Lahore University of Management Sciences. PHIL 213: HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY FROM DESCARTES TO KANT Fall

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1 Lahore University of Management Sciences PHIL 213: HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY FROM DESCARTES TO KANT Fall Instructors: Dr. Shabbir Ahsen/Dr. Amber Riaz Office hours: **** or by appointment Course Description This course provides an introduction to some of the classic texts of early modern philosophy. The importance of familiarity with these texts cannot be exaggerated since they contain arguments and views that continue to influence contemporary philosophy in many ways. However, the language, syntax and style of many of these texts can pose obstacles to grasping their content. So the primary aim of this course is to enable students to engage with the content by removing those obstacles and making the texts more accessible. Course Objectives 1. To familiarise students with the historically significant philosophical traditions. 2. To familiarize students with the main philosophical concepts and their history. 3. To introduce students to some of the main topics in contemporary philosophy. 4. To enable students to understand and critically analyse texts and arguments. Assessment CP/Attendance 10% In-Class Exercises 25% Mid-term 30% Final 35% DESCARTES Primary Texts The standard English translation of Descartes philosophical writings (excluding his correspondence) is the following two volume set.

2 CSM: The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, in two volumes (ed.) and (trans.) by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (Cambridge UP, ). Selections from these volumes can also be found in the following. SPW: Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings (ed.) and (trans.) by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (Cambridge UP, 1988). 1. The Method of Doubt R. Descartes [CSM]: a) Letter to the Sorbonne (CSM, II, 3-6) b) Synopsis of First Meditation (CSM II, 9 & SPW 73) c) First Meditation (CSM II, & SPW 76-79) d) Principles of Philosophy Pt. 1, secs. 1-6 (CSM I, & SPW ) e) Objections and Replies on Meditation One (SPW ) G. Hatfield: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and the Meditations (Routledge, 2003), ch. 3. J. Cottingham: Descartes (Blackwell, 1986), pp G. Dicker: Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction (Oxford UP, 1993), ch.1. B. Williams: Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry, (Penguin, 1978), ch. 2. M. Wilson: Descartes, (Routledge, 1978), ch. I. D. Blumenfeld & J. Blumenfeld: Can I Know that I am not Dreaming, in M. Hooker (ed.) Descartes: Critical and Interpretative Essays (Johns Hopkins, 1978) 2. The Cogito R. Descartes [CSM]: a) Synopsis of Second Meditation (CSM II, 9-10 & SPW 73-74) b) Second Meditation (CSM II, & SPW 80-86) c) Discourse on the Method IV (CSM I, , & SPW 35-36) d) Objections and Replies concerning the Cogito (SPW ) J. Cottingham Descartes (Oxford UP, 1998), pp G. Hatfield: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and the Meditations (Routledge, 2003), ch. 4. G. Dicker: Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction (Oxford UP, 1993), ch. 2. M. Wilson: Descartes (Routledge, 1978), pp P. Markie: The Cogito and Its Importance, in J. Cottingham (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Descartes (Cambridge UP, 1992). Reprinted in J. Cottingham (ed.) Descartes (Oxford UP, 1998). 3. Cartesian Dualism R. Descartes [CSM]: a) Preface to the Reader (CSM II, 6-8) b) Synopses of Second and Sixth Meditations (CSM II, 9-10, 11 & SPW 73, 74, 75) c) Second Meditation (CSM II, esp & SPW esp ) and Sixth Meditation (CSM II, & SPW ) d) Principles of Philosophy Pt. I, secs & (CSM I, & & SPW, & ) e) Discourse on the Method IV (CSM I, 27 & SPW 36)

