Rise of Stalin

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1 Rise of Stalin All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks was the full name of the party. It can be shortened to the Bolshevik Party or the Communist Party. Background on Stalin: - Born in the southern state of Georgia, as Joseph Djugashivili. - His father was a cobber from a peasant stock and was violent towards his family. Regular beating from him may have hardened young Stalin. - His mother wanted him to become more than just a shoemaker and he was sent first to church school and later to a theological seminary. Here he was introduced to revolutionary/socialist ideas and developed a deep sense of class hatred. - He adopted the alias Stalin to help him to avoid being detected by the Tsar s secret police as he undertook bank robberies to help finance the revolutionary movement. This highlighted Stalin s ruthlessness. - He was arrested six times between 1902 and 1913 for revolutionary activity. - He was sent to exile in Siberia, where the harsh conditions taught him the importance of being self-reliant/independent. This is one of the characteristics that helped him to gain party leadership and allow him to survive despite being an outside in Russian revolutionary circles. - Stalin s efforts in the revolutionary cause, allowed him to be noticed by Lenin, who was impressed by Stalin s organisational abilities and willingness to obey orders. - From 1912, Stalin became one of the six members of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. He helped to set up the party s newspaper Pravda. - Lenin hoped that Stalin would give the Central Committee more of a practical and working class image than the intellectual, for the majority of the party s leadership were. - Stalin was one of Lenin s most loyal followers and for that he was rewarded a position in as People s Commissar for Nationalities (or simply Commissar for Nationalities) after the October Revolution, which he held from 1917 to He was in charge of the officials in the various republics outside Russia. - Stalin s work in the Caucasus region exposed to Lenin Stalin s faults. Stalin was heavyhanded in the dismissal of Georgian national representatives and Lenin was forced to intervene in order to resolve the situation. It showed the leading/major features/ parts of his character he was able and shrewd/perceptive/wise/intelligent/cunning administrator with a tendency to ruthlessness. - Stalin was not an intellectual. He did not study Marxist theory and his grasp of it was limited. His drive for power was class hatred. - He was the Liason Officer between the Politburo and the Orgburo in This post allowed him to monitor party personnel and policy. - He was the Head of the Workers and Peasants Inspectorate in This was a wide range post and included the overseeing of the work of all government departments. - He became the General Secretary of the Party in 1922, which was the head of the Party Secretariat. He was responsible for the day-to-day running of the party and co-ordinated work across all party departments. As the party s power and responsibility grew, which made some positions more vital than others. The party structure is what grew in power and the head of this structure was the General Secretary, whose post in 1922 was held by Stalin. This position have power and influence. - The power structure was also weakened by Lenin s death, which Stalin exploited. During the time Lenin was recovering for his series of strokes at Gorky, it was Stalin who provided the link between the leader and the Politburo. After his third stroke in March 1923, Lenin lost all power of speech except monosyllables.

2 - Stalin s position as the General Secretary gave him also access to information. He got access to over 26,000 personal files of the party members, which could be used against his rivals. He was able to bug Lenin s private home; and spy/bug most of Politburo members. He recognised that they/politburo were the focus of power rather than the government. As well the head of the secret police, Dzerzhinsky, reported to him regularly. - This post as well gave him the right to appoint people to party positions, which allowed him promote his supporters to key positions, which allowed his views to be favoured when voting over party issues would occur. - Those who opposed Stalin were removed from the Politburo and replaced by Molotov, Kalinin and Voroshilov, all followers of Stalin. Kirov was made the head of the party in Leningrad in 1926 when Stalin wanted a loyal supporter to replace out-of-favour Zinoview. - His position also allowed him to gain experience of how the party functioned, which he learned from the previous positions within the party as well. - In contrast to Stalin and his powerful, influential position within the party, Trotsky remained Commissar for War until 1925, a position which providence him with useful inks with army but less influential in the party structure as whole. Also, as part of his role of Commissar for War, Trotsky had been made responsible for the requisitioning to grain during the civil war and this made him less popular among the rural population. - Stalin continued to be the leader of USSR until his death in 1953 from a stroke. Background on Trotsky: Born in Odessa into a wealthy Ukrainian Jewish family. His name was Leon (Lev) Bronstein convicted of revolutionary activities and exiled to Siberia adopted the name Trotsky during the SD slits, joined/sided with the Mensheviks. He was against economism (an attempt to raise the standards of peasants and workers by improving their condition) but intensify class warfare by worsening of conditions became the Chairman of St Petersburg Soviet exiled to Siberia escaped and fled abroad, living in different European countries and in USA until During this time he developed his theory of permanent revolution the idea that revolution was not a single event but a continuous process of international class warfare returned to Petrograd after February Revolution and joined the Bolshevik Party. He was the main organiser of the October Revolution and appointed Foreign Affairs Commissar negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk became Commissar of War. He created the Red Army and achieved victory in the Civil War. - Trotsky fully supported war communism ordered the crushing of the Kronstadt Rising. He planned and destroyed the trade unions. - He was outmanoeuvred by Stalin and sentenced to internal exile at Alma Ata in Central Asia in 1927 and exiled from USSR in From 1929 to 1940 he lived in 11 different countries and attempted to develop international following that opposed Soviet regime. He wrote prodigiously/immensely/vastly on revolutionary theory, in opposition to Stalin founded the Fourth International, a movement of anti-stalin Marxists drawn from 30 countries

