(The Apology of Socrates) APOLOGIA SWKRATOUS PLATWN

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1 SOCRATES' DEFENSE (Th Apology of Sorats) APOLOGIA SWKRATOUS PLATO PLATWN

2 SOCRATES' DEFENSE (Th Apology of Sorats) APOLOGIA SWKRATOUS PLATO PLATWN Translat y Cathal Woos an Ryan Pak 2007 This work is lins unr th Crativ Commons Attriution-Nonommrial-No Drivativ Works 3.0 Lins. To viw a opy of this lins, visit or sn a lttr to Crativ Commons, 171 Son Strt, Suit 300, San Franiso, California, 94105, USA.

3 Sorats' Dfns 1 17a 18a What you flt, mn of Athns, on aount of my ausrs, I o not know. But I, vn m, I almost forgot who I was aus of thm, so prsuasivly i thy spak. An yt thy hav sai pratially nothing tru. I was spially amaz y on of th many lis thy tol, th on in whih thy sai that you shoul tak ar not to iv y m aus I am a skill spakr. Thir lak of sham that thy woul xpos immiatly y what I o, whn I show myslf not to a lvr spakr at all this sms to m to most isgraful of thm. Unlss of ours thy man to all "lvr" somon who spaks th truth. Baus if thy man this, I woul amit that I am in an orator, ut not y thir stanars. So as I say, ths mn hav sai littl or nothing that is tru, whras from m you will har th whol truth. Not, y Zus, autifi sphs lik thirs, mn of Athns, an not ornamnt with fin phrass an wors, ut you will har m say th wors that om to m at ranom for I liv what I say is just an lt non of you xpt othrwis. Aftr all, it woul surly not fitting, gntlmn, for somon of my ag to om for you omposing sphs, as it might for a young man. An this most of all, mn of Athns, I g an rqust of you: if in ths sphs you har m fning myslf in th wors I also usually say in th marktpla y th tals, whr many of you hav har m, as wll as lswhr, on't surpris an on't mak a isturan aus of it. Baus this is xatly how it is: I hav now om for th ourt for th first tim, at svnty yars of ag.* So I am plainly a strangr to th mannr of sph hr. An so just as you woul rtainly hav sympathy for m if I atually happn to a strangr an spok in th ant an mannr in whih I ha n rais, now spially I ask you for this just rqust, at last as it sms to m, to isrgar my mannr of sph may it's ttr, may it's wors ut to onsir th following alon an pay attntion to it, whthr I say just things or not. For this is th virtu of a jug, whil of an orator is to spak th truth. It is right for m to fn myslf, Athnian mn, first against th arlist untru ausations allg against m an th arlist ausrs, an thn against th latr ausations an th latr ausrs. For many of my ausrs am to you for many yars ago now, saying nothing tru, an I far ths mor than Anytos an his frins, though in thy ar angrous too. But ths mn ar mor angrous, gntlmn, th on's who, taking most of you asi from hilhoo, prsua you an ma ausations against m that ar no trur than his, that thr is a rtain Sorats, a lvr man, a stunt of things in th sky, who has invstigat vrything unr th arth an maks th wakr sph th strongr. Ths popl, mn of Athns, having spra this allgation, ar my farsom ausrs, for thos who hav har thm think that th popl who stuy ths things o not aknowlg th gos. Morovr, ths ausrs ar numrous an hav n making ausations for a long tim now. An what's mor, thy spok to you at an ag whn you woul lial to liv thm, som of you ing hilrn an youths, ruly making ausations against an asnt prson with no on ls to mak a ruttal.

4 Sorats' Dfns 2 19a 20a What is most unrasonal is that on an't know an nam th nams of ths popl, xpt that on happns to a omi playwright.* All ths popl who misl you with nvy an slanr who having thmslvs n prsua thn prsua othrs ths ar most aggravating. For it is not possil to summon thm hr to ourt or to ross-xamin any of thm, ut it is nssary, lunringly, as if shaowoxing, to fn myslf an onut a ross-xamination without anyon rsponing. So you too must apt that my ausrs ar two-fol, as I sai, thos who aus m rntly an thos who I mntion from long ago, an think that I must first fn myslf against th lattr. For you har thir ausations against m soonr an muh mor oftn than thos of th latr popl. Wll thn. I must mak a fns, mn of Athns, an in suh a short tim must try to anish this slanr from you that you hav hl for a long tim. I woul lik it to turn out this way, that I woul su in fning myslf, if that woul ttr for oth you an m. But I think this is iffiult, an just what it is I'm attmpting osn't sap m at all. Nvrthlss, lt th as pro in whatvr way th go favors; I must oy th law an mak my fns. Lt us onsir, thn, from th ginning, what th harg is, from whih th ausation against m aros, an whih Mltos liv whn h rought this harg against m. Wll thn. What o th ausrs rally say whn thy aus m? Just as if thy wr harging m, it is nssary to ra out thir initmnt: "Sorats is guilty of mling, of inquiring into things unr th arth an in th havns, of making th wakr sph th strongr an of tahing ths vry things" somthing lik this. For vn you yourslvs hav sn ths things in th omy of Aristophans, a rtain Sorats ing arri aroun up thr, insisting that h walks on air an spouting off a lot of othr nonsns that I o not laim to know anything aout, ithr grat or small. I on't spak in orr to ishonor suh knowlg, if somon is wis aout suh things in as I woul somhow prosut y Mltos on suh srious hargs ut in fat I hav nothing to o with thm, mn of Athns, an I all on th majority of you as witnsss, an I xpt you to tah an inform on anothr, thos of you who hav vr har m in isussion an this inlus many of you tll on anothr if any of you har m vr isussing suh things, ithr a lot or a littl, an as on this you will raliz that th sam is tru of th othr things that th many say aout m. But rally non of this is th as, an if you hav har from anyon that I navor to tah popl an mak mony, this is rtainly not tru. Though again I think that it is a fin thing if an iniviual is al to tah popl,* suh as Gorgias of Lontini an Proius of Chios an Hippias of Elis. For ah of ths popl, gntlmn, going into ah of th itis, to th young who oul larn whatvr thy wish from thir own itizns for fr thy onvin thm to lav thir ompany an join thm, paying thm mony, an to fl gratful in aition! Now thr is urrntly anothr wis man, from Paros, who I hav isovr is in town aus I happn to mt a man who has pai mor mony to sophists than all th othrs omin, Kallias, son of

