choose the present together easily. In the first term, you studied the Relative Clauses to talk about people, things, animals or ideas. Remember that: Relative clauses beginning with who give information about people. Relative clauses beginning with which give information about things. Relative clauses beginning with that give information about both people and things. Relative clauses beginning with where give information about places. The relative clauses generally come after the noun that they modify. You may omit the relative pronouns who, which and that when they are in the object position. EXERCISE 2. Read the sentence pairs, and answer the following questions. 1. A. Buying a present for a person who is important to you is not so easy. B. Buying a present for Can, who is my best friend, is not so easy. 2. A. We met at the shop where we bought a present for Can. B. We met at Öykücü Bookshop, where we bought a present for Can. In which sentences (As or Bs) are the relative clauses necessary to understand who or what we are talking about? In which sentences (As or Bs) do the relative clauses give extra/additional information about the noun? The relative clauses that you studied in the first term were DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. We use defining adjective clauses to identify which member of a group the sentence talks about. In other words, we use them to give information about the person or thing in the main clause. However, we sometimes use relative clauses just to give additional information about the person or the thing we are talking about. These are called NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. Non-defining relative clauses do not necessarily identify a subject because we already know what it is. The following table aims to revise the use of defining relative clauses and compares their use with non-defining relative clauses. 1

2 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining relative clauses identify nouns they say who or what we are talking about. They give essential information about the noun. Without the relative clause, the sentence doesn t make sense and we must ask the speaker for more information to understand the sentence. * He is the man who started the company in * I interviewed the man who won the race. * Milk which contains chemicals is dangerous. * I send s to my friends who have computers and Internet service. (Not all my friends have computers and Internet service.) Defining relative clauses can be in the SUBJECT or OBJECT position in a sentence. * I congratulated the student. She got the highest mark. I congratulated the student who/that got the highest mark. (subject position) * The applicant is suitable for the job. We interviewed her yesterday. The applicant (who/whom/that) we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job. (object position) COMMAS are NOT used to separate a defining clause from the rest of the sentence. The pronoun THAT CAN be used instead of who and which. * New York is a city which/that attracts a lot of tourists every year. The object pronoun before defining relative clauses CAN be left out (omitted). * The woman (who/whom/that) I interviewed was a well-known computer programmer. * I enjoyed the film (which/that) you recommended. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Non-defining relative clauses DO NOT identify nouns because it is clear who or what we are talking about. They give extra information about the noun. Without the relative clause, the sentence makes sense. We can understand the sentence without this extra information. * Bill Gates, who started Microsoft, left Harvard University in * I interviewed Ussain Bolt, who came in first in the 100m. finals. * Milk, which is rich in protein, calcium and Vitamins A and B, should be consumed by children. * My friends in the office, who have access to the Internet, send me their documents via . (All of my friends in the office have access to the Internet.) Non-defining relative clauses can be in the SUBJECT or OBJECT position in a sentence. * My father lives in Germany. He is over 60 now. My father, who is over 60 now, lives in Germany. (subject position) * Our TV set has broken down. We bought it last week. Our TV set, which we bought last week, has broken down. (object position) COMMAS are used to separate a non-defining clause from the rest of the sentence. (There is a comma before and after the clause when it is in the middle of the sentence. However, if the non-defining relative clause is added to the end of the sentence, only one comma is used.) * My father s granddad, who is 97, is in hospital at the moment. * This is the photo of my best friend Catherine, who(m) I met on holiday two years ago. The pronoun THAT CANNOT be used instead of who and which. * New York, which (that) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States, attracts a lot of tourists every year. The object pronoun before non-defining relative clauses CANNOT be left out (not omitted). * Tarkan, who(m) I love very much, is known as the Prince of Pop in Turkey. * I enjoyed reading the book Harry Potter, which you recommended. 2

3 EXERCISE 3. Read the following pairs of sentences below. In pairs, discuss the differences in meaning. 1. a. My brother, who lives in the United States, is a doctor. b. My brother who lives in the United States is a doctor. 2. a. The students, who came late, missed the pop-quiz. b. The students who came late missed the pop-quiz. 3. a. I thanked my friends, who gave me flowers. b. I thanked my friends who gave me flowers. 4. a. I felt happy when I opened the present, which was from my sister. b. I felt happy when I opened the present which was from my sister. EXERCISE 4. Combine the following sentences with the correct relative pronoun. Do not forget to use commas. 1. Chinese New Year is one of the most important festivals in China. It is celebrated in February. 2. American football began at Harvard University. It is the most popular sport in the US. 3. Professor Jones won a prize for his research into the structure of T-cells. He teaches the biology course. 4. My sister-in-law Eliane often uses gestures and mimics when she is talking. She is from France. 5. Microwave cooking is not popular with professional chefs. Professional chefs say that fast cooking doesn t allow flavors to blend. 3