3 he was assassinated in Mexico City by a Soviet agent acting on Stalin s direct orders, killing him with an ice-pick Struggle of power between Stalin and Trotsky - When Lenin died in 1924, a collective leadership was formed which was the Politburo a small body made up of leading party officials and it made key decisions concerning party and government. It was the party s inner group of leaders, which in 1924 included Zinoviev, Kamenev, Tomsky, Bukharin, Rykov, Stalin and Trotsky. The Politburo was divided between Right and Left and largely over the pace of industrialisation. - By many members of Politburo, Stalin was underestimated. He was seen as unlikely to be established as a sole leader. He was seen as an administrator and having a dull personality. - To most members of the Communist Party in 1924 it was Trotsky who was the most likely successor to Lenin. He had taken a leading role in the October Revolution and in the Civil War. He was thorough and energetic in his preparations and executions of the October Revolution and in organising the Red Army during the civil war. He seemed to be the right hand man of Lenin. Trotsky has a formidable/astounding intellect and was a suburb speaker. Hi intellect has emerged when studying mathematics in Odessa. - For Stalin to succeed in gaining power, he would need to defeat Trotsky. They were not simply revivals for power but also had conflicting personalities and views. - There was opposition towards Trotsky, which Stalin could use against him: Because of his Jewish background, there was some prejudice against within the party. His intellectual background made him seem arrogant. Those who opposed him, met his wit and sarcasm. His arrogance and aloofness made him unpopular within the party and led to lack of judgement/mistakes on occasions. He believed that only he could grasp the overall picture of actions and their implications, while others should concern themselves with details. This attitude did not work well with his colleagues. He did little to build up support for his position within the party. He was not a team player individualism. He was a Menshevik until summer 1917 and his late conversion was seen as evidence of opportunism and lack of commitment to the party. He also rarely attended party meetings; for some this was also seen as evidence of his lack of commitment to the party. It became uncertain if Trotsky was working for his own needs or the need of the party. Many members saw him as a danger to the revolution for he was seen by them as someone who betray it for his own needs. At this time the Bolsheviks were becoming obsessed with the fate of the revolution. This partly came from examining the French Revolution and how Napoleon Bonaparte had emerged as dictator. Many Bolsheviks were worried that a potential person could be in the party and they assumed that it would a charismatic figure with grand visions and army connections, to which Trotsky fitted. These suspicious created hostility to Trotsky within the party. His connections with the Red Army gave the impression that he would use force to support and protect his position. The lack of support within the party was seen in in election to the Central Committee at the tenth Party Congress in 1921, where he came tenth. - The first major conflict between Stalin and Trotsky was when Stalin was appointed Commissar for Nationalities. Stalin s role included organising the Caucasus region during the civil war, which gave him some responsibility over the military authority. This conflicted with Trotsky, who was in Commissar of War so they came in conflict over military matters. This might have been the start of their personal rivalry, which was deepen by Lenin s death.

