FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Preliminary Examination in Philosophy, Politics and Economics INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY LONG VACATION 2013

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Preliminary Examination in Philosophy, Politics and Economics INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY LONG VACATION 2013"

Transcription

1 CPPE 4266 FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION Preliminary Examination in Philosophy, Politics and Economics INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY LONG VACATION 2013 Thursday 05 September 2013, 9.30am pm This paper contains three sections: Logic; General Philosophy; and Moral Philosophy. You must answer FOUR questions, including at least one question from each section. You may answer your fourth question from any section. In the Logic section, questions 1 and 2 are of an elementary and straightforward nature; the remaining questions are more demanding. You may answer only one of questions 1 and 2 (but are not obliged to attempt either). The numbers in the margin in the Logic section indicate the marks which the Moderators expect to assign to each part of the question. Please use a separate booklet for your answers in each section. Write your CANDIDATE NUMBER on each booklet. DO NOT write your name. Do NOT turn over until told that you may do so

2 SECTION A: LOGIC (Please use a separate booklet for each section) 1. (a) What does it mean for an English connective to be truth-functional? [2] (b) Which of the following English connectives are truth-functional? In each case give a partial truth table and justify your answer, using examples as appropriate. (i) A or it is not the case that B. [3] (ii) A or it has never been the case that B. [3] (c) Formalize the following as a valid argument in L 1, rewording its premisses as necessary. Demonstrate the validity of your formalization using truth tables or Natural Deduction. Specify your dictionary carefully. Note any difficulties and points of interest. [12] God is omnibenevolent. It follows that causation is non-transitive. For supposing causation to be transitive, given that God caused the existence and flourishing of humankind, it must also be the case that God caused global climate change if humankind s existence and flourishing did. Every honest scientist knows that exactly this human activity did cause our present climate predicament. But although every good Christian knows that God created humankind and caused it to flourish, a God behind global climate change is far from omnibenevolent. (d) Using the following dictionary, formalize the English sentences (i) and (ii) below in the language L 2 of predicate logic. P 1 :... is an ordered pair Q 1 :... is a set R 2 :... has... as an element a : the empty set (i) The empty set is a set but not an ordered pair. [2] (ii) Some set has no elements. [3]

3 2. (a) Describe all the ways in which quotation marks may be added to the following expressions to obtain true English sentences. Explain your answers, commenting on any difficulties or points of interest. (i) π is a Greek letter, but π is not. [3] (ii) is a string of opening quotation marks. [2] (b) Determine for each of the following relations whether it is symmetric on the set of sentences of the language L 1 of propositional logic and whether it is reflexive on this set. Substantiate your answers. (i) the relation containing exactly the pairs φ,ψ of sentences of L 1 such that φ ψ is a tautology [4] (ii) the relation containing exactly the pairs φ,ψ of sentences of L 1 such that φ ψ is a tautology [4] (iii) the relation containing exactly the pairs φ,ψ of sentences of L 1 such that φ ψ is a contradiction [4] (c) What s the difference between Lady Margaret Hall,New College and {Lady Margaret Hall,New College}? [3] (d) Consider the relation containing exactly the following ordered pairs: Merton, Balliol, Univ, Merton, the oldest Oxford college, Univ Somebody proposes the following diagram for this relation: Balliol Merton Univ the oldest Oxford college (i) Under what conditions is this the correct diagram for this relation? Explain your answer. [2] (ii) It s commonly thought that either Balliol, Merton or Univ is the oldest Oxford college. Draw the diagram for each of these possibilities. [3] TURN OVER

4 3. (a) Establish the following claims by means of proofs in the system of Natural Deduction. (i) x(px yrxy) zrzz [3] (ii) P Q R R P Q [4] (iii) x yrxy y z(ray Ryz) [6] (b) The following is an abbreviation of an L 2 -sentence. x y z(qxyz Py Pz Qxxz Qxyx) (i) Give the full unabbreviated sentence. [2] (ii) Specify an L 2 -structure with as few elements in its domain as possible in which the sentence is true. Sketch an argument why the sentence is true in the structure you have specified. [6] (iii) Explain why there cannot be such a structure with fewer elements in its domain. [4] 4. (a) Formalize the following as a valid argument in L 2, using the dictionary below. Demonstrate the validity of your formalization using Natural Deduction. Comment on any difficulties and points of interest. [12] Q: Matter is atomless P 2 :... is a proper part of... R 2 :... is smaller than... a: the smallest object Matter is not atomless. Assuming, on the contrary, that it is, then every object has a proper part. A proper part of anything is smaller than it is. If something is smaller than the smallest object, then something is smaller than everything. But this is impossible: nothing is smaller than itself. (b) Formalize the argument in part (a) once more, this time as an invalid argument in L =, using the same dictionary but without the constant a. Demonstrate the invalidity of your formalization by specifying a counterexample. [8] (c) What is it that makes the L 2 formalization valid when the L = formalization is not valid? [5]