3 f) Objections and Replies on Meditation Six (SPW ) J. Cottingham, Descartes (Blackwell 1998), ch. 5. G. Hatfield, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and the Meditations (Routledge, 2003), ch. 8. G. Dicker: Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction (Oxford UP, 1993), ch. 5. M. Wilson, Descartes (Routledge, 1978), pp M. Rozemond: Descartes Dualism (Harvard UP, 1998), ch Clear and Distinct Perception and the Cartesian Circle R. Descartes [CSM]: a) Third Meditation (CSM II, esp & SPW esp )* b) Fifth Meditation (CSM II, esp & SPW esp )* c) Objections and Replies on clear and distinct perception and the Cartesian circle (SPW, )* J. Cottingham, Descartes (Oxford UP, 1998), pp G. Hatfield, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and the Meditations (Routledge, 2003), pp ; ; & G. Dicker: Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction (Oxford UP, 1993), pp B. Williams, Descartes (Penguin, 1978), ch. 7. L. E. Loeb, The Cartesian Circle, in The Cambridge Companion to Descartes (ed.) J. Cottingham (Cambridge UP, 1992). SPINOZA Primary Text Ethics: Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, in The Collected Works of Spinoza, Vol. I, trans. and ed. by Edwin Curley (Princeton UP, 1995) (This translation, together with other useful material, also in A Spinoza Reader trans. and ed. by E. Curley (Princeton UP, 1994)) 1. Spinoza s Monism Ethics (esp. Part I) *: Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, in The Collected Works of Spinoza, Vol. I, trans. and ed. by Edwin Curley (Princeton UP, 1995) J. Bennett: A Study of Spinoza s Ethics (Hackett, 1984) Ch 3. E. Curley: Behind the Geometrical Method: a reading of Spinoza's Ethics (Princeton UP, 1988) Preface and ch 1. * H. E. Allison: Benedict de Spinoza, An Introduction (Yale UP, 1987) ch. 3 A. Donagan: Spinoza and the Distinction of Attributes, in M.Grene (ed) Spinoza: a Collection of Critical Essays (Doubleday, 1973) D.Garrett: Ethics IP5: Shared Attributes and the Basis of Spinoza's Monism. in J.A.Cover and M. Kulstad (eds.) Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy (Hackett, 1990) * G. Lloyd: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Spinoza and the Ethics (Routledge, 1996) ch. 2. Steven Nadler: Spinoza s Ethics: An Introduction (Cambridge UP, 2006) ch.3 2. Thought and Extension, Mind and body

4 Ethics (esp. Part II) *: Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, in The Collected Works of Spinoza, Vol. I, trans. and ed. by Edwin Curley (Princeton UP, 1995) H. E. Allison: Benedict de Spinoza: an Introduction (Yale, 1987) ch. 4 * E. M. Curley: Behind the Geometrical Method: A Reading of Spinoza s Ethics (Princeton UP, 1988) ch.2 J. Bennett: A Study of Spinoza s Ethics (Hackett, 1984) ch 6. M. Della Rocca: Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza (Oxford UP, 1996). D. Odegard: The Body identical with the human mind in E. Freeman and M. Mandelbaum (eds.) Spinoza: Essays in Interpretation (Open Court, 1975). R. J. Delahunty: Spinoza (Routledge, 1985) ch.6. Steven Nadler: Spinoza s Ethics: An Introduction (Cambridge UP, 2006) ch.5 * 3. Spinoza s Account of Cognition Ethics (esp. Part II, Proposition 14ff): Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, in The Collected Works of Spinoza, Vol. I, trans. and ed. by Edwin Curley (Princeton UP, 1995) M. Wilson: Spinoza s Theory of Knowledge, in D. Garrett (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza (Cambridge UP, 1996). * J. Bennett: A Study of Spinoza's Ethics (Hackett, 1984) ch.5, 7,15 R. J. Delahunty: Spinoza (Routledge, 1985) chs. II-III. S. Hampshire: Spinoza (Penguin, 1951 revised ed. 1962), ch. III. Steven Nadler: Spinoza s Ethics: An Introduction (Cambridge UP, 2006) ch.6 * G.H.R.Parkinson: Spinoza s Theory of Knowledge (Oxford UP, 1954) Yirmiyahu Yovel: Spinoza and Other Heretics, Vol. I: The Marrano of Reason (Princeton UP, 1989) ch Freedom and Happiness Ethics: (esp. Part IV) *: Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, in The Collected Works of Spinoza, Vol. I, trans. and ed. by Edwin Curley (Princeton UP, 1995) E. Curley: Behind the Geometrical Method Ethics (Princeton UP, 1988) ch.3 H. E. Allison: Benedict de Spinoza: an Introduction (Yale UP, 1987) ch. 5 J. Bennett: A Study of Spinoza's Ethics (Hackett, 1984) chs.9, 10, 12, and 13. R. J. Delahunty: Spinoza (Routledge, 1985) chs.viii. S. Hampshire: Spinoza and the Idea of Freedom, in M.Grene (ed) Spinoza: A Collection of Critical Essays (Doubleday, 1973). Also in S. P. Kashap (ed) Studies in Spinoza. (University of California Press, 1972) * D. Rutherford: Salvation as a state of mind: the place of Aquiscentia in Spinoza s Ethics, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, vol. 7, no. 3 (1999), pp Steven Nadler: Spinoza s Ethics An Introduction (Cambridge UP, 2006) ch.8 * LEIBNIZ Primary Texts The Discourse on Metaphysics and The Monadology. Both of the set texts and the most important of Leibniz s other works can be found in:

5 AG: G. W. Leibniz: Philosophical Essays. R. Ariew and D. Garber (eds.) (Hackett, 1989) 1. The Best of All Possible Worlds Readings from Leibniz, Philosophical Essays. R. Ariew and D. Garber (eds.): Discourse on Metaphysics secs. 1-8 (AG 35-41) Dialogue on Human Freedom and the Origin of Evil (AG ) On the Ultimate Origination of Things (AG ) Also see the other page references from the Philosophical Essays index under: God and evil (imperfection) God choice of the best world(s) best of all possible N. Jolley, Leibniz (Routledge, 2005), ch. 6 N. Rescher, The Philosophy of Leibniz, ch. 12 (Prentice Hall, 1961) D. Rutherford, Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature, chs. 1-3 (Cambridge UP, 1995) D. Blumenfeld, Perfection and Happiness in the Best Possible World, in N. Jolley ed. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz (Cambridge UP, 1995) G. Brown, Leibniz s Theodicy and the Confluence of Worldly Goods, in Journal of the History of Philosophy 26 (1988), Necessity and Possibility Readings from Leibniz, Philosophical Essays. R. Ariew and D. Garber (eds.): On Freedom and Possibility (19-23) On Contingency (28-30) On Freedom (94-98) The Source of Contingent Truths (98-101) Letter to Coste on Human Freedom (193-96) Also see the other page references from the same edition: necessity and possibility truths necessary and contingent N. Jolley, Leibniz (Routledge, 2005), ch. 5 R. M. Adams, Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist (Oxford UP, 1994), ch. 1 B. Mates, The Philosophy of Leibniz (Oxford UP, 1988), ch. 6 D. Fried Necessity and Contingency in Leibniz, Philosophical Review 87 (1978), Reprinted in R. Woolhouse, ed., Leibniz: Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science (Oxford UP, 1981) 3. The Pre-established Harmony Readings Leibniz, Philosophical Essays. R. Ariew and D. Garber (eds.) Discourse on Metaphysics sec. 33 (64-65) A New System of Nature (142 bottom -145) Postscript of a Letter to Beauval (147-49) Correspondence with Arnauld (81-85) Also see the other page references from the same edition index under: concomitance, hypothesis of pre-established harmony A. Savile: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Leibniz and the Monadology (Routledge, 2000), ch. 9 S. Brown: Leibniz (Harvester, 1984), chs