4 Stalin s actions or events that led to increase of his popularity/power/position: - Situation in it was confused because Lenin gave no clear indication of what power structure should be after his death, creating an uncertain atmosphere. This worked to Stalin s advantage. - Lenin s enrolment a campaign launched between 1923 and 1925, its purpose to increase the membership of industrial workers within the party. Over 500,000 workers were recruited, which doubled the party s membership. The new members were mostly poorly educated and politically naïve. They saw the party as a new source of employment, privileges and escape from the working class, some members achieving successful careers in the party. To retain their position and privileges, they need to be loyal to those who has allowed them into the party. Because Stalin was the General Secretary, he was responsible for supervising the campaign. He could provide party officials with better living quarters, additional food rations and trips abroad to recuperate from illness. Stalin s background may have helped him to identify the needs and demands or workers and so ensure that his view would echo those of the rank and file in the party. This could increase his popularity and power. - Attaching himself to Lenin s legacy. Lenin s legacy was a term used after Lenin s death to describe his policies and ideas. After his death he acquired a god-like status within the party and there was development a cult of hero worship around him. Importance of protecting the revolution. Stalin, from his early experience in theological seminary, was aware of the power of religious symbolism. So Stalin presented himself as the Lenin s heir and continuer of Lenin s work, increased Stalin s position in the party. He emphasized the need to apply the ideas of Lenin; he inaugurated the Lenin Institute to further the study of Lenin s work and gave a series of lectures of Leninism at the Communist University in Moscow. - Stalin during Lenin s funeral appeared as a chief mourner when delivering the oration. Trotsky on other hand did not attend the funeral. To many party members this was seen as evidence that Stalin intended to continue Lenin s work and that Trotsky lacked respect for Lenin s achievements. Trotsky s absence of from the funeral are still unclear, the excuse he gave is that Stalin did not informed him of the date. This accuse sound rather unconvincing. - Lenin s funeral showed Stalin s skills of manipulation and Trotsky s lack of judgement and tactical weakness. - The decision of Lenin s body to be embalmed, despite objection of Lenin s wife Krupskaya, was made. It might have been Stalin or if not, he would most likely approve of it. - Stalin s position was also helped by Trotsky s and other party member s refusal to publish Lenin s Testament. This document was written by Lenin in December 1922 and a postscript was added in January In this document Lenin wrote his views on the future of Bolshevik Party after his death. This included his assessment of Politburo members their strength and weaknesses and how they should be used in the future. Of Stalin, Lenin wrote that he is too rude and recommended his removal from the position of General Secretary. Due to his critics of the Politburo s members, the Testament was supressed/not released after Lenin s death. - On Party Unity Lenin s rule against factionalism within the party, which was issued due to the Kronstadt Mutiny of It condemned the forming of factions in the party and punishment for factionalism was death penalty. This may have limited Trotsky s

5 attempts to organise supporters. Stalin could use this weapon against his opponents when differences arose over ideology and policy. Defeat of Trotsky - In 1924, Trotsky misjudged the mood and launched an attack on Lenin s New Economic Policy in his essays Lessons on October (1924). He also attacked on the grown of the party bureaucracy. He highlighted the dangers of the bureaucracy becoming a class itself, which would work for its own benefit. These criticisms were unpopular within the party, for it began growing under Lenin, so it can be seen as criticism of Lenin; and as party was now the main vehicle for social mobility, its members were anxious to protect their privileges that they had gained through the party. So Trotsky s criticism can be also seen as a threat. - Stalin used that to isolate Trotsky by working with Zinoviev and Kamenev formed a Triumvirate against him. - Trotsky had support only of few people within the party, the universities and the Red Army. When delegates to the Thirteenth Party Conference were elected in 1924, Trotsky s supporters were small in number. Trotsky made little attempt to organise himself and supporters within the party and win supporters. This was partly because of his arrogance, for he believed the arguments within the party were beneath him, - After Trotsky s defeat, Stalin turned against the Left. Defeat of the Left All the Bolshevik leaders were committed to the building of socialism in the Soviet Union and saw that industrialisation and urbanisation were the key to achieving this. All agreed to this. The difference arose over the methods and speed of this development. The division between the left and the Right of the Communist Party were centred on a difference of emphasis on two main issues: the future of the NEP and the call for Permanent Revolution. - It was clearly stated by Lenin that NEP was a temporary measure needed to get the economy going again after the hardships of the civil war and to win over the peasantry o the Bolshevik Revolution. Lenin, however gave little indication of the length for it too last. - The Left opposed it, seeing it as betrayal of the aims of the Revolution, for it had elements of capitalist free enterprise. The compromise with the peasantry, allowing them the right to sell surpluses at market for profit, was seen as holding back the move towards a true proletarian state based on socialist principles. - The Right wanted the continuation of the policy provided that it work i.e. as long as there was enough food produced to meet the population s demands. - In this debate, Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev formed the United Opposition, whose purpose was to oppose the continuation of NEP, in The differences between Left and Right were outlined in debates between the economist Preobrazhensky, a supporter of the united opposition, and Bukharin from the Right. Preobrazhensky, from the viewpoint of an economist, argued that he resources such as food would have to be extracted from the pleasantly to support any industrialisation. Bukharin from a political viewpoint, saw the importance of the alliance between the workers and peasants, which NEP had crated, in ensuring the survival of the regime. - Stalin did not participate in this debate, so most concluded that he supported his old ally Bukharin. - The debate was about the emphasis, for all the Bolsheviks agreed that NEP should not last forever and was only temporary. What brought the differences/debater was the unexpected rapid industrial growth of This led to an optimistic view from the Left that revolution could move forward to socialism and NEP could be abolished