5 Sorats' Dfns 3 21a Hipponius. So I ask him aus h has two sons "Kallias", I sai, "If olts or alvs ha n orn to you as sons, w oul fin an hir a trainr who woul mak thm wll-r rgaring th appropriat virtu; h woul som hors-trainr or farmr. But sin thy ar humans, who o hav in min to hir as a trainr for thm? Who is knowlgal aout suh virtu, of th human ing an of th itizn? Baus I assum you hav look into it, sin you hav sons. Is thr somon", I sai, "or not?" "Crtainly", sai h. "Who?", I sai, "an whr from? An for how muh os h tah?". "Evnus, Sorats.", h sai, "From Paros; for fiv mina.*". An I onsir Evnus lss, if h rally has this skill an tahs for suh a swt-souning pri. I at any rat woul tak pri in myslf an oastful, if I knw ths things. But in fat I on't know thm, mn of Athns. Prhaps som on of you might rspon "But Sorats, what is it that you o? Whr hav ths slanrs against you om from? For surly it's not y usying yourslf with th usual things that so muh harsay an talk has arisn, ut y oing somthing iffrnt from most popl? So tll us what it is, so that w on't jug your as rashly." Th prson who says this sms to m to spak justly, an I will try to show you what it is, prisly, that won m this rputation an slanr. Listn, thn. An whil I will prhaps appar to som of you to joking, rst assur that I will tll you th whol truth. For I, mn of Athns, hav aquir this rputation u to nothing othr than a rtain wisom. What sort of wisom is this? Quit likly it is human wisom. Thr's a goo han that I atually hav this kin of wisom, whil thos mn who I was spaking of just now might prhaps wis with a wisom mor than human, or I on't know how I shoul put it, for I rtainly on't hav it, an whovr says I o is lying an is saying it as a slanr against m. But on't intrrupt m, mn of Athns, not vn if I strik you as oasting. Th story I will tll you is not my own, ut I will rfr you to a trustworthy sour for what I say, aus I will prsnt to you as a witnss in my as if I hav any wisom an of what sort it is th go in Dlphi.* You know Chairphon, I prsum. H was a ompanion of min from youth an a omra of yours in th moray* an join you in th rnt xil an rturn with you. An you know how Chairphon was, how zalous h was aout whatvr h pursu, an in partiular whn h wnt to Dlphi h was so ol as to ask this an, as I say, on't intrrupt, gntlmn h ask if thr was anyon wisr than m. Th Pythian rpli that no on was wisr. An his rothr hr will ar witnss to you aout ths things, sin h himslf has i. Think aout why I mntion this: I am going to tah you whr th slanr against m am from. Baus whn I har this I ponr in th following way: "Whatvr os th go man? An what ril is h posing? For I am not awar of ing wis in anything grat or small. What in th worl, thn, os h man whn h says that I am wisst? For rtainly h os not li; it is not prmitt for him." An for a long tim I puzzl ovr what h mans. Thn, vry rlutantly, I mark on som sort of trial of him. I

6 Sorats' Dfns 4 22a wnt to on of th popl who ar thought to wis, hoping to rfut th oral thr if anywhr, an rply to its rspons: "This man hr is wisr than m, though you sai I was." So, srutinizing this fllow thr's no n to say his nam, h was on of th politiians an whn I was xamining him I xprin somthing of th following sort, mn of Athns. In talking with him it sm to m that whil this man was onsir to wis oth y many othr popl an spially y himslf, h was not. An so I tri to show him that h took himslf to wis, ut was not. As a rsult I am hat y this man an y many of thos prsnt. An so, as I was going away, I was thinking to myslf that I was wisr than this man, for startrs. It's likly that nithr of us knows anything worthwhil, ut whras h thinks h knows somthing whn h osn't know it, I, whn I on't know somthing, on't think I know it ithr. It's likly, thn, that y this I am in wisr in som small way than this man, in that I on't think myslf to know what I on't know. Nxt, I wnt to anothr on of th popl thought to wisr than him an things sm th sam to m, an so I ma an nmy of him as wll as of many othrs. So, aftr this, I now wnt to on aftr anothr, ralizing with pain an far that I was oming hat. But nvrthlss I thought it nssary to onsir th go's oral to of th utmost importan, so I ha to ontinu going to all of th popl thought to know somthing, looking into what th pronounmnt mans. An I swar y th og, mn of Athns, aus I must tll you th truth, I rally ha somthing lik th following xprin: in my ivin sarh thos hl in highst stm sm to m to laking just aout th most, whil othrs thought to poorr wr ttr mn as far as wisom is onrn. I hav to rprsnt my wanrings to you as though I ha toil away at som task an I still ouln't rfut th oral. Aftr th politiians I wnt to th pots, inluing thos of tragis an thos of ithyrams* an othrs, so that thr I woul ath myslf ing mor ignorant than thm. Raing th works whih I thought thy ha rally laor ovr, I woul ask thm what thy mant, so that at th sam tim I might also larn somthing from thm. I am asham to tll you th truth, gntlmn, ut nvrthlss it must tol. Pratially anyoy prsnt, so to spak, oul hav ttr xplain what thy ha writtn. An so again I quikly raliz th following aout th pots: that thy o not writ what thy writ aus of thir wisom ut aus thy hav a rtain natur an ar possss, lik th srs an fortun-tllrs, who also say many fin things ut know nothing aout what thy'r saying. It sm lar to m that th pots ha unrgon a similar xprin. An at on I unrstoo that, aus of thir writing, thy thought thmslvs to vry wis vn aout othr things that thy wrn't. So as a rsult of this I wnt away thinking that I was suprior to thm in th sam way as I was to th politiians. So finally I wnt to th raftrs, aus I was awar that whil I knw pratially nothing, I knw that I woul fin that thy knw many fin things. An in this I was not mistakn thy knw things I in't an