5 5. (a) (i) What is an atomic L 2 -formula? [3] (ii) What is an L 2 -formula? [3] (b) Recall that a set of L 2 -sentences is semantically consistent if there is an L 2 -structure in which all members of the set are true. Specify structures to show that each of the following sets is semantically consistent. [You need only specify the structure; there is no need to prove that the sentences in the set are true in the structure.] (i) { Pc,((Pa Pb) Pc),Pa} [2] (ii) { x y(rxy Qyx), x Rxx} [3] (iii) { x(rxx Qxx), x y(rxy Qxy), xrxx, xqxx} [3] (c) Which of the following sets is semantically consistent? Justify your answers. (i) The set of all L 2 -sentences [2] (ii) {φ : φ is an atomic L 2 -sentence} [3] (iii) { φ : φ is an atomic L 2 -sentence} [3] (d) Say that a set of English sentences is compossible if it is possible for all of the sentences to be true together. Give an example to show that the compossibility of a set of English sentences is not a necessary condition for the consistency of the set of their L 2 -formalizations. [3] TURN OVER

6 SECTION B: GENERAL PHILOSOPHY (Please use a separate booklet for each answer) 6. EITHER (a) How often have I dreamt that I was in these familiar circumstances, that I was dressed, and occupied this place by the fire, when I was lying undressed in bed? (DESCARTES) How, if at all, does Descartes consideration bear on your belief you are not asleep here and now? (b) Does knowledge require epistemic responsibility? 7. EITHER (a) All reasonings concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of Cause and Effect. By means of that relation alone we can go beyond the evidence of our memory and senses. (HUME) Assuming this claim is correct, does it have any relevance to the issue of whether our beliefs about the future are justified? (b) Is it reasonable to believe that the daffodils in the Oxford University Parks will flower next spring? 8. EITHER (a) [M]erely because I know with certitude that I exist, and because, in the meantime, I do not observe that anything necessarily belongs to my nature or essence beyond my being a thinking thing, I rightly conclude that my essence consists only in my being a thinking thing. (DESCARTES) Discuss. (b) Red things look different to people who have monochrome vision and people with normal vision. Assuming this is true, does it entail that the mind is not a physical thing?

7 9. EITHER (a) [T]o find wherein personal identity consists, we must consider what person stands for; which, I think, is a thinking intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places; which it does only by that consciousness which is inseparable from thinking. (LOCKE) Does this conception of a person provide Locke with the basis for a plausible account of personal identity? (b) Could Jane be the same person in five years time without being the same animal? 10. EITHER (a) [L]iberty, when opposed to necessity, not to constraint, is the same thing with chance; which is universally allowed to have no existence. (HUME) Is Hume correct? (b) Did Sarah act freely when she wrote her prize-winning philosophy essay only if she could have decided not to write it? 11. EITHER (a) But now if because I can draw from my thought the idea of an object, it follows that all I clearly and distinctly apprehend to pertain to this object, does in truth belong to it, may I not from this derive an argument for the existence of God? (DESCARTES) Can Descartes derive a convincing argument for the existence of God in this way? (b) Does the existence, or otherwise, of human freedom have any relevance to the problem of evil? TURN OVER

8 SECTION C: MAL PHILOSOPHY (Please use a separate booklet for each answer) 12. In what sense, if any, is reading poetry better than playing push-pin? 13. On what grounds, if any, can a utilitarian convincingly argue that killing another human being is morally wrong? 14. Is utilitarianism an egalitarian moral theory? 15. According to consequentialism, if I have to choose between saving the life of my father, who is a handyman, and saving the life of a world-class brain surgeon at the height of her career, I should save the surgeon. Do you agree? If the statement is true, does it constitute a decisive objection to consequentialism? 16. Must one be virtuous in order to be happy? 17. What would a utilitarian justification for punishment look like? 18. Can something be good for me even though I am not aware of its existence or occurrence? LAST PAGE

FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Preliminary Examination in Philosophy, Politics and Economics INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY TRINITY TERM 2013

FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Preliminary Examination in Philosophy, Politics and Economics INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY TRINITY TERM 2013 CPPE 4266 FIRST PUBLIC EXAMINATION Preliminary Examination in Philosophy, Politics and Economics INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY TRINITY TERM 2013 Tuesday 18 June 2013, 9.30am - 12.30pm This paper contains

More information

Quantificational logic and empty names

Quantificational logic and empty names Quantificational logic and empty names Andrew Bacon 26th of March 2013 1 A Puzzle For Classical Quantificational Theory Empty Names: Consider the sentence 1. There is something identical to Pegasus On

More information

Semantic Foundations for Deductive Methods

Semantic Foundations for Deductive Methods Semantic Foundations for Deductive Methods delineating the scope of deductive reason Roger Bishop Jones Abstract. The scope of deductive reason is considered. First a connection is discussed between the

More information

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 1 Sets, Relations, and Arguments

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 1 Sets, Relations, and Arguments INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 1 Sets, Relations, and Arguments Volker Halbach Pure logic is the ruin of the spirit. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry The Logic Manual The Logic Manual The Logic Manual The Logic Manual

More information

TWO VERSIONS OF HUME S LAW

TWO VERSIONS OF HUME S LAW DISCUSSION NOTE BY CAMPBELL BROWN JOURNAL OF ETHICS & SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY DISCUSSION NOTE MAY 2015 URL: WWW.JESP.ORG COPYRIGHT CAMPBELL BROWN 2015 Two Versions of Hume s Law MORAL CONCLUSIONS CANNOT VALIDLY