6 quicker than expected. However, in the context of mid-1920s, these party differences could be linked to party loyalty, for the abandonment of NEP could be seen as move away from Lenin s work and wrecking his legacy. - - There was conflicting personalities between the members of the United Opposition, which allowed Stalin to exploit them. They also made little attempt to organise mass support for the Left s argument. As well, because of his position as a General Secretary, he could gain the votes in his favour. - The United Opposition was able to present the their arguments to the Central Committee in 1926 meeting, where they were defeated and at Fifteenth Party Conference later the same year, were they were not allowed to speak. From this point onwards they were forced to work in secret. - They were accused of forming factions and expelled from the Politburo and either demoted or sent into internal exile. Zinoviev and Kamenev were allowed to stay in the party after renouncing their previous views, but Trotsky preferred to stick to his principles and was exiled to Alma-Ata. - Zinoviev and Kamenev were later excused to be Trotsky s agents. - Permanent Revolution vs Socialism in One Country - Permanent Revolution name of the policy vigorously promoted by Trotsky, which saw the need to spread world revolution as the priority after the Bolshevik Revolution of Trotsky argued that without world revolution the revolution in Russia would not survive. Without the revolutionary passion the party would succumb to conservative force and the bureaucracy would lose sign of its role of working on behalf of the proletariat and would operate in its own interest. - Socialism in One Country name given to Stalin s promoted policy, in which he argued that strengthening of the revolution within Russia through economic modernisation using its own industrial resources was more important than spreading revolution abroad. - This was an argument over priorities, similar to the industrialisation. - The split between these two views was caused in 1925 by Stalin promoting the idea of Socialism in One Country. - It was clear that the world revolution Bolsheviks hoped would happen after 1917 failed to occur. Communist uprisings in Germany, Hungary and in Glasgow all failed. Soviet Union was on her own and surrounded by hostile capitalist states. Therefore, it seem more of a priority for USSR to protect and allow it to survive through industrialisation, by using the resources of USSR. - It also carried undertones of nationalism and patriotism. When Trotsky attacked Stalin s policy, it gave an opportunity to Stalin to present himself as a true patriot. Stalin also argued that promoting world revolution could only be achieved when Soviet Union was secure/strong, otherwise it was irresponsible. So, Stalin was able to portray Trotsky as both disloyal and irresponsible. - Trotsky s call for world revolution was similar to those of Mensheviks, and with the fact that he was a Menshevik previously, Stalin used this to raises suspicious whether Trotsky was truly a Bolshevik. The defeat of the Right - In the winter of , the party leadership was again in divided over the issue of industrialisation. Stalin aimed to launch the first Fiver-Year Plan to stimulate the economy. All the leaders saw industrialisation as a necessary part of the consolidation of socialism, but were divided on the pace of it and the role of peasantry.