4 Besides the relative pronouns who and which, we can also use WHERE, WHEN and WHOSE in both defining and non-defining relative clauses. We use the relative pronoun WHERE for place in object relative clauses. * Jim is going to spend a few months in Spain. His sister lives in Spain/ there. Jim is going to spend a few months in Spain, where his sister lives. (Non-defining) * I miss the hotel. We stayed at that hotel/ there during our vacation. I miss the hotel where we stayed during our vacation. (Defining) If WHERE is used, a preposition is NOT included. If WHERE is NOT used, the preposition must be included. * The building is very old. He lives in that building/there. The building where he lives is very old. which he lives in is very old. that he lives in is very old. X he lives in is very old. The building in which he lives is very old. EXERCISE 5. Combine the following sentences using which or where. 1. Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown. 2. Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is a nice place in Manisa. 3. Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was born there. 4. Salihli is a very nice place. We visit Salihli every summer. 5. Salihli is in Manisa. My cousins live there. 6. Last year, my sister moved to New York. Her husband set up his own business there. 7. Last year, we went to New York. It is visited by thousands of tourists each year. 8. The lake was clean and clear. We swam in that lake. 9. We spent the night near the lake. It is situated inside the camping area. 4

5 We use the relative pronoun WHEN for time in object relative clauses.(when cannot be omitted if it s used in non-defining relative clauses.) * My granddad was born in The World War I started in 1914/then. My granddad was born in 1914, when the World War I started. (Non-defining) * I can still remember the day. You got back from university on that day/then. I can still remember the day when you got back from university. (Defining) The use of a preposition in an adjective clause that modifies a noun of time is somewhat different from that in other adjective clauses: a preposition is used preceding which. Otherwise, the preposition is omitted. * I will never forget the day. I met my husband then. I will never forget the day when I met my husband. I will never forget the day that I met my husband. I will never forget the day X I met my husband. I will never forget the day on which I met my husband. EXERCISE 6. Combine the following sentences using when. 1. Summer is the time. People enjoy warm weather then. 2. The summer passed slowly. She died that summer was the year. Terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York. 4. I went to New York in The terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in that year. 5. My father was born in Personal computers were beyond people s imagination in that year. We use the relative pronoun WHOSE to show possession. WHOSE is always followed by a noun. You CANNOT leave out whose. * Dr. Stevens has to do his own typing. His secretary resigned two weeks ago. Dr. Stevens, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has to do his own typing. (Non-defining) noun * We all liked the teacher. We used to attend her class at DBE. We all liked the teacher whose class we used to attend at DBE. (Defining) noun 5

6 EXERCISE 7. Combine the following sentences using whose. 1. I have a friend. Her house is in Barcelona. 2. Martin failed the course. His attendance was bad. 3. The teacher went to China to teach English. I took her course last year. 4. I don t like to spend time with people. Their only social activity is texting. 5. I called the man. I crashed his car yesterday. 6. Michelle couldn t sleep well yesterday. Her dog barked all night long. 7. Rihanna is going to star in a movie. Her last album sold 238,000 copies in its first week. 8. John Kennedy was the 35 th president of the U.S. We saw his picture on page 36. EXERCISE 8. Combine the following sentences with the correct relative pronoun. Use commas where necessary. 1. The fourth of July is a time for big parades and fireworks. The fourth of July is Independence Day in the USA. 2. I prefer going to restaurants. They serve healthy food there. 3. My friend Jeff cancelled all his credit cards yesterday. His wallet was stolen two days ago. 4. Berlin is a center for culture and arts. It is the capital of Germany. 5. The silent room in Self Access Center is a place. Students can study in peace there. 6. The film is about a spy. His wife betrays him. 7. I will never forget the moment. They announced the winner then. 8. Dorothy Parker used to be my high school friend. Her novels are sold all over the world. 9. His grandfather can remember his youth. There were no televisions or computers then. 6

7 Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence The relative pronoun which is sometimes used to modify the whole preceding idea. When the relative pronoun which modifies the whole preceding sentence, a comma must be used. Look at the following sentence and answer the question. There has been an accident on Eskişehir road, which means I ll be late to school this morning. What does which refer to in this sentence? That there has been an accident on Eskişehir road. Look at the following sentences and re-write them by using which. 1. My grandfather wanted to learn Japanese. This surprised us all. 2. She helped me with my homework. I appreciated that very much. 3. Alice lost her job. That wasn t surprising. EXERCISE 9. Below is an article about the Kon Tiki Voyage. Read it and complete the missing parts with suitable relative clauses, using the information below. BE CAREFUL! The sentences are NOT in the correct order. Use commas where necessary. In the middle of the Pacific Ocean, thousands of miles from the nearest mainland, lie the islands of Polynesia. On some of the islands, there are ancient roads and buildings (1). The most mysterious of the Polynesian Islands is Easter Island, (2). Some of them are as tall as a four-storey building. These are very old. Obviously men have been living on these islands for a long, long time, but how did the islanders first get to the islands so long ago, and how did they do it in those days (3)? These are the questions difficult to answer. Thor Heyerdahl (4) thought he had the answer to the mystery. He believed the people from Ancient Peru sailed more than 6000 kilometres across the Pacific Ocean on their small rafts to start a new life on the islands of Polynesia. 7