6 R. S. Woolhouse: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz (Routledge, 1993), ch. 9 R. S. Woolhouse: Leibniz and Occasionalism in R.S. Woolhouse ed. Metaphysics and Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Kluwer, 1988), D. Rutherford: Natures, Laws and Miracles: The Roots of Leibniz s Critique of Occasionalism. In S. Nadler, ed., Causation in Early Modern Philosophy (Penn State, 1993), Reprinted in D. Pereboom ed. The Rationalists: Critical Essays on Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999). LOCKE Primary text: Abbreviations used below precede texts in bold ECHU: J. Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, (ed.) by P. Nidditch (Oxford UP, 1975). Various other editions of the text are available. References below are given in the form ECHU followed by the number of the book, chapter, and section. 1. The critique of innateness Readings ECHU: Book I, esp. chs G.W. Leibniz: New Essays on Human Understanding ed. by P. Remnant and J. Bennett (Cambridge UP, 1996), Book 1, chs. 1 & 3. R. S. Woolhouse: Locke, (Harvester, 1983), chs N. Jolley: Leibniz and Locke, (Oxford UP, 1984), ch. IX. J. Bennett: Learning From Six Philosophers (Oxford UP, 2001), vol. 2, ch. 23. M. Brandt Bolton: Leibniz and Locke on the Knowledge of Necessary Truths, in Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy, (ed.) by J.A. Cover and M. Kulstad (Hackett, 1990). J. L. Mackie: Problems From Locke (Oxford UP, 1976), ch Abstract ideas ECHU: Book II: ch. 1, secs.1-5; chs. 2-3; chs. 5-7; ch. 11, secs. 1-9; ch. 12, secs. 1-2; ch. 29, secs Book III: chs Book IV: ch. 7, sec. 9. G. Berkeley: Treatise on The Principles of Human Knowledge (ed.) by J. Dancy (Oxford UP, 1998), Introduction. V. Chappell: Locke s Theory of Ideas, in V. Chappell (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Locke (Cambridge UP, 1994). E. J. Lowe: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Locke on Human Understanding (Routledge, 1995), pp R. Fogelin: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge (Routledge, 2001), ch. 8. J. L. Mackie: Problems From Locke (Oxford UP, 1976), ch.4 K. Winkler: Berkeley: An Interpretation, (Clarendon, 1989), ch Primary and secondary qualities ECHU: Book II: ch 8. Also see ECHU: Book II: ch. 4; ch. 8; ch. 21, sec. 73; ch. 23, secs. 8-11; ch. 30, sec. 2; ch. 31, sec. 2; ch. 32, secs ; Book III: ch.4, secs ; Book IV ch. 2, secs ; ch. 3, secs G. Berkeley: Treatise on the Principles of Human Knowledge (Oxford UP, 1998), secs D. Hume: A Treatise on Human Nature, Book I, Part 4, sect. 4

7 E. McCann: Locke s Philosophy of Body, in The Cambridge Companion to Locke (Cambridge UP, 1994), pp J. L. Mackie: Problems from Locke (Oxford UP, 1976) chs.1-2. J. Bennett: Learning from Six Philosophers (Oxford UP, 2001), vol. 2, ch. 25. P. Alexander: Boyle and Locke on Primary and Secondary Qualities in I. Tipton (ed.) Locke on Human Understanding (Oxford UP, 1977). B. Stroud: Berkeley v. Locke on Primary Qualities, in Philosophy, vol. 50 (1980), pp M. Wilson: Did Berkeley Completely Misunderstand the Basis of the Primary-Secondary Distinction in Locke? in C. Turbayne (ed.) Berkeley: Critical Essays (Minnesota UP, 1982) and in M. Wilson, Ideas and Mechanism (Princeton UP, 1999). 4. Substance and essence ECHU: Book I: ch. 4, sec. 18; Book II: ch. 12, sec. 6; ch. 13, sec.19; ch. 23; ch. 30, sec. 5; ch. 31, secs. 3-11; Book III: ch.3; ch.6; ch.9, secs.11-16; Book IV: ch. 3, sec. 9-16; ch.6, secs. 6-15; ch. 16, sec.12. E. McCann: Locke s Philosophy of Body, especially, Part IV Substance and Substratum, in The Cambridge Companion to Locke (Cambridge UP, 1994), pp P. Guyer: Locke s Philosophy of Language, especially, Part IV in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, pp E. J. Lowe: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Locke on Human Understanding (Routledge, 1995), ch.4 J. Mackie: Problems From Locke (Oxford UP, 1976), ch.3 M. Ayers: The Ideas of Power and Substance in Locke s Philosophy, in I. Tipton (ed.) Locke on Human Understanding (Routledge, 1995), J. Bennett: Substratum, in V. Chappell (ed.) Locke (Oxford UP, 1998). BERKELEY Primary texts: Abbreviations used below precede texts in bold PHK: A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (ed.) by J. Dancy (Oxford UP, 1998) DHP: Three Dialogues of Hylas and Philonous (ed.) by J. Dancy (Oxford UP, 1998) 1. Abstract ideas PHK: Introduction R.J. Fogelin: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge (Routledge, 2001), ch. 8. * J. Dancy: Berkeley (Blackwell, 1987), ch.3 E.Craig: Berkeley s Attack on Abstract Ideas, in Philosophical Review, vol. 77, no. 4 (1968), pp K. Winkler: Berkeley: An Interpretation (Clarendon, 1989), ch. 2. * 2. Immaterialism