7 Sorats' Dfns 5 23a 24a in this thy wr wisr than m. But, mn of Athns, th nol raftrs sm to m to hav th sam flaw that th pots also ha. Baus ah of thm prform his raft wll, h onsir himslf to most wis aout th gratst things an this sour not of thirs ovrshaow thir wisom. An so I ask myslf on half of th oral whthr I woul prfr to just as I am, nithr ing at all wis in th ways that thy ar wis nor ignorant in th ways thy ar ignorant, or to oth, whih thy ar. An I answr myslf an th oral that it woul st for m to as I am. As a rsult of this qust, mn of Athns, a lot of hatr vlop against m, an of th most hallnging an opprssiv kin, so that from it many slanrs aros, an I gain this rputation of ing wis. For on ah oasion th ystanrs thought that I myslf was wis aout th mattr that I was xamining th othr prson aout. But in fat it's likly, gntlmn, that in truth th go is wis, an y this pronounmnt h mans th following: human wisom is worth littl or nothing. An h appars to taking m as an xampl, spaking of this man Sorats, vn using my nam, just as if h sai "Human ings, h among you is wisst who knows lik Sorats that h is atually worthlss with rspt to wisom." That's why, oth thn an now, I go aroun in aoran with th go, sarhing an making inquiris of anyon, itizn or strangr, who I think is wis. An if I thn think h isn't, I assist th go an show him that h is not wis. An aus of this usynss I lak th tim to partiipat in any puli affairs worth mntioning or for privat usinss, ut I am in grat povrty aus of my srvi to th go. Furthrmor, th young popl follow m aroun of thir own aor, thos with th most lisur, th sons of th vry walthy. Thy light in haring m xamin popl an thy oftn imitat m, having a go at xamining othrs aftrwars. An, I think, thy isovr a grat numr of popl who think thy know somthing ut know littl or nothing. As a rsult, thn, th popl who ar xamin y thm grow angry with m, ut not thm, an thy say that Sorats is a most vil prson an orrupts th young. An whnvr anyon asks thm what h os an what h tahs, thy hav nothing to say an ar ignorant, ut so as to not appar at a loss, thy say ths things that ar hany against all philosophrs, aout "th havnly things an th things unr th arth" an "not aknowlging th gos" an "making th wakr sph th strongr". I liv it's aus thy on't want to tll th truth, that thy ar oviously prtning to know somthing vn though thy know nothing. Sin thy ar amitious an imptuous, I think, an thr ar many of thm an thy spak aout m ruthlssly an prsuasivly, thy hav fill up your ars, amouthing m violntly for a long tim. On th strngth of this Mltos attak m along with Anytos an Lyon, Mltos omplaining on half of th writrs, Anytos on half of th raftrs an th politiians, an Lyon on half of th orators. As a rsult, as I sai in th ginning, I woul amaz if I oul ri you of this slanr in suh a short tim, sin it has om so powrful. This, I assur you mn of Athns, is th truth, an in spaking I onal nothing, ithr ig or small, or hol anything ak. In I gt th

8 Sorats' Dfns 6 25a imprssion that I am hat on aount of ths vry things, whih is an iniation that I tll th truth, an that this is th slanr against m an that ths ar th auss. An if you inquir into ths things, ithr now or latr, this is what you'll fin. Conrning th hargs of my initial ausrs, lt this fns for you nough. Nxt I will try to fn myslf against Mltos, th goo an patrioti man, or so h says, an th latr ausrs. An on mor, sin ths ar iffrnt ausrs, lt's tak up thir initmnt in turn. It gos somthing lik this: thy say Sorats is guilty of orrupting th young an not aknowlging th gos that th ity os, ut othr strang spiritual things. Th omplaint is somthing along ths lins. Lt's xamin this omplaint point y point. It says that I am guilty of orrupting th young. But I say, mn of Athns, that Mltos is guilty, that h joks in arnst, y arlssly ringing a prson to trial, prtning to srious aout an to troul himslf ovr various mattrs, non of whih was vr an intrst of his. This is how it is, as I will try to monstrat. Sorats (So): Hr, Mltos, tll m: Don't you tak as your highst priority how th young will as goo as possil? Mltos (M): I rtainly o. So: Com now, tll ths mn, who maks thm ttr? It's lar that you know. It's a onrn of yours, sin upon isovring th on who orrupts m, as you laim you ring m in front of ths popl hr an aus m. Com, stat who is th on who maks thm ttr an rval to thm who it is. You s, Mltos, that you ar silnt an unal to spak? Dosn't it sm shamful to you, an suffiint proof of xatly what I'm laiming, that it mant nothing to you? So tll us, my goo man, who maks thm ttr? M: Th laws. So: But that's not what I'm asking, st of mn, ut what man, whovr knows this vry thing th laws in th first pla? M: Ths mn, Sorats, th jugs. So: What o you man, Mltos? Ths mn an uat th young an mak thm ttr? M: Dfinitly. So: All of thm, or som an an othrs an't? M: All of thm So: Wll on, y Hra! An what a grat numr of nfators you spak of. What nxt? Do ths listnrs mak thm ttr or not? M: Ths too. So: Who ls? Th ounilors? M: Evn th ounilors. So: Wll, thn, Mltos, surly thos in th assmly, th assmlymn, thy on't orrupt th young popl? So o thy all mak thm ttr, too? M: Ths too. So: Evry Athnian, it sms, maks thm fin an goo xpt for m, an I alon orrupt thm. Is this what you man? M: That's xatly what I man.

9 Sorats' Dfns 7 26a So: You harg m with a grat misfortun. But answr m: Do you think it's th sam with horss? That thos who mak thm ttr onsists of vryon, whil on prson is thir orruptr? Or isn't it th omplt opposit of this: on iniviual an mak thm ttr, or vry fw, th hors-trainrs, whil th many orrupt th horss if thy al with thm an us thm? Isn't this how it is, Mltos, onrning oth horss an vry othr animal? It rtainly is, whthr you an Anytos agr or isagr. It woul a grat lssing onrning th young if only a singl prson orrupt thm, an all th othrs nfit thm. But, Mltos, you hav suffiintly monstrat that you nvr for ar aout th young, an you larly rval your iniffrn an that you hav givn no thought at all to th mattrs you init m on. Still, tll us, Zus-swaring Mltos, whthr it is ttr to liv among goo itizns or wik ons? Answr, my goo man I'm not asking anything iffiult, you know. Don't th wik always o somthing a to thos who ar losst to thm, whil th goo o somthing goo? M: Crtainly. So: But is thr anyon who wishs to harm y thos h assoiats with mor than h wishs to hlp? Kp answring, my goo man, for th law also rquirs you to answr. Is thr anyon who wants to harm? M: Of ours not. So: Com thn, o you ring m hr on hargs of intntionally or unintntionally orrupting th young an making thm wors? M: Intntionally, I say. So: What thn, Mltos? Ar you so muh wisr at your ag than I am at min that you know that th wik always o somthing a to thos who ar vry los to thm, an th goo o goo, whil I, on th othr han, hav falln into suh grat ignoran that I on't also know this, that if I mak on of my assoiats a, I risk ing harm y him? An yt I woul o this grat vil intntionally, as you laim? I on't liv you, Mltos, an I think that no on ls os, an ithr I o not orrupt, or if I o orrupt, I o so unintntionally, so that you ar lying ithr way. If I orrupt unintntionally, th prour is not to prosut m hr for suh offnss, ut to tak m asi privatly an tah an amonish m, sin it is lar that if I larn, I will as oing what I o unintntionally. You, howvr, fl from m an wr unwilling to assoiat with m an tah m, ut prosut m hr, whr th prour is to prosut thos who n punishmnt rathr than instrution. An so, mn of Athns, what I was saying is alray lar, that Mltos nvr troul himslf aout ths mattrs in th slightst. Nvrthlss, tll us, Mltos, how o I orrupt th young, aoring to you? Or rathr, isn't it lar from th initmnt you wrot that I orrupt thm y tahing thm not to aknowlg th gos that th ity rognizs, ut othr strang spiritual things? Don't you say that I orrupt thm y tahing ths things? M: That's asolutly what I'm saying.