More information

An Introduction to. Formal Logic. Second edition. Peter Smith, February 27, 2019

An Introduction to. Formal Logic. Second edition. Peter Smith, February 27, 2019 An Introduction to Formal Logic Second edition Peter Smith February 27, 2019 Peter Smith 2018. Not for re-posting or re-circulation. Comments and corrections please to ps218 at cam dot ac dot uk 1 What

More information

Semantic Entailment and Natural Deduction

Semantic Entailment and Natural Deduction Semantic Entailment and Natural Deduction Alice Gao Lecture 6, September 26, 2017 Entailment 1/55 Learning goals Semantic entailment Define semantic entailment. Explain subtleties of semantic entailment.

More information

From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction

From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction Let me see if I can say a few things to re-cap our first discussion of the Transcendental Logic, and help you get a foothold for what follows. Kant

More information

Philosophy Courses-1

Philosophy Courses-1 Philosophy Courses-1 PHL 100/Introduction to Philosophy A course that examines the fundamentals of philosophical argument, analysis and reasoning, as applied to a series of issues in logic, epistemology,

More information

A Generalization of Hume s Thesis

A Generalization of Hume s Thesis Philosophia Scientiæ Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences 10-1 2006 Jerzy Kalinowski : logique et normativité A Generalization of Hume s Thesis Jan Woleński Publisher Editions Kimé Electronic

More information

Does Deduction really rest on a more secure epistemological footing than Induction?

Does Deduction really rest on a more secure epistemological footing than Induction? Does Deduction really rest on a more secure epistemological footing than Induction? We argue that, if deduction is taken to at least include classical logic (CL, henceforth), justifying CL - and thus deduction

More information

God of the gaps: a neglected reply to God s stone problem

God of the gaps: a neglected reply to God s stone problem God of the gaps: a neglected reply to God s stone problem Jc Beall & A. J. Cotnoir January 1, 2017 Traditional monotheism has long faced logical puzzles (omniscience, omnipotence, and more) [10, 11, 13,

More information

Logic & Proofs. Chapter 3 Content. Sentential Logic Semantics. Contents: Studying this chapter will enable you to:

Logic & Proofs. Chapter 3 Content. Sentential Logic Semantics. Contents: Studying this chapter will enable you to: Sentential Logic Semantics Contents: Truth-Value Assignments and Truth-Functions Truth-Value Assignments Truth-Functions Introduction to the TruthLab Truth-Definition Logical Notions Truth-Trees Studying

More information

Constructive Logic, Truth and Warranted Assertibility

Constructive Logic, Truth and Warranted Assertibility Constructive Logic, Truth and Warranted Assertibility Greg Restall Department of Philosophy Macquarie University Version of May 20, 2000....................................................................

More information

UC Berkeley, Philosophy 142, Spring 2016

UC Berkeley, Philosophy 142, Spring 2016 Logical Consequence UC Berkeley, Philosophy 142, Spring 2016 John MacFarlane 1 Intuitive characterizations of consequence Modal: It is necessary (or apriori) that, if the premises are true, the conclusion

More information

Informalizing Formal Logic

Informalizing Formal Logic Informalizing Formal Logic Antonis Kakas Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Cyprus antonis@ucy.ac.cy Abstract. This paper discusses how the basic notions of formal logic can be expressed

More information

Broad on Theological Arguments. I. The Ontological Argument

Broad on Theological Arguments. I. The Ontological Argument Broad on God Broad on Theological Arguments I. The Ontological Argument Sample Ontological Argument: Suppose that God is the most perfect or most excellent being. Consider two things: (1)An entity that

More information

Philosophy Courses-1

Philosophy Courses-1 Philosophy Courses-1 PHL 100/Introduction to Philosophy A course that examines the fundamentals of philosophical argument, analysis and reasoning, as applied to a series of issues in logic, epistemology,

More information

INTERMEDIATE LOGIC Glossary of key terms

INTERMEDIATE LOGIC Glossary of key terms 1 GLOSSARY INTERMEDIATE LOGIC BY JAMES B. NANCE INTERMEDIATE LOGIC Glossary of key terms This glossary includes terms that are defined in the text in the lesson and on the page noted. It does not include

More information

Introducing truth tables. Hello, I m Marianne Talbot and this is the first video in the series supplementing the Formal Logic podcasts.

Introducing truth tables. Hello, I m Marianne Talbot and this is the first video in the series supplementing the Formal Logic podcasts. Introducing truth tables Marianne: Hello, I m Marianne Talbot and this is the first video in the series supplementing the Formal Logic podcasts. Okay, introducing truth tables. (Slide 2) This video supplements

More information

Am I free? Freedom vs. Fate

Am I free? Freedom vs. Fate Am I free? Freedom vs. Fate We ve been discussing the free will defense as a response to the argument from evil. This response assumes something about us: that we have free will. But what does this mean?

More information

What are Truth-Tables and What Are They For?