8 PHK: secs DHP: First Dialogue R.J. Fogelin: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge (Routledge, 2001) chs. 2-3 * T. Stoneham: Berkeley s World (Oxford UP, 2002), Part I. A. C. Grayling: Berkeley (Duckworth, 1986), ch. 2. J. Dancy: Berkeley (Blackwell, 1987), chs K. Winkler: Berkeley: An Interpretation (Clarendon, 1989), ch. 2. * 3. Reality PHK: secs DHP: pp.234ff. R. J. Fogelin, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge (Routledge, 2001), ch. 6 J. Dancy, Berkeley (Blackwell, 1987), ch. 4 * A. C. Grayling: Berkeley (Duckworth, 1986), pp K. Winkler: Berkeley: An Interpretation (Clarendon, 1989), ch. 7. * 4. Self PHK: secs DHP: pp R. J. Fogelin, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge (Routledge, 2001), ch. 5. J. Dancy: Berkeley (Blackwell, 1987), ch. 9 T. Stoneham: Berkeley s World (Oxford UP, 2002), ch. 6. * K. P. Winkler: Berkeley: An Interpretation (Clarendon, 1989), ch. 9 A. C. Grayling: Berkeley (Duckworth, 1986), pp C. C. W. Taylor: Action and Inaction in Berkeley, in J. Foster and H. Robinson (eds.) Essays on Berkeley (Oxford UP, 1985). * A. C. Lloyd: The Self in Berkeley s Philosophy, in J. Foster and H. Robinson (eds.) Essays on Berkeley (Oxford UP, 1985). * HUME Primary text: Abbreviations used below precede texts in bold THN: A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, ed. by D. F. Norton & M. Norton or ed. by L. A. Selby-Bigge. 2nd edition with text revised and variant readings by P. H. Nidditch (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978) 1. The copy principle and the distinction betwixt feeling and thinking THN: Book I, Part 1 (especially sec. 1) * B. Stroud: Hume (Routledge, 1978), ch. 2 * D. Garrett: Cognition and Commitment in Hume s Philosophy (Oxford UP, 1997), ch.2. J. Bennett: Learning from Six Philosophers (Oxford UP, 2001), vol. 2, chs S. Buckle: Hume s Enlightenment Tract (Oxford UP, 2001), Part II, sec. 2. *