10 Sorats' Dfns 8 27a So: But y th gos, Mltos, th vry gos that th isussion is urrntly aout, spak vn mor larly to m an ths popl hr, aus I an't tll whthr you man that I tah thm to liv that thr ar som gos an so I woul liv thr ar gos an am not ntirly golss an am not I guilty of suh ut not, howvr, th gos that th ity livs in ut othrs, an this is what you prosut m for, that thy ar iffrnt, or, whthr you man that I o not aknowlg th gos at all an tah this to othrs? M: That's what I man, that you on't aknowlg th gos at all. So: Inril Mltos, why o you say that? I on't liv th sun, or vn th moon, to gos, lik othr mn o? M: No, y Zus, jugs, sin h says that th sun is a ston an th moon is arth. So: Do you think you ar prosuting Anaxagoras, my ar Mltos? Do you hav so muh ontmpt for ths mn, an think thm to so unfamiliar with litratur that thy o not know that th ooks of Anaxagoras of Klazomnai* ar full of suh laims? An what's mor, o you think that th young larn from m what anyon who uys thm at som tim for a rahma, at most, on th floor of th agora an mok Sorats for if h prtns thy ar his, spially whn thy ar so istintiv? By Zus, is this how I appar to you? Bliving that thr ar no gos? M: You rtainly on't, y Zus; non whatsovr. So: You ar unlival, Mltos, an in truth unlival to yourslf, I think. For th man sms to m, Athnian mn, to xingly arrogant an unontroll, an lumsily log this initmnt out of huris an lak of isiplin an youthful zal. H appars to tsting m, as though stting a ril: "Will th wis Sorats raliz that I am ing fatious an ontraiting myslf, or will I iv him an th othr listnrs?" For it looks to m as though h is saying ontraitory things in his initmnt, just as if h sai "Sorats is guilty of not aknowlging th gos, an of aknowlging th gos." This is just lik a rilr. Now join m in xamining, gntlmn, in what way h sms to saying ths things. An you, Mltos, answr us. An as I gg of you at th ginning, gntlmn, rmmr not to intrrupt if I spak in my ustomary way. Is thr anyon, Mltos, who livs thr ar human mattrs, ut os not liv in humans? Gntlmn, mak him answr an not igrss aout othr things. Is thr anyon who os not liv thr ar horss, ut livs thr ar qustrian mattrs? Or that thr ar not flut-playrs ut in flut-playing mattrs? Thr is not, st of mn sin you ar unwilling to answr I will answr on half of you an ths othrs. But at last answr th nxt qustion: Is thr anyon who livs thr ar spiritual mattrs ut os not liv thr ar spirits? M: Thr is not. So: How lightful, that you answr rlutantly whn ompll y ths mn. An so you say that I aknowlg an tah aout spirits, an whthr thy novl or anint I at any rat liv in spiritual

11 Sorats' Dfns 9 28a mattrs, aoring to your ausation, an you vn swar this in th initmnt. But if I liv in spiritual mattrs, I asolutly must liv in spirits too. Isn't that so? Of ours it is. I tak it that you agr, sin you'r not answring. Now on't w think th spirits to gos or th hilrn of gos? Do you agr or not? M: Ys in. So: Wll thn, if I liv in spirits, as you say, thn if, on th on han, th spirits ar gos of som sort, this is why I say you ar riling an ing fatious, in that whil I on't liv in gos, at th sam tim again I o liv in gos, sin I in liv in spirits. If, on th othr han, th spirits ar rtain illgitimat hilrn of gos ithr y nymphs or y som othrs that thy'r sai to om from who among mn woul think th hilrn of gos xist, ut not gos? Similarly, it woul strang if somon liv in th hilrn of horss, or of asss too, namly muls, ut i not liv in horss an asss. An so, Mltos, it must that you rought this initmnt in orr to tst us aout ths things, or wr at a loss as to what tru rim you might harg m with. How you oul prsua anyon with vn a littl intllign that on an th sam man os not liv in oth spiritual an ivin mattrs, or again that this sam man livs in nithr spirits nor gos nor hros it's not possil! An so, mn of Athns, it sms to m that it osn't tak muh of a fns to show I am not guilty of what Mltos hargs m with, an vn this is nough. What I sai arlir, on th othr han that a grat hatr of m aros an from many popl you know wll to tru. This is what onvits m, if in it onvits m, an not Mltos or Anytos, ut th slanr an mali of many popl. An I know that ths popl hav onvit, an will onvit, many othr goo mn; thr is no far that thy will stop with m. Prhaps thn somon might say "Arn't you asham, Sorats, that you ngag in th kin of prati as a rsult of whih you now risk ying?" In rply to this I woul justly say, "You o not spak wll, Sir, if you think a man who is worth anything must tak th risk of living or ying into aount, rathr than looking to this alon, whthr whn h ats h ats justly or unjustly, an os th s of a goo or a man. For thos migos who mt thir ns in Troy woul fools aoring to you, spially th son of Thtis,* who thought so littl of th risk in omparison with nuring som isgra that, whn his mothr, a go, tol him, whn h was agr to kill Htor, somthing lik this, as I rall: "Son, if you avng th slaying of your omra Patrolus an kill Htor, you will kill aus immiatly aftr Htor," sh sai, "your fat is at han", h, haring this, littl ath an th angr an far muh mor living as a owar an not avnging his frins, an sai "May I i at on, having srv justi to th unjust, an not rmain hr a laughing stok y th urv ships, a urn upon th arth." Do you think h ar aout ath or angr?" This is how it is, mn of Athns, in rality. Whrvr somon positions himslf, thinking it to for th st, or is position y his