What are Truth-Tables and What Are They For? PY114: Work Obscenely Hard Week 9 (Meeting 7) 30 November, 2010 What are Truth-Tables and What Are They For? 0. Business Matters: The last marked homework of term will be due on Monday, 6 December, at

More information

Empty Names and Two-Valued Positive Free Logic

Empty Names and Two-Valued Positive Free Logic Empty Names and Two-Valued Positive Free Logic 1 Introduction Zahra Ahmadianhosseini In order to tackle the problem of handling empty names in logic, Andrew Bacon (2013) takes on an approach based on positive

More information

Courses providing assessment data PHL 202. Semester/Year

Courses providing assessment data PHL 202. Semester/Year 1 Department/Program 2012-2016 Assessment Plan Department: Philosophy Directions: For each department/program student learning outcome, the department will provide an assessment plan, giving detailed information

More information

2.3. Failed proofs and counterexamples

2.3. Failed proofs and counterexamples 2.3. Failed proofs and counterexamples 2.3.0. Overview Derivations can also be used to tell when a claim of entailment does not follow from the principles for conjunction. 2.3.1. When enough is enough

More information

On Priest on nonmonotonic and inductive logic

On Priest on nonmonotonic and inductive logic On Priest on nonmonotonic and inductive logic Greg Restall School of Historical and Philosophical Studies The University of Melbourne Parkville, 3010, Australia restall@unimelb.edu.au http://consequently.org/

More information

Immanuel Kant, Analytic and Synthetic. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Preface and Preamble

Immanuel Kant, Analytic and Synthetic. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Preface and Preamble + Immanuel Kant, Analytic and Synthetic Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Preface and Preamble + Innate vs. a priori n Philosophers today usually distinguish psychological from epistemological questions.

More information

1. Introduction Formal deductive logic Overview

1. Introduction Formal deductive logic Overview 1. Introduction 1.1. Formal deductive logic 1.1.0. Overview In this course we will study reasoning, but we will study only certain aspects of reasoning and study them only from one perspective. The special

More information

Chapter 6. Fate. (F) Fatalism is the belief that whatever happens is unavoidable. (55)

Chapter 6. Fate. (F) Fatalism is the belief that whatever happens is unavoidable. (55) Chapter 6. Fate (F) Fatalism is the belief that whatever happens is unavoidable. (55) The first, and most important thing, to note about Taylor s characterization of fatalism is that it is in modal terms,

More information

Logic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic

Logic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic Logic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic Ștefan Ciobâcă November 30, 2017 1 Propositions A proposition is a statement that can be true or false. Propositions are sometimes called

More information

Potentialism about set theory

Potentialism about set theory Potentialism about set theory Øystein Linnebo University of Oslo SotFoM III, 21 23 September 2015 Øystein Linnebo (University of Oslo) Potentialism about set theory 21 23 September 2015 1 / 23 Open-endedness

More information

Exercise Sets. KS Philosophical Logic: Modality, Conditionals Vagueness. Dirk Kindermann University of Graz July 2014

Exercise Sets. KS Philosophical Logic: Modality, Conditionals Vagueness. Dirk Kindermann University of Graz July 2014 Exercise Sets KS Philosophical Logic: Modality, Conditionals Vagueness Dirk Kindermann University of Graz July 2014 1 Exercise Set 1 Propositional and Predicate Logic 1. Use Definition 1.1 (Handout I Propositional

More information

Class 33 - November 13 Philosophy Friday #6: Quine and Ontological Commitment Fisher 59-69; Quine, On What There Is

Class 33 - November 13 Philosophy Friday #6: Quine and Ontological Commitment Fisher 59-69; Quine, On What There Is Philosophy 240: Symbolic Logic Fall 2009 Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays: 9am - 9:50am Hamilton College Russell Marcus rmarcus1@hamilton.edu I. The riddle of non-being Two basic philosophical questions are:

More information

A Solution to the Gettier Problem Keota Fields. the three traditional conditions for knowledge, have been discussed extensively in the

A Solution to the Gettier Problem Keota Fields. the three traditional conditions for knowledge, have been discussed extensively in the A Solution to the Gettier Problem Keota Fields Problem cases by Edmund Gettier 1 and others 2, intended to undermine the sufficiency of the three traditional conditions for knowledge, have been discussed

More information

Phil 413: Problem set #1

Phil 413: Problem set #1 Phil 413: Problem set #1 For problems (1) (4b), if the sentence is as it stands false or senseless, change it to a true sentence by supplying quotes and/or corner quotes, or explain why no such alteration

More information

Kripke on the distinctness of the mind from the body

Kripke on the distinctness of the mind from the body Kripke on the distinctness of the mind from the body Jeff Speaks April 13, 2005 At pp. 144 ff., Kripke turns his attention to the mind-body problem. The discussion here brings to bear many of the results

More information

Announcements. CS243: Discrete Structures. First Order Logic, Rules of Inference. Review of Last Lecture. Translating English into First-Order Logic

Announcements. CS243: Discrete Structures. First Order Logic, Rules of Inference. Review of Last Lecture. Translating English into First-Order Logic Announcements CS243: Discrete Structures First Order Logic, Rules of Inference Işıl Dillig Homework 1 is due now Homework 2 is handed out today Homework 2 is due next Tuesday Işıl Dillig, CS243: Discrete