9 H. Noonan: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hume on Knowledge (Routledge, 1999), ch.2. * P. Kail, Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy (Oxford UP, 2007), Chapter 2, section, 2* S. Everson: The Difference between Feeling and Thinking in Mind, 97 (1988), (See also readings for belief topic) 2. Hume s account of belief THN: Book I, Part 3 (especially secs.7-10) * H. Noonan: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hume on Knowledge (Routledge, 1999), ch. 3* B. Stroud: Hume (Routledge, 1978), ch. 4. * J. Bennett: Learning from Six Philosophers (Oxford UP, 2001), vol. 2, ch. 33. J. Broackes: Hume, Belief and Personal Identity in P. Millican (ed.) Reading Hume on Human Understanding (Oxford UP, 2002), secs. 1-3 only * S. Buckle: Hume s Enlightenment Tract (Clarendon, 2001), Part II, sec Induction, naturalism and scepticism THN: Book I, Part 3 (especially secs. 1-6) * H. Noonan: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hume on Knowledge (Routledge, 1999), ch. 3. * D. Garrett: Cognition and Commitment in Hume s Philosophy (Oxford UP, 1997), ch.4. * P. Kail, Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy (Oxford UP, 2007), Chapter 2, sections 3&4* L. Loeb 'Inductive Inference in Hume's Philosophy', in Radcliffe (ed.) The Blackwell Companion to Hume (Blackwell, 2008) P. Millican: Hume s Sceptical Doubts Concerning Human Understanding, in P. Millican (ed), Reading Hume on Understanding (Oxford UP, 2002). 4. Causal necessity THN: Book I, Part 3 (especially sec. 14) P. Kail, Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy (Oxford UP, 2007), Chapters 4 & 5* G. Strawson, David Hume: Objects and Power, pp , J. P. Wright, Hume s Causal Realism, pp.88-99, E. Craig, Hume on causality, pp , and K. P. Winkler, The New Hume, pp in R. Read and K. Richman (eds.), The New Hume Debate (Routledge, 2000). KANT CPR: The Critique of Pure Reason trans. and ed. by N. Kemp Smith (Macmillan, 1929) Page references to the Critique are standardly made to the first (1781) and second (1787) editions, which are cited as A and B respectively.

10 1. Kant's Project in the Critique of Pure Reason (CPR) CPR: Prefaces to 1st and 2nd Editions; Introduction; The Highest Principle of all Analytic Judgments (A150/B189 ff); The Highest Principle of all Synthetic Judgments (A154/ B193 ff). S. Gardner: Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason (Routledge, 1999) chs.1-3.* H. Allison: Kant's Transcendental Idealism (Yale UP, 1983) chs.1-2. J. Van Cleve: Problems from Kant (Oxford UP, 1999) chs.1-2. R. C. S. Walker, Kant (Routledge,1978), chs. 1-2 & 9.* P. F. Strawson, Kant's New Foundations of Metaphysic ' and The Problem of Realism and the A Priori, in Entity and Identity and Other Essays (Oxford UP, 1997). 2. Space CPR: Transcendental Aesthetic; The Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection (A 261ff./B 316ff.) C. Parsons, The Transcendental Aesthetic, in P.Guyer (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Kant (Cambridge UP, 1992). H.Allison: Kant's Transcendental Idealism (Yale UP, 1983), ch.5* D.Warren: Kant and the Apriority of Space, Philosophical Review, vol. 107 (1998), pp P.F.Strawson: The Bounds of Sense (Routledge, 1975), pp * L. Falkenstein: Was Kant a Nativist? in P. Kitcher (ed.) Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). 3. The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories CPR: A66/B91 to end of A70/B95; The sections numbered in B 10, 13, 14; The Transcendental Deduction, concentrating on the B version first, but omitting sections A. C. Ewing: A Short Commentary on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (London, 1938) ch.3 D. Henrich: Kant's Notion of a Deduction and the Methodological Background of the first Critique in E. Förster (ed.) Kant's Transcendental Deductions (Stanford, 1989) H. Allison: Kant's Transcendental Idealism (Yale UP, 1983), ch.7. P. F. Strawson: The Bounds of Sense (Routledge, 1975), pp * J. Van Cleve: Problems from Kant (Oxford UP, 1999), ch. 7. Q. Cassam: Transcendental Arguments, Transcendental Synthesis and Transcendental Idealism, Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 37 no. 141 (1987), pp * 4. Causation - the Second Analogy CPR: Second Analogy (A764ff./B792ff.) P. F. Strawson: The Bounds of Sense (Routledge, 1975), pp * H. Allison: Kant's Transcendental Idealism (Yale UP, 1983), ch.10.* P. Guyer: Kant and the Claims of Knowledge (Cambridge UP, 1987), ch.10.

11 L. Beck: Once More Into the Breach and A Non-Sequitur of Numbing Grossness? in Essays on Kant and Hume, ed. Beck (Yale UP, 1978). J. Van Cleve: Problems from Kant (Oxford UP, 1999), ch. 9.