12 Sorats' Dfns 10 29a 30a offir, h must, it sms to m, rmain thr an fa th angr, an not put ath or anything ls aha of isgra. I woul hav on somthing trril, mn of Athns, if I aanon my station for far of ithr ath or som othr thing, whn I was unr orrs from go to liv my lif, as I liv an apt, sking wisom an xamining oth myslf an othrs, ut, whn th offirs whom you lt to omman m in Potiia an Amphipolis an at Dlium wr positioning m, I rmain an risk ying whr ths mn station m, just lik anyon ls. It woul trril, an truly unr ths irumstans somon oul justly ring m to ourt for not living that thr ar gos y fying th oral an faring ath an thinking myslf to wis whn I am not. In, to far ath, gntlmn, is nothing othr than to rgar onslf as wis whn on is not; for it is to rgar onslf as knowing what on os not know an no on knows whthr ath is not th gratst of all th goos for man, ut thy far it as if thy knw it to th gratst of vils. An in, how oul this ignoran not rproahal, th ignoran of living on knows what on os not know? But I, gntlmn, am prhaps suprior to th majority of mn to this xtnt an in this rgar, an if in I sm to wisr in any way than anyon, it woul in this, that I am not so rtain aout how things ar in Has an I o not think that I know. But wrong-oing an fian of on's supriors, whthr go or man, that I know to vil an shamful. So I will nvr far nor fl things that for all I know oul turn out to goo, rathr than th vils that I know to vil. So if you now aquitt m rjting Anytos, who sai that ithr I shoul not hav n rought hr to trial in th first pla, or, now that I hav, xuting m is unavoial, an who tlls you that if I wr aquitt, your sons, pratiing what Sorats tahs, woul at on thoroughly orrupt if, rfrring to this, you sai to m, "Sorats, w ar not at prsnt prsua y Anytos an w aquit you, on th following onition, howvr, namly that you no longr spn your tim on this qust an sarh for wisom, an that if you ar aught still oing this, you will i" if, as I was saying, you wr to aquit m on ths onitions, I woul say to you, "I hrish an lov you, mn of Athns, ut I am mor oint to th go than to you, an so long as I hav rath an am al I will not as sking wisom an appaling an monstrating to vry on of you I om aross, saying my ustomary things: "Bst of mn, you ar an Athnian, of th gratst an most rnown ity in rgar to wisom an powr. Ar you not asham that you ar aout how you will aquir as muh mony as possil, an rputation an honor, whil you o not ar or worry aout wisom an truth an how your soul might as goo as possil?" An if on of you isputs this an says that h os ar, right away I will not lt him go or lav him ut will qustion an srutiniz an ross-xamin him, an if h os not appar to possss virtu, ut h says h os, I will rproah him for onsiring th most valual things to of last importan an th most worthlss to of th gratst importan. I will o this for anyon I mt, young an ol, strangr an

13 Sorats' Dfns 11 31a itizn, though mor for th itizns, insofar as thy ar losr to m in loo. Rst assur that th go omman this, an I liv thr has nvr n a gratr goo for th ity than my srvi to th go. For I go aroun oing nothing othr than prsuaing you, oth young an ol, not to ar for your walth an wll-ing aha of or as intnsly as aring for how your soul might as goo as possil, saying "Virtu os not om from walth, ut from virtu om walth an all othr human goos, oth privat an puli." So if I orrupt th young y saying ths things, thy woul harmful; ut if anyon laims that I say anything iffrnt than this, h is talking nonsns. "Mn of Athns," I woul say, "ithr prsua y Anytos, or not, or aquit m, or not, in light of th fat that I woul not at iffrntly, not vn if I am stin to i again an again." Do not rat a isturan, mn of Athns, ut stik to what I gg of you, not to mak a isturan at what I say ut to listn, sin I think y listning you might vn hlp. For I am aout to to say othr things to you at whih you will prhaps ry out; ut on't o this, no mattr what. Rst assur that if you kill m for ing th kin of prson I sri, you will not harm m mor than yourslvs. Nithr Mltos or Anytos an o m any harm, it is not possil, sin I think it is not prmitt for a ttr man to harm y a wors on. H might kill or xil or isnfranhis m, ut whil h, prhaps, an othrs, might think somhow that ths ar grat vils, I o not. But it is a muh gratr vil to o what this man hr is oing right now, attmpting to put a man to ath unjustly. In, mn of Athns, I am making a fns harly at all for my own sak, as somon might suppos, ut for yours, in as you o somthing wrong onrning th go's gift to you y onmning m. If you wr to xut m you woul not asily fin anothr prson lik m, who is litrally although it is rathr funny to say attah to th ity y th go as though to a hors that's grat an nol though sluggish aus of its siz an ning to provok y a sort of gafly, whih is just th way, I think, th go attah m to th ity, th sort of prson who nvr ass provoking you an prsuaing you an rproahing ah on of you th whol ay long vrywhr I sttl. You won't asily gt anothr prson lik this, gntlmn, an if you ar prsua y m, you will spar m. Altrnativly, ing annoy just lik popl rous from slp, you might prhaps swat m, an prsua y Anytos woul put m to ath without a son thought. An thn you oul liv out your ays in slumr, unlss out of his onrn for you th go sns you somon ls. You an tll from th following that I am th kin of prson who is givn y th go to th ity: it is not human to isrgar all my affairs an to nur th nglt of my houshol for so many yars now ut always to ating for your sak, going to ah prson privatly just lik a fathr or lr rothr, urging you to pay attntion to virtu. If I ha gain somthing from ths ations an riv paymnt for initing you in this way, thy woul mak som sns. But you yourslvs s now that my