More information

In Defense of Pure Reason: A Rationalist Account of A Priori Justification, by Laurence BonJour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

In Defense of Pure Reason: A Rationalist Account of A Priori Justification, by Laurence BonJour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Book Reviews 1 In Defense of Pure Reason: A Rationalist Account of A Priori Justification, by Laurence BonJour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xiv + 232. H/b 37.50, $54.95, P/b 13.95,

More information

Nature of Necessity Chapter IV

Nature of Necessity Chapter IV Nature of Necessity Chapter IV Robert C. Koons Department of Philosophy University of Texas at Austin koons@mail.utexas.edu February 11, 2005 1 Chapter IV. Worlds, Books and Essential Properties Worlds

More information

Logic and Pragmatics: linear logic for inferential practice

Logic and Pragmatics: linear logic for inferential practice Logic and Pragmatics: linear logic for inferential practice Daniele Porello danieleporello@gmail.com Institute for Logic, Language & Computation (ILLC) University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24

More information

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2013 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2013 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2013 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS PHIL 2300-004 Beginning Philosophy 11:00-12:20 TR MCOM 00075 Dr. Francesca DiPoppa This class will offer an overview of important questions and topics

More information

1.2. What is said: propositions

1.2. What is said: propositions 1.2. What is said: propositions 1.2.0. Overview In 1.1.5, we saw the close relation between two properties of a deductive inference: (i) it is a transition from premises to conclusion that is free of any

More information

Definitions of Gods of Descartes and Locke

Definitions of Gods of Descartes and Locke Assignment of Introduction to Philosophy Definitions of Gods of Descartes and Locke June 7, 2015 Kenzo Fujisue 1. Introduction Through lectures of Introduction to Philosophy, I studied that Christianity

More information

Philosophy of Mind. Introduction to the Mind-Body Problem

Philosophy of Mind. Introduction to the Mind-Body Problem Philosophy of Mind Introduction to the Mind-Body Problem Two Motivations for Dualism External Theism Internal The nature of mind is such that it has no home in the natural world. Mind and its Place in

More information

Theme 1: Arguments for the existence of God inductive, AS

Theme 1: Arguments for the existence of God inductive, AS A. Inductive arguments cosmological Inductive proofs Theme 1: Arguments for the existence of God inductive, AS the concept of a posteriori. Cosmological argument: St Thomas Aquinas first Three Ways 1.

More information

Roots of Psychology Aristotle and Descartes

Roots of Psychology Aristotle and Descartes Roots of Psychology Aristotle and Descartes Aristotle s Hylomorphism Dualism of matter and form A commitment shared with Plato that entities are identified by their form But, unlike Plato, did not accept

More information

Class 33: Quine and Ontological Commitment Fisher 59-69

Class 33: Quine and Ontological Commitment Fisher 59-69 Philosophy 240: Symbolic Logic Fall 2008 Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays: 9am - 9:50am Hamilton College Russell Marcus rmarcus1@hamilton.edu Re HW: Don t copy from key, please! Quine and Quantification I.

More information

RULES, RIGHTS, AND PROMISES.

RULES, RIGHTS, AND PROMISES. MIDWEST STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY, I11 (1978) RULES, RIGHTS, AND PROMISES. G.E.M. ANSCOMBE I HUME had two theses about promises: one, that a promise is naturally unintelligible, and the other that even if

More information

A Model of Decidable Introspective Reasoning with Quantifying-In

A Model of Decidable Introspective Reasoning with Quantifying-In A Model of Decidable Introspective Reasoning with Quantifying-In Gerhard Lakemeyer* Institut fur Informatik III Universitat Bonn Romerstr. 164 W-5300 Bonn 1, Germany e-mail: gerhard@uran.informatik.uni-bonn,de

More information

Philosophy 427 Intuitions and Philosophy. Russell Marcus Hamilton College Fall 2011

Philosophy 427 Intuitions and Philosophy. Russell Marcus Hamilton College Fall 2011 Philosophy 427 Intuitions and Philosophy Russell Marcus Hamilton College Fall 2011 Class 4 The Myth of the Given Marcus, Intuitions and Philosophy, Fall 2011, Slide 1 Atomism and Analysis P Wittgenstein

More information

EPISTEMOLOGY for DUMMIES

EPISTEMOLOGY for DUMMIES EPISTEMOLOGY for DUMMIES Cary Cook 2008 Epistemology doesn t help us know much more than we would have known if we had never heard of it. But it does force us to admit that we don t know some of the things

More information

Class 4 - The Myth of the Given

Class 4 - The Myth of the Given 2 3 Philosophy 2 3 : Intuitions and Philosophy Fall 2011 Hamilton College Russell Marcus Class 4 - The Myth of the Given I. Atomism and Analysis In our last class, on logical empiricism, we saw that Wittgenstein

More information

Believing Epistemic Contradictions

Believing Epistemic Contradictions Believing Epistemic Contradictions Bob Beddor & Simon Goldstein Bridges 2 2015 Outline 1 The Puzzle 2 Defending Our Principles 3 Troubles for the Classical Semantics 4 Troubles for Non-Classical Semantics

More information

God has a mind- Romans 11:34 "who has known the mind of the Lord

God has a mind- Romans 11:34 who has known the mind of the Lord Basic Logic God has a mind- Romans 11:34 "who has known the mind of the Lord God thinks- Isaiah 55:9 as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my thoughts than (yours) Note: God does not have a

More information

A Judgmental Formulation of Modal Logic

A Judgmental Formulation of Modal Logic A Judgmental Formulation of Modal Logic Sungwoo Park Pohang University of Science and Technology South Korea Estonian Theory Days Jan 30, 2009 Outline Study of logic Model theory vs Proof theory Classical

More information

Can Negation be Defined in Terms of Incompatibility?