Nobody believed the theory (5) because they knew that the people of ancient Peru only had wooden rafts to sail on. How did the people sail from Peru to the islands?

8 Nobody believed the theory (5) because they knew that the people of ancient Peru only had wooden rafts to sail on. How did the people sail from Peru to the islands? Heyerdahl wanted to show everybody that his theory was right. Together with four friends, he started to build a raft like those of the ancient Peruvians. When it was finished, they called it Kon-Tiki (6). They spent a long time planning their journey and deciding what to take with them. The natural movement of the water (a current called the Peru Current) carried them west. Although they had lots of problems with the weather and sharks during their journey, the boat was fine. It didn't sink. After 102 hard days at sea, the explorers arrived on one of the Polynesian Islands (7). a. It was the name of an ancient god. b. He was a Norwegian explorer. c. There weren t any big ships in those days. d. Heyerdahl produced this theory. e. These show that there have been ancient civilizations on the island. f. This proved that Heyerdahl s theory was right. g. There are giant heads made of stone on Easter Island. EXERCISE 10. Below is a piece of news. Read it and complete the missing parts with suitable relative clauses, using information from the box. The sentences are not in the correct order. Use commas where necessary. Miss Barton is a 72-year-old retired teacher living alone. The cottage 1) is in a small Scottish village. Miss Barton wants to live a quiet life, but the council says that she must leave her home because it is unfit to live in. The inspector (2) said, There s no glass in the windows, no electricity and no running water. It s a very unhealthy place to live in, especially for an elderly person. It seems that Miss Barton won t be able to afford the necessary repairs (3). Therefore, she had better move to another place. Now, Miss Barton has three months to find a new house. She blames the previous owners of the cottage (4). She says, I don t blame the inspector or the authorities. I am particularly angry with my previous owners who didn t keep their promise. a) They could cost as much as 20,000. b) His report led to the council s decision. c) She has lived there happily for 20 years. d) They promised to pay for any repairs. 8

HOMEWORK Below is a text on the Statue of Liberty. Complete the missing parts with suitable RELATIVE CLAUSES, using the sentences below. Use commas where necessary.

9 HOMEWORK Below is a text on the Statue of Liberty. Complete the missing parts with suitable RELATIVE CLAUSES, using the sentences below. Use commas where necessary. The sentences are not in the correct order. There is one extra sentence. The Statue of Liberty stands at the entrance to New York Harbor. It is the statue of a woman with a burning torch in her right hand, and it is an important symbol for immigrants to the United States. Many people say that America should welcome all immigrants because that was the original idea (1) when the statue was built. There is a little-known fact about the statue: It was originally going to be an Egyptian peasant woman. This idea is new to most people because they are only familiar with the statue s French origins. After all, its inner structure was built by the French architect Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel (2). Moreover, the Statue of Liberty was a gift to the United States from France (3). The statue s creator, Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, was also French. However, he found his inspiration in a very different country: Egypt. In 1855 (4) he visited the ancient Egyptian temples at Abu Simbel. He was fascinated by the huge statues (5). Later, his interest in these statues developed into an idea. The Suez Canal was being built in Egypt at the time, and Bartholdi wanted to build a huge statue of a veiled Egyptian peasant woman at Port Said. Port Said is the place (6). Bartholdi wanted to call the statue Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia. However, the Egyptian government said that the plan was too expensive. Bartholdi was not prevented from realizing his dream, though. He took his idea to the United States, changed its design and changed its name to Liberty Enlightening the World. This is the official name of the Statue of Liberty (7). Its light has welcomed immigrants since The creator had this idea in mind. The Suez Canal meets the Mediterranean Sea there. Bartholdi was interested in Egypt during his whole life. France wanted to celebrate the friendship between the two countries. Bartholdi was 21 years old then. Bartholdi saw the statues at the temples. He also designed the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris. 9

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH WITH BACKSHIFT OF TENSES

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH WITH BACKSHIFT OF TENSES In indirect / reported speech, the tense used in the speaker s original words is usually (but not always) moved back a tense when the reporting verb