14 Sorats' Dfns 12 32a ausrs, whil so shamlss in vrything ls, in ringing this partiular harg lak th auaity to prsnt a witnss to th fft that I vr harg anyon a f or ask for on. Yt I provi aquat witnss that I am tlling th truth, I liv: my povrty. Prhaps it might thought strang that I privatly go aout giving avi an gtting myslf involv, whil pulily I o not ar go to our assmly to avis th ity. Th rason for this is somthing you hav oftn har m mntion in many plas, that somthing ivin an spiritual oms to m, whih Mltos jokingly inlu in th initmnt. This has n oming to m as a kin of voi, ginning in hilhoo, an, whnvr it oms, it always ivrts m from what I am aout to o, ut nvr urgs m on. This is what prvnt m from oing anything politial, an I think it was ntirly right to oppos m. Rst assur, mn of Athns, if I ha long ago tri my han at politial mattrs, long ago I woul hav prish an nfit nithr you nor myslf. An o not offn y my tlling th truth; thr is no man who oul sav himslf from you or any othr popula whil honstly opposing you an hinring many unjust an unlawful things from happning in th ity. Rathr, somon who gnuinly fights for what is just, if h wishs to surviv vn for a short tim, must ngag in privat prati ut not in puli politis. I will provi you with ampl vin for this; not wors, ut what you amir, s. Listn to what happn to m, so that you may know that I i not far ath ovr justi an yil to anyon, though I might thn los my lif y not yiling. What I will rlat is tirsom an lawyrly, ut tru. I, Athnian mn, nvr hl any othr offi in th ity xpt ing on th ounil. An it so happn that our Antiohis tri was prsiing whn you rsolv to jug as a group ontrary to law as you all am to raliz latr th tn gnrals who i not rsu th popl forsakn in th naval attl. At that tim I alon of th ommitt mmrs was oppos you to you oing anything ontrary to th laws an I vot against it. With th orators ray to init an arrst m an you initing thm an raising a rukus, I thought it mor important for m to risk vrything with law an justi on my si than to si with you, for far of imprisonmnt or ath, whn you wr ontmplating unjust ations. This was whn th ity was still a moray. But again, whn th oligarhy am to powr, th Thirty summon m an four othrs into th Rotuna an orr us to ring Lon th Salaminian from Salamis for xution; thy ma many suh mans of a lot of othr popl, in orr to tarnish as many as possil with thir guilt. Thn on again I monstrat, not in sph ut in ation, that I ouln't ar lss aout ath, if it's not too lunt to say, ut I ar th worl aout this: avoiing oing anything unjust or unholy. That rgim i not intimiat m into oing somthing unjust, vn though it was so powrful. An so whn w xit th Rotuna, th othr four lft for Salamis an rought ak Lon, ut I lft an ha hom. An I might hav n put to ath for this, if th rgim ha not n quikly ovrthrown. An thr ar many who will ar witnss to ths vnts for you.

15 Sorats' Dfns 13 33a 34a Do you think I woul hav last for so many yars if I ha ngag in politis an, ating in th mannr worthy of a goo man, I am to th ai of justi an rightly ma it my utmost onrn? Far from it, mn of Athns, an nithr woul any othr man. Throughout my whol lif, I hav shown myslf to th sam sort of man in puli, if I rally i anything, as in privat, nvr oning anything illgal ithr to thos who larly slanr m y saying thy ar my stunts, or to anyon ls. I hav nvr n anyon's tahr, ut if anyoy sir to listn to m talking an onuting my own inquiris, whthr young or ol, I nvr rjt anyon. Nor o I onvrs if I riv mony ut rfus to if I on't, ut I allow rih an poor alik to qustion m, an likwis if anyon wishs to har whatvr I hav to say in rply. An if any of thm turn out to goo, or not goo, I annot justly hl rsponsil. I nvr promis any instrution to any of thm nor i I tah thm, an if somon says that h larn anything from m or har privatly what all th othrs i not har, rst assur that h is not spaking th truth. But why thn o popl njoy spning a lot of tim with m? You hav har why, mn of Athns I tol you th whol truth. It is aus thy njoy haring m xpos thos who think thmslvs wis ut ar not, for it is not unplasant. I was omman to o this, as I say, y th go, oth in orals an rams an in vry way that any ivin fat at all vr orr a man to o anything whatsovr. This is th truth, mn of Athns, an asily tst. Baus if I am in orrupting som of th young an hav orrupt othrs, if any of thm raliz whn thy wr olr that I rommn somthing vil at som point whn thy wr young, thy shoul now om forwar an aus m an avng thmslvs. If thy thmslvs wr rlutant, somon from thir family, a fathr or rothr or som othr rlativ, shoul all it to min an tak rvng, if thy vr suffr any vil at my hans. In any as, many of thm ar prsnt hr, who I an s. First thr is Crito hr, who is my ontmporary an from my istrit an th fathr of this man, Critooulos. Nxt thr is Lysanias of Sphttos, fathr of Ashins hr. Also, this hr is Antiphon of Cphissos, fathr of Epigns. Ths othrs hav rothrs who spnt thir tim in this way: Niostratos son of Thozotis, rothr of Thootos Thootos who i, whih mans that h oul not hav gg him not to tstify an Paralios hr, son of Dmoous, whos rothr was Thags. An hr is Aimantos, son of Ariston, th rothr of Plato hr, an Aiantooros, rothr of this man, Apollooros. I hav many othrs I oul mntion to you, som of whom Mltos rtainly shoul hav rought forth as a witnss uring his own prsntation. If h forgot thn, lt him all thm now I yil my tim an lt him spak if h has anyon of this kin. Insta you will fin th omplt opposit of this, gntlmn; thy ar all ray to hlp m, th orruptor, th on who harms thir kin, as Mltos an Anytos laim. Thos who wr orrupt prhaps woul hav a rason to hlp m. But th unorrupt, who ar alray ol mn an who ar thir rlativs, o thy hav any othr rason for hlping m xpt th right an just on, that thy know just as wll as Mltos os