Can Negation be Defined in Terms of Incompatibility? Can Negation be Defined in Terms of Incompatibility? Nils Kurbis 1 Abstract Every theory needs primitives. A primitive is a term that is not defined any further, but is used to define others. Thus primitives

More information

Artificial Intelligence Prof. P. Dasgupta Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Artificial Intelligence Prof. P. Dasgupta Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Artificial Intelligence Prof. P. Dasgupta Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture- 9 First Order Logic In the last class, we had seen we have studied

More information

Logical Puzzles and the Concept of God

Logical Puzzles and the Concept of God Logical Puzzles and the Concept of God [This is a short semi-serious discussion between me and three former classmates in March 2010. S.H.] [Sue wrote on March 24, 2010:] See attached cartoon What s your

More information

Artificial Intelligence: Valid Arguments and Proof Systems. Prof. Deepak Khemani. Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Artificial Intelligence: Valid Arguments and Proof Systems. Prof. Deepak Khemani. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Artificial Intelligence: Valid Arguments and Proof Systems Prof. Deepak Khemani Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module 02 Lecture - 03 So in the last

More information

Reductive Materialism (Physicalism) Identity Theory. UT Place & DM Armstrong on is statements

Reductive Materialism (Physicalism) Identity Theory. UT Place & DM Armstrong on is statements Reductive Materialism (Physicalism) Identity Theory Mental events are strictly identical with brain events. Type identity vs. token identity: Type-type identity theory: Mental event types are identical

More information

National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY. Date of birth Scottish candidate number

National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY. Date of birth Scottish candidate number N5FOR OFFICIAL USE S854/75/01 National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY Mark Philosophy Date Not applicable Duration 2 hours 20 minutes *S8547501* Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name

More information

G. H. von Wright Deontic Logic

G. H. von Wright Deontic Logic G. H. von Wright Deontic Logic Kian Mintz-Woo University of Amsterdam January 9, 2009 January 9, 2009 Logic of Norms 2010 1/17 INTRODUCTION In von Wright s 1951 formulation, deontic logic is intended to

More information

Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics. Critical Thinking Lecture 1. Background Material for the Exercise on Validity

Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics. Critical Thinking Lecture 1. Background Material for the Exercise on Validity Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics Critical Thinking Lecture 1 Background Material for the Exercise on Validity Reasons, Arguments, and the Concept of Validity 1. The Concept of Validity Consider

More information

GREAT PHILOSOPHERS: Thomas Reid ( ) Peter West 25/09/18

GREAT PHILOSOPHERS: Thomas Reid ( ) Peter West 25/09/18 GREAT PHILOSOPHERS: Thomas Reid (1710-1796) Peter West 25/09/18 Some context Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Lucretius (c. 99-55 BCE) Thomas Reid (1710-1796 AD) 400 BCE 0 Much of (Western) scholastic philosophy

More information

HANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.)

HANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.) 1 HANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.) I. ARGUMENT RECOGNITION Important Concepts An argument is a unit of reasoning that attempts to prove that a certain idea is true by

More information

Intro to Philosophy. Review for Exam 2

Intro to Philosophy. Review for Exam 2 Intro to Philosophy Review for Exam 2 Epistemology Theory of Knowledge What is knowledge? What is the structure of knowledge? What particular things can I know? What particular things do I know? Do I know

More information

Philosophy of Mind. Introduction to the Mind-Body Problem

Philosophy of Mind. Introduction to the Mind-Body Problem Philosophy of Mind Introduction to the Mind-Body Problem Two Motivations for Dualism External Theism Internal The nature of mind is such that it has no home in the natural world. Mind and its Place in

More information

Introduction to Philosophy

Introduction to Philosophy 1 Introduction to Philosophy What is Philosophy? It has many different meanings. In everyday life, to have a philosophy means much the same as having a specified set of attitudes, objectives or values

More information

Quantifiers: Their Semantic Type (Part 3) Heim and Kratzer Chapter 6

Quantifiers: Their Semantic Type (Part 3) Heim and Kratzer Chapter 6 Quantifiers: Their Semantic Type (Part 3) Heim and Kratzer Chapter 6 1 6.7 Presuppositional quantifier phrases 2 6.7.1 Both and neither (1a) Neither cat has stripes. (1b) Both cats have stripes. (1a) and

More information

P. Weingartner, God s existence. Can it be proven? A logical commentary on the five ways of Thomas Aquinas, Ontos, Frankfurt Pp. 116.

