Ethics. The study of right or correct behavior

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1 Ethical Concepts

2 Ethics The study of right or correct behavior

3 The Ethics Chart

4 Ethics Objectivism Relativism Absolutism Contextual Conventionalism Subjectivism Absolutism 4

5 Divine Command Theories God s tells us what is right or correct behavior Religions

6 Social Contract Theory An agreement among people to share certain interests and make certain compromises for the good of them all Society decides moral rules 6

7 Deontological Ethics Greek: deon = duty Ethics based upon duty Moral acts have intrinsic value

8 Teleological Ethics Greek: teleos = end / purpose Ethics based upon the consequences or ends of the action

9 Naturalistic Fallacy Is = Ought Confusing what is with what ought to be

10 Criteria for Ethical Theories 1. Clear, well-defined concepts 2. Consistent statement No Contradictions 10

11 3. Should tell us how to act in all situations Abortion Euthanasia Death Penalty Sex and Love 11

12 4. The Simpler the better Occam s Razor Less likely to make mistake Easier to follow 12

13 5. Should be based upon the most complete evidence available Many decisions lead to wrong action because of incorrect information

14 Herodotus Custom is King

15 Ruth Benedict American Anthropologist Patterns of Culture Argues for Moral Relativism Conventionalism

16 Conventionalism Each society decides their own moral principles

17 Ethnocentricity The attitude that one s society or culture is superior to all others

18 Social Systems Communities with common Beliefs and Practices

19 Morality is dependent on the varying HISTORIES and ENVIRONMENTS of the different cultures

20 1. All people have a variety of basic behaviors

21 2. The cause for one behavior to be chosen (accepted) over another is due to the different histories and environments these different cultures / societies experience

22 3. After the culture / society has chosen its acceptable behaviors, it produces a holistic grand design (religion / theory) favoring those behaviors

23 4. These cultures / societies can differ greatly from one another 5. But there is no justification to say that one system is better than another

24 6. Normal = Culturally Acceptable 7. Abnormal = Not Culturally Acceptable

25 Benedict s Examples Trance and Catalepsy Homosexuality The Berdache Extreme Paranoia The Kwakiutl

26 Benedict s Conclusions 1. We no longer make the mistake of believing that our morality is the right morality and all others are wrong

27 2. Morality differs from each society and really is a term for socially approved habits

28 3. Most people could conform to the expects norms of their society regardless of what they might happen to be

29 4. Moral Relativism (Conventionalism) is the correct moral theory

30 Analysis of Moral Relativism Diversity Thesis There are different / diverse moralities in the world The Dependency Thesis Moralities are dependent upon their society for validation

31 Conventionalism No objective moral principles Society decides what is morally right and wrong

32 Problems 1. No criticisms of other societies morality

33 2. Hitler s actions morally right if accepted by his society

34 3. What about a sub-culture within a larger culture / society

35 4. To justify one s behavior, we simply create our own culture / society

36 5. Reformers will always be wrong because they will be going against the accepted morality (Socrates) M.L. King)

37 Ethical Subjectivism Morality is determined by the Individual

38 Problems 1. Allows for no criticism of anyone s behavior

39 2. Hitler Rule

40 3. What if I want to hurt you?

41 Counter-Examples 1. Tolerance 2. No Murder 3. No Rape 4. Truth-Telling

42 Why is Moral Relativism Accepted? 1. Most people think morality is private thing 2. Evils of ethnocentricity 3. Decline of Religion in Western Society

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