16 Sorats' Dfns 14 35a that h is lying, whil I tll th truth? Wll thn, gntlmn. This is roughly what I shoul say in my fns an may othr similar points. On of you might angry whn h is rmin of his own onut if h gg an sh th jugs with many tars whn fighting a lssr ontst than this on, ringing forth his hilrn so that thy woul spially pity him, an othr mmrs of his family an many frins, whras I will o non of this, vn though I run, I might suppos, th ultimat risk. Somon who raliz this might mor har-hart towars m an rsnting this might ast his vot in angr. If this is rally how any of you fl I on't xpt that it is, ut if so it sms rasonal for m to say to that prson "I, Sir, hav a family, you know, an was orn nithr "from oak or from rok" as th xprssion of Homr* gos, ut from human ings, so that I hav a family too, an in sons, gntlmn, thr of thm, on alray a tnagr an two who ar hilrn. But nonthlss I will not g you to aquit m y ringing any of thm hr." So why thn won't I o any of ths things? Not out of stuornnss, mn of Athns, nor out of isrspt for you. Whthr or not I am onfint in th fa of ath is anothr story, ut with rspt to rputation, oth min an yours an th whol ity's, I on't think it's right for m to o any of ths things at my ag an with my rputation. B it tru or fals, at any rat popl hav i that Sorats is in fat suprior to most mn in som rspt an if any of you at lik that whil thinking himslf to suprior ithr in wisom or ourag or in any othr virtu, it woul shamful. I hav oftn sn som popl lik this whn thy ar on trial, thinking thmslvs to somthing, arrying on rmarkaly, as though thy thought that somthing trril woul happn if thy i, as if thy woul immortal if you i not kill thm. An ths popl sm to ring sham upon th ity, so that som strangr might think that th formost of th Athnians in virtu, whom th Athnians nominat aha of thmslvs for offis an othr honors, thy ar no ttr than womn. Thos of you who ar thought to somthing in any way whatsovr, mn of Athns, shoul not o ths things, an if w o thm you shoul not prmit it ut mak this vry thing lar, that you will mor raily onvit a prson who puts on ths misral thatris an maks a laughingstok of th ity than on who hols his pa. Apart from rputation, gntlmn, I o not think it is right to g th jugs nor to aquitt y gging, ut to tah an prsua insta. Th jug os not sit for this rason, to han out justi as a gift, ut for th purpos of juging th as. H i not swar to o favors for whovr h fls lik, ut to jug aoring to th laws. W shoul not austom you to raking your oath an nithr shoul you austom yourslvs; nithr of us woul thn ating piously. Do not, thn, mn of Athns, xpt that I shoul at towars you in a way that I think is nithr fin nor just nor holy, spially whn, y Zus, I am harg prisly with impity y Mltos hr. Clarly, if y gging I prsua an onvin you who ha sworn an oath, I woul tahing you to think that th gos o not xist, an in fning myslf I woul

17 Sorats' Dfns 15 oviously ausing myslf of not aknowlging th gos. But this is not at all how things ar, sin I liv, mn of Athns, whras non of my ausrs liv. An I trust you an th go to i my as in whatvr way you think is st oth for m an for you. [Th jugs vot an Sorats is foun guilty y 280 vots to 220. Th nxt stag of th trial involvs ah si proposing a pnalty. Th prosution proposs th ath pnalty.] 36a 37a Many othr things ontriut to my lak of angr, mn of Athns, ovr what has just happn, that you foun m guilty, an I am not surpris that what happn happn. In, I am muh mor amaz at th final numr of ah of th vots, sin I, at last, i not think it woul y suh a small margin, ut y a larg on. It now appars that if only thirty vots ha hang sis, I woul hav n aquitt. I myslf think that I was aquitt of Mltos' hargs, an not just aquitt it is lar to vryon that if Anytos an Lyon ha not join him in ausing m, h woul hav ow a thousan rahmas for not riving a fifth of th vots.* Th man proposs ath as my pnalty. Wll thn. Shall I mak a ountrproposal to you, Athnian mn? Or is it lar what I srv? What, thn? What o I srv to suffr or pay, knowing that I hav not gon aout quitly throughout my lif ut I hav pai no attntion to what th masss ar aout, mony an stat an gnralships an politial powr an othr offis an lus an politial partis prsnt in th ity, ralizing that in rality I am too honoral a prson to pursu ths things an surviv. I i not partiipat in th things that it woul likly hav hlp nithr you nor myslf for m to gt into, ut I st aout aomplishing th gratst goo, as I lar, y going to ah of you privatly, trying to prsua ah on of you not to put onrn for any of his own affairs aha of onrn for how h himslf might as goo an wis as possil, nor to put politial influn aha of th ity itslf, an to ar for othr things in th sam way what o I srv for ing suh a prson? Somthing goo, mn of Athns, if I must in mak a proposal truly in aoran with mrit. An mor than that, som goo whih fitting for m. What thn is fitting for a poor man in n of a nfator to at lisur to instrut you? Thr is nothing mor fitting, Athnian mn, than to f suh a man at th prytanum, vn morso than if on of you ha won a ra on a singl hors, or in a two- or fourhors hariot at Olympia. For whil h maks you think that you ar happy, I mak you happy, an whil h os not n th nourishmnt, I o. So if I must propos a pnalty aoring to justi as on mrit, I propos this, innr in th prytanum. Prhaps in saying this I sm to spaking to you in aout th sam way as I spok aout pitying an imploring out of arrogan. But it is not aus of that, Athnian mn, ut mor aus of th following sort of thing: I am onvin that I wrong no man willingly. But I annot onvin you of this, sin w hav n talking it ovr with ah othr for only a short tim, whras, I think, if your prati was th sam as othr

18 Sorats' Dfns 16 38a popl's, to lirat aout ath pnalty ass not just for on ay ut for many, you woul onvin. But, as it stans, it's not asy to molish grat slanrs in a short tim. Sin I am onvin that I o no wrong, I am far from wronging myslf an saying against myslf that I srv somthing a an proposing somthing of th sort for myslf. Why shoul I? Baus I'm afrai of somthing? So that I an avoi what Mltos proposs for m, whn I laim not to know whthr it is goo or a? Shoul I hoos somthing that I am sur is somthing a insta of this, an propos it as a pnalty? What? Prison? An why must I liv in th prison, nslav to th authoritis urrntly in powr, th Elvn?* Or how aout a fin, with imprisonmnt until I hav pai? But in my as this is th sam as what I just sai, sin I on't hav mony to pay with. Wll thn, shall I propos xil? You woul proaly apt this. But I woul hav an xssiv lov of lif, mn of Athns, if I wr so stupi that I was unal to infr from th fat that you, my fllow itizns, oul not ar my isussions an sphs, ut thy am so urnsom an so rsnt that you now sk to fr of thm woul othrs willingly put up with thm? Far from it, mn of Athns. It woul a fin lif for m, a man going into xil at my ag, to spn my lif ing rivn out an traipsing from on ity to anothr. I'm quit sur that whrvr I might go, th young will listn to m spak, just lik hr. An if I riv thm away, thy thmslvs will prsua thir lrs to riv m away; an if I on't riv thm away, thir fathrs an rlations will o so on thir half. Prhaps somon might say, "Can't you liv quitly an pafully in xil, Sorats, for our sak?" This is th harst thing of all to mak som of you liv. For if I say that this woul to isoy th go an so, aus of this, I annot liv pafully, you woul think I was ing ironi an not liv m. If insta I say that in fat this is th gratst goo for a man, to talk vry ay aout virtu an th othr things you har m onvrs aout xamining oth myslf an othrs th lif without xamination ing not worth living for a man you woul liv this vn lss if I sai it. As I say, this is how things ar, gntlmn; it is not asy to prsua you. An at th sam tim I am not austom to thinking of myslf as worthy of anything a. If I ha mony, I woul propos as muh mony as I oul pay, sin it wouln't harm m at all. But as it is I on't hav it, unlss you ar willing to propos as muh as I an pay. An prhaps I oul somhow pay you a mina of silvr. So I propos that amount. Plato hr, Athnian mn, an Crito an Critooulos an Apollooros, thy orr m to propos thirty minas, an thy guarant it. So I propos that amount, an ths mn will pnal guarantors of your silvr. [Th jury vots in favor of th ath pnalty, ]