7 - In order to industrialise, more food would be needed to support the growth of urban and industrial workers, which the peasants would have to provide. - The Left saw the use of force as the best way to make the peasants grow more food. - The Right preferred a policy of persuasion, arguing that the use of force could actually cause decline in food production, because of opposition to the peasantry. - In early 1928, the proposals for the Five-Year Plan, led to the formation of Right Opposition group, which argued that the framework introduced by NEP should be continued and economic targets to be kept low to avoid the need for force in ensuring they were met. They opposed the policy of rapid forced industrialisation under the plan. The leaders of the right in the politburo were Tomsky, trade union leader; Rykov, who was the official head of the Soviet Government; and Bukharin, the editor of the communist newspaper Pravda and distinguished economic theorist. - Stalin saw the views of the right as opposing his policy of Socialism in One Country and threatened to slow down any progress that could be made in strengthening the economic base of the Soviet Union and socialism. - After the removal of the threat from the left, it appeared that Stalin was prepared to adopt their ideas of rapid industrialisation by abandoning the NEP. - Stalin used his power and influence in the party to ensure the Right was defeated in votes over policy decisions. - By early 1929 the members of the Right Opposition in the Politburo were identified by name all were removed from their post except Rykov, who remained Head of the Government until Reasons why Stalin supported rapid industrialisation: - It can be interpreted as the strengthening his position of leader. The opposition to this view is that he stayed mostly out of previous debate between Preobrazhensky and Bukharin over the future of NEP, so instead of his change of view from Right to Left, Stalin may be indecisive. - The conflict of the Left could be interpreted to be link to Stalin s power struggle with Trotsky. - In 1927 there were a fear of an impending attack of the capitalist powers, which led peasants start to reserve their harvest, which caused shortages in industrial towns. Stalin realised that the peasants were a major factor in holding back the industrial development. (his point of view). Without the increase in food, further industrialisation could not be supported. - As well, many in the party were frustrated about the class enemies, who survived due to the compromises of NEP. Stalin saw that if he aligned himself with them, than he could strengthen his position. The removing of old reminders/leftovers of the capitalist/old system would move towards socialism. Provided an opportunity to defeat the Right. - The position of the Right was weakened by Bukharin s refusal to try to build up an organised faction within the party. He was aware of penalties associated with factions which have been used against Trotsky. He also was loyal, so this debate was carried out behind closed doors and there was no direct appeal to the party members for support. - The Right s power was based around the Moscow party organisation, led by Uglanov, and the Central Councillor trade Unions, led by Tomsky. Both Uglanov and Tomsky were removed from their position in autumn Left and Right members of the party short profiles Name Left Right Lev Kamenev One of the founders of the Bolshevik party. Moderate by nature. Argued against the seizure of power in He had been the chairman of the first Politburo. Often acted as Lenin s deputy. After Lenin s death he sides with Stalin and

8 Zinoviev, but was outmanoeuvred by Stalin. Was part of the United Opposition. Expelled from the party and executed in Grigory Zinoviev A leading member of the left wing of the party. He had a volatile/unstable personality and mood swings. Found Stalin difficult to deal with. Joined the United Opposition. In 1927 he was demoted and expelled from the party. After publicly admitting to mistakes and praising Stalin, he was readmitted to the party before being expelled again in He was tried before a show trail in 1036 for crimes against the state and executed. Nikolai Bukharin He was a leading economic theorists. He was on the left of the party until the NEP, he being strongly opposed to the forced industrialisation and was one of the most vocal in support of the continuation of the NEP. When Stalin decided to remove NEP, Bukharin position was under threat. He refused to build up a power base in the party due to a sense of loyalty and a result he was in a weak position. He was removed from the Politburo in 1929, but continued to support the Right Opposition. He was executed during the purges of He was executed during the purges of Alexei Rykov Became Head of the Government in 1924 and was an ally of Stalin against Trotsky. A leading member of the Right in the party over the issue of the NEP. He was strongly in favour of the NEP s retention/preservation/maintenance. His position was threatened when Stalin decided to remove it. He was dismissed as Head of the Government by Stalin in He was arrested in 1937 for allegedly/supposedly planning to assassinate Stalin and was executed in Mikhail Tomsky He was a trade unionist who was on the Right of the party. He supported Bukharin in the debate over the Nep and as a result fell out with Stalin in He was removed from Politburo but continued to fight for trade union rights. He was due to be put on trial with Bukharin and Rykov, but committed suicide in Conclusion/Summary: Stalin had defeated the Right and Left opposition groups within the party. The collective leadership which was declared after Lenin s death, was gone. By early 1929, he was in dominant position and could implement his policies of industrialisation and collectivisation under Fire-Year Plan without opposition. The party divisions were over ideological, but it was more of emphasis and priority rather than irreconcilable splits. During this time the debate of future direction of revolution was taking place. The main factors the contributed to the rise of Stalin were: - Differences in personality how Trotsky and Stalin reacted to the situation and events in 1924 and years that followed. Stalin was skilful in using circumstance he was not only aware of changes happening in the political structure and members, but also positioned himself in a way where he could benefit from them. - Situation in 1924 and after, including the structural changes within the party and Lenin s death. - Stalin s position within the party. These also included events that followed, such as Lenin s funeral and Lenin s legacy, which Stalin was able to use for his advantage while Trotsky misjudged it and created more opposition towards him, perhaps with the help with Stalin. - Trotsky s views Permanent Revolution and attack on bureaucracy, which decreased his popularity

9 - On Party Unity this partly restricted Trostky s ability to get supporters and is what Stalin used to remove him from the party. This is also partly why Bukharin refused to gain supporters for his cause.

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