P. Weingartner, God s existence. Can it be proven? A logical commentary on the five ways of Thomas Aquinas, Ontos, Frankfurt Pp. 116. P. Weingartner, God s existence. Can it be proven? A logical commentary on the five ways of Thomas Aquinas, Ontos, Frankfurt 2010. Pp. 116. Thinking of the problem of God s existence, most formal logicians

More information

Philosophy Epistemology Topic 5 The Justification of Induction 1. Hume s Skeptical Challenge to Induction

Philosophy Epistemology Topic 5 The Justification of Induction 1. Hume s Skeptical Challenge to Induction Philosophy 5340 - Epistemology Topic 5 The Justification of Induction 1. Hume s Skeptical Challenge to Induction In the section entitled Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding

More information

Boghossian & Harman on the analytic theory of the a priori

Boghossian & Harman on the analytic theory of the a priori Boghossian & Harman on the analytic theory of the a priori PHIL 83104 November 2, 2011 Both Boghossian and Harman address themselves to the question of whether our a priori knowledge can be explained in

More information

From Necessary Truth to Necessary Existence

From Necessary Truth to Necessary Existence Prequel for Section 4.2 of Defending the Correspondence Theory Published by PJP VII, 1 From Necessary Truth to Necessary Existence Abstract I introduce new details in an argument for necessarily existing

More information

16. Universal derivation

16. Universal derivation 16. Universal derivation 16.1 An example: the Meno In one of Plato s dialogues, the Meno, Socrates uses questions and prompts to direct a young slave boy to see that if we want to make a square that has

More information

THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARGUMENT AGAINST MATERIALISM AND ITS SEMANTIC PREMISE

THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARGUMENT AGAINST MATERIALISM AND ITS SEMANTIC PREMISE Diametros nr 29 (wrzesień 2011): 80-92 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARGUMENT AGAINST MATERIALISM AND ITS SEMANTIC PREMISE Karol Polcyn 1. PRELIMINARIES Chalmers articulates his argument in terms of two-dimensional

More information

How Gödelian Ontological Arguments Fail

How Gödelian Ontological Arguments Fail How Gödelian Ontological Arguments Fail Matthew W. Parker Abstract. Ontological arguments like those of Gödel (1995) and Pruss (2009; 2012) rely on premises that initially seem plausible, but on closer

More information

CRUCIAL TOPICS IN THE DEBATE ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF EXTERNAL REASONS

CRUCIAL TOPICS IN THE DEBATE ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF EXTERNAL REASONS CRUCIAL TOPICS IN THE DEBATE ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF EXTERNAL REASONS By MARANATHA JOY HAYES A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

More information

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE GENERAL MAXIM OF CAUSALITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITY IN HUME S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE GENERAL MAXIM OF CAUSALITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITY IN HUME S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE CDD: 121 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE GENERAL MAXIM OF CAUSALITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITY IN HUME S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE Departamento de Filosofia Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas IFCH Universidade

More information

What is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing

What is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing What is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing Logical relations Deductive logic Claims to provide conclusive support for the truth of a conclusion Inductive

More information

Instrumental reasoning* John Broome

Instrumental reasoning* John Broome Instrumental reasoning* John Broome For: Rationality, Rules and Structure, edited by Julian Nida-Rümelin and Wolfgang Spohn, Kluwer. * This paper was written while I was a visiting fellow at the Swedish

More information

Ling 98a: The Meaning of Negation (Week 1)

Ling 98a: The Meaning of Negation (Week 1) Yimei Xiang yxiang@fas.harvard.edu 17 September 2013 1 What is negation? Negation in two-valued propositional logic Based on your understanding, select out the metaphors that best describe the meaning

More information

1/12. The A Paralogisms

1/12. The A Paralogisms 1/12 The A Paralogisms The character of the Paralogisms is described early in the chapter. Kant describes them as being syllogisms which contain no empirical premises and states that in them we conclude

More information

Philosophy 5340 Epistemology Topic 4: Skepticism. Part 1: The Scope of Skepticism and Two Main Types of Skeptical Argument

Philosophy 5340 Epistemology Topic 4: Skepticism. Part 1: The Scope of Skepticism and Two Main Types of Skeptical Argument 1. The Scope of Skepticism Philosophy 5340 Epistemology Topic 4: Skepticism Part 1: The Scope of Skepticism and Two Main Types of Skeptical Argument The scope of skeptical challenges can vary in a number

More information

Logic I, Fall 2009 Final Exam

Logic I, Fall 2009 Final Exam 24.241 Logic I, Fall 2009 Final Exam You may not use any notes, handouts, or other material during the exam. All cell phones must be turned off. Please read all instructions carefully. Good luck with the

More information

Can Negation be Defined in Terms of Incompatibility?