19 Sorats' Dfns 17 39a You will gain th rputation an rsponsiility among thos who wish to ritiiz th ity, mn of Athns, for putting Sorats to ath, a wis man thy say I am wis, vn if I am not, thos popl who wish to ruk you just so you oul gain a littl tim, whras if you ha wait a short tim, this woul hav happn for you of its own aor, sin you s that I am alray avan in yars an that ath is nar. I say this not to all of you, ut to thos who vot to xut m. An I say th following to thos sam popl: prhaps you think, gntlmn, that I was onmn aus I lak th wors that woul onvin you, as if I thought I must o an say vrything possil to sap th harg. Far from it. I was onmn y a lak, rtainly not of wors, ut of auaity an shamlssnss an my unwillingnss to say to you what woul swtst for you to har to har m lamnting an wailing an oing an saying many othr things that ar unworthy of m, as I say, whih you ar us to haring from othr popl. But I i not think at th tim that I shoul o anything slavish on aount of th angr. Nor o I now rgrt how I fn myslf I woul muh rathr hoos to i having ma that kin of fns than liv having ma th othr kin. Nithr on trial nor in war shoul I or anyon ls rsort to this so that h avois ath y oing vrything possil. In, in attls it oftn oms lar that a man oul sap ath y throwing asi his arms an gging his pursurs for mry, an thr ar many othr ways of fling ath in ah angrous situation, provi on has th auaity to o an say anything. It's not that it's asy to sap ath, gntlmn, ut it's muh harr to sap villainy, sin it runs fastr than ath. An now, aus I am a slow ol man, I am ing ovrtakn y th slowr of th two, an my ausrs, aus thy ar lvr an kn, y th swiftr, y wiknss. An I am going away now, having n onmn to ath y you, whil thy hav n onmn to wiknss an injusti y th truth. An oth I an thy will kp to our punishmnt. I suppos this is how it ha to, an I think it's rasonal. Nxt, I want to fortll th futur to you my onmnrs, sin I am now at th momnt whn mn spially prophsy, whnvr thy ar aout to put to ath. I lar that rtriution will om to you swiftly aftr my ath, you mn who hav kill m, mor troulsom, y Zus, than th rtriution you took whn you put m to ath. You hav on this just now trying to avoi giving an aount of your lif, ut I think th omplt rvrs will our. You will hav mor prosutors, who I was holing ak until now, though you i not noti, an y as muh as thy ar youngr thy will mor troulsom, an you will mor nrag. If you think that killing popl will prvnt anyon from ruking you for not living proprly, you ar not thinking straight, sin this sap is sarly possil nor nol, whras sap from th othr is nolst an asist, not utting own othrs ut quipping onslf so that on an as goo as possil. With this prophy to you who sntn m, I part. I woul glaly isuss what has om to pass with thos who aquitt m, whil th offiials ar usy an I am not yt on my way to

20 Sorats' Dfns 18 40a 41a th pla whr I must i whn I arriv. Wait with m, gntlmn, for that long, sin nothing prvnts us from hatting togthr whil w an. Sin you ar my frins, I want to show to you th maning of what just happn to m. Somthing surprising happn to m, jugs an y alling you "jugs" I woul using th wor appropriatly. Always in th past my usual ivin prophti sns was vry strong an woul vn oppos m on tail points if I was aout to o somthing impropr. But what happn to m just now, as you yourslvs s, was what popl might think, an o think, to th worst of vils. An yt th sign of th go has not oppos m ithr whn I lft hom at awn, nor whn I arriv hr in ourt, nor at any point uring my sph whn I was aout to say somthing, whras in many othr sphs it has oftn stopp m, right as I was spaking. But now in this affair it has not n oppos to anything I hav sai or on. So what o I tak to th aus of this? I will tll you. Thr's a goo han that what has happn to m is a goo thing an that w unrstan ath inorrtly, thos of us who think ath is somthing a. I hav strong vin for this, sin it is impossil that my ustomary sign woul hav fail to oppos m, unlss I was aout to o somthing goo. Lt us also onsir how thr is grat hop that it's a goo thing in th following way: Now, ath is on of two things, sin it's ithr a kin of not ing, an th a prson has no prption of anything, or, aoring to what is sai, it is a rtain hang an migration of th soul from its pla hr to anothr pla. An if it is th asn of prption an th kin of slp whn somon slps without having any rams, ath woul a wonrful gift aus I think if somon took that night whn h slpt so sounly that h i not hav a ram an ompar th othr nights an ays of his lif with this night, an whn h look, ha to say how many ays an nights h ha liv in his lif that wr ttr an mor swt than this night, I think that h, not only a privat itizn ut th grat king, woul fin it asy to ount thm in omparison with othr ays an nights if ath is lik this, I laim it is a gift, sin all of tim woul sm to nothing mor than a singl night. If, in turn, ath is a kin of migration from hr to anothr pla, an what's sai is tru an prhaps all of th a ar thr, what gratr goo oul thr than this, jugs? If somon arriv in Has, having mov on from ths so-all jugs hr, h will fin thos who wr truly jugs, who ar also sai to jug thr, Minos an Rhaamanthos an Aiakos an Triptolmos an as many othr mi-gos who wr jugs in thir own lif-tims. Woul it unplasant to part? Or on th othr han, to spn tim with Orphus an Musaios an Hsio an Homr, how muh woul any of you giv? I am willing to i many tims if this is tru, sin I prsonally woul fin lif thr to most amazing, if I oul mt with Palams an Ajax, son of Tlamon, an any of th othr anints who was put to ath y an unjust ision, an masur my xprin against thirs. I think it woul not unplasant. An th

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