Can Negation be Defined in Terms of Incompatibility? Can Negation be Defined in Terms of Incompatibility? Nils Kurbis 1 Introduction Every theory needs primitives. A primitive is a term that is not defined any further, but is used to define others. Thus

More information

Van Inwagen's modal argument for incompatibilism

Van Inwagen's modal argument for incompatibilism University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Critical Reflections Essays of Significance & Critical Reflections 2015 Mar 28th, 2:00 PM - 2:30 PM Van Inwagen's modal argument for incompatibilism Katerina

More information

SAVING RELATIVISM FROM ITS SAVIOUR

SAVING RELATIVISM FROM ITS SAVIOUR CRÍTICA, Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía Vol. XXXI, No. 91 (abril 1999): 91 103 SAVING RELATIVISM FROM ITS SAVIOUR MAX KÖLBEL Doctoral Programme in Cognitive Science Universität Hamburg In his paper

More information

Nested Testimony, Nested Probability, and a Defense of Testimonial Reductionism Benjamin Bayer September 2, 2011

Nested Testimony, Nested Probability, and a Defense of Testimonial Reductionism Benjamin Bayer September 2, 2011 Nested Testimony, Nested Probability, and a Defense of Testimonial Reductionism Benjamin Bayer September 2, 2011 In her book Learning from Words (2008), Jennifer Lackey argues for a dualist view of testimonial

More information

Foreknowledge, evil, and compatibility arguments

Foreknowledge, evil, and compatibility arguments Foreknowledge, evil, and compatibility arguments Jeff Speaks January 25, 2011 1 Warfield s argument for compatibilism................................ 1 2 Why the argument fails to show that free will and

More information

HUME, CAUSATION AND TWO ARGUMENTS CONCERNING GOD

HUME, CAUSATION AND TWO ARGUMENTS CONCERNING GOD HUME, CAUSATION AND TWO ARGUMENTS CONCERNING GOD JASON MEGILL Carroll College Abstract. In Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Hume (1779/1993) appeals to his account of causation (among other things)

More information

On Truth At Jeffrey C. King Rutgers University

On Truth At Jeffrey C. King Rutgers University On Truth At Jeffrey C. King Rutgers University I. Introduction A. At least some propositions exist contingently (Fine 1977, 1985) B. Given this, motivations for a notion of truth on which propositions

More information

A Problem for a Direct-Reference Theory of Belief Reports. Stephen Schiffer New York University

A Problem for a Direct-Reference Theory of Belief Reports. Stephen Schiffer New York University A Problem for a Direct-Reference Theory of Belief Reports Stephen Schiffer New York University The direct-reference theory of belief reports to which I allude is the one held by such theorists as Nathan

More information

Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 Deductive and Plausible Reasoning Strong Syllogism

Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 Deductive and Plausible Reasoning Strong Syllogism Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Deductive and Plausible Reasoning................... 3 1.1.1 Strong Syllogism......................... 3 1.1.2 Weak Syllogism.......................... 4 1.1.3 Transitivity

More information

CHAPTER 1 A PROPOSITIONAL THEORY OF ASSERTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ARGUMENTS OCTOBER 2017

CHAPTER 1 A PROPOSITIONAL THEORY OF ASSERTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ARGUMENTS OCTOBER 2017 CHAPTER 1 A PROPOSITIONAL THEORY OF ASSERTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ARGUMENTS OCTOBER 2017 Man possesses the capacity of constructing languages, in which every sense can be expressed, without having an idea how

More information

WHAT IS HUME S FORK? Certainty does not exist in science.

WHAT IS HUME S FORK?  Certainty does not exist in science. WHAT IS HUME S FORK? www.prshockley.org Certainty does not exist in science. I. Introduction: A. Hume divides all objects of human reason into two different kinds: Relation of Ideas & Matters of Fact.

More information

Truth At a World for Modal Propositions

Truth At a World for Modal Propositions Truth At a World for Modal Propositions 1 Introduction Existentialism is a thesis that concerns the ontological status of individual essences and singular propositions. Let us define an individual essence

More information

Williams on Supervaluationism and Logical Revisionism

Williams on Supervaluationism and Logical Revisionism Williams on Supervaluationism and Logical Revisionism Nicholas K. Jones Non-citable draft: 26 02 2010. Final version appeared in: The Journal of Philosophy (2011) 108: 11: 633-641 Central to discussion

More information

Logic. A Primer with Addendum

Logic. A Primer with Addendum Logic A Primer with Addendum The Currency of Philosophy Philosophy trades in arguments. An argument is a set of propositions some one of which is intended to be warranted or entailed by the others. The

More information

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2014 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2014 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2014 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS PHIL 2300-001 Beginning Philosophy 11:00-11:50 MWF ENG/PHIL 264 PHIL 2300-002 Beginning Philosophy 9:00-9:50 MWF ENG/PHIL 264 This is a general introduction

More information

PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS UNDERSTANDING OF PROOF: WHAT IF THE TRUTH SET OF AN OPEN SENTENCE IS BROADER THAN THAT COVERED BY THE PROOF?

PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS UNDERSTANDING OF PROOF: WHAT IF THE TRUTH SET OF AN OPEN SENTENCE IS BROADER THAN THAT COVERED BY THE PROOF? PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS UNDERSTANDING OF PROOF: WHAT IF THE TRUTH SET OF AN OPEN SENTENCE IS BROADER THAN THAT COVERED BY THE PROOF? Andreas J. Stylianides*, Gabriel J. Stylianides*, & George N. Philippou**

More information