"Do you Africans want to see youth die in numbers for. the sake of one individual man in Government. It is the government of people elected by those

Transcription

1 EXAMINATION BY P.P. CONTD.: Will you continue from where your notes were interrupted? "Do you Africans want to see youth die in numbers for the sake of one individual man in Government. What is Government? It is the government of people elected by those who elected them. America started war in Korea and South Africa sent men to fight in Korea, but when America opposes South Africa in UNO, Dr. Malan says that is domestic matter. A funny thing. Dr. Malan sent a lot of Afrikaners who lost their legs and eyes in Korean war. Korea 'Settle your matters alone."' Malan did not say to This was a speech made by Lawrence Nkosi, it was not the chairman, as the first speaker. Who was the next speaker after Lawrence Nkosi or have you got a note after Lawrence Nkosi's speech who the chairman was, and what he said proceed with your notes in the order of the sequence there? COURT ADJOURNS; COURT RESUMES; WILSON GXUMISA, still under oath; EXAMINATION BY P.P. CONTD.; Have you now sorted out your notes? I tried. Before the luncheon interval you were reading what you recorded to be the speech of Lawrence Nkosi, and my question to you was whether you had finished the speech of Lawrence Nkosi or not? I have a continuation of this speech. "Friends, which is better to declare war and die in numbers or get down to settle matters by talk. It is working classes of people who should voice and discuss the matters affecting them or tell Dr. Malan to settle things. Mr. Chairman, I say long live Africa in ending my speech." That was the end of

2 Lawrence Nkosi's speech. The next speaker was Motseo. Immediately after the end of Nkosi's speech, did the chairman or anybody else speak? The chairman. What did he say? I have the speech of the chairman, Mr. Masaba. Do you know his Christian name? No, I didn't know it, at that time. What did he say? "Friends, you have seen people reading newspapers and these people appear to he mad. People always buying papers every day The world is round like a ball. When we read newspapers we find Dr. Verwoerd, Minister of dogs and donkeys. When you hear him speak about Bantu Education was he teaching us good. We say no to Bantu Education. It is better to get to a round table and discuss matters to settle." You say the next speaker was Motseo? Yes. "Friends, we have met here on peace council meeting. Peace Council meeting brings no war to people but allows you to live in peace. Government wants to use other people in the way they like to get rid. Government is only ten people. This Government wants to oppress 10 million people. Government does not consider Africans who are 10 million. Peace Council works to make peace to all nations. You will remember there were people like Napoleon who did not consider people, that is why you see America wants to make war with Chinese, Russians, and so on, etc." "Just to dominate the West; when we speak of peace we mean that everyone should have peace and live in peace. Dr. Malan retired while he has not achieved peace or he leads other fools like himself. Peace is what we want, and we work to get Africa." The third speaker was Mr. Malele. Did the Chairman make some remarks after the speaker

3 had finished his speech? Yes, Read them please5 why do you omit them. You must not omit anything, you must continue to read unless you are asked to leave something out? The Chairman further said; "Friends, this meeting was opened on friendship with China, You may think that we are preaching communism. The war was not started "by communists, but outside communists." The third speaker was Mr. Malele. "Friends, we are here on pea<$ council. We see Swart and his "brothers who have sent some people to come and fight with us. You find a man who throws a piece of meat amongst us and why we struggle for piece of meat. He himself is sitting still and has nice things. We greet China which now is in peace with Russia. People in Russia and China are living in peace today. How did they achieve such peace. They came together and talked peace. We in Africa under Dr. Malan's Government have no peace. You see, our leaders are "banned, and also Rev. Thompson is banned. When I speak of peace I ask you to come together and organise, factory workers and speak of peace council, I will not speak of America and Britain, because those people are war-mongers. America wants to make war. We in Africa we shall not go and fight other countries, but in new South Africa. Let us send a message to America and Britain and France, not to make war with Russia and China. Your children's education is abolished and reference books send many people to farms. Let the Congress speak about peace council. When Malan will be at Stellenbosch Strijdom, etc." "When peace is gained they will be freed and have freedom, Afrika," The next speaker was Poho, "Mr, Chairman, I greet you. We speak on peace council meeting, You must not wonder when you see these police. They represent capitalists. Our country has two parties of people. One party fears the workers. That is why there are police and

4 soldiers to guard capitalists. Every day you see the police and they always come first to meetings. This meeting is held under Peace Council to tell people about freedom. The struggle is on for freedom, and we want men to go forward. We want 50,000 volunteers to fight for freedom and not to shed blood. You find black' spots today, in AUP GflURTfy, "'Then Dr. Verwoerd has cancelled history in schools to cause children not to know that South Africa is their country even in geography." That is the end of the speech made by Poho. The fifth speaker was Kumalo, J. Kumalo Jerry Kumalo. "Mr. Chairman, and members. We have gathered here on peace movement t Peace movement in South Africa is something very wonderful..." I must have left some words there - "...that the lady who was supposed to come and address you here was banned by Mr. Swart. I am to speak about this Congress of the People, to get volunteers for freedom. Today we have a task of getting 50,000 volunteers to volunteer to work for 15 minutes or 30 minutes a day and even full-time volunteers. We want volunteers who will go to farms, reserves and teach people about freedom. Those people must bring their complaints to Peace Council. No human being will accept apartheid. Afrikaners voted for apartheid for they expected cheap labour. We appeal to detectives to join us." That is the end of Kumalo! s speech. Were there some resolutions read and passed at this meeting.? Yes. Mr. Shope read resolutions. That is William Shope. I must have left some words here owing to quickness of resolutions being read. I don't want you to read the resolutions. Who is Shope? William Mark Shope. You also mentioned the names of Jerry Kumalo, and Hlapane and Nkosi and Malele.? Yes, I did point them out

5 yesterday, (Hlapane, No. 10 Accused; Malele No. 30; Jerry Kumalo, No. 17; Shope No. 68.) (No further questions) (Notes handed in as G.69) CROSS-EXAMINED BY MR. COAKER; (Notes G.56 and G.59 handed to Mr. Coaker) You will concede at once, I suppose, that it is quite impossible for you to write down everything that the speaker says when you are taking notes at a meeting? It is impossible. And you frequently leave out a word that he has used? You don't even leave words, you leave some other sen tences. You leave out a whole sentence? A whole sentence And sometimes you leave out a word in a sentence? Yes. Sometimes you are unable to complete a sentence? When taking notes sometimes I am unable to complete a sentence, on account of a man's quickness in his speech. Do you sometimes run one sentence into another when you are half-way through a sentence, you proceed with the next sentence which the speaker embarks upon? That is correct. Do you always mark the end of the sentence? Not always. Sometimes your notes simply run on as though the speaker were speaking continuously when in fact you have got the first half of one sentence and shall we say the second half of another sentence do you follow my question? Yes I do follow your question. Sometimes, once you start a first sentence, then the speaker is now saying the second thing before you have finished the first one, and now you just write this one half, and you leave some words, and you start with

6 the third one. III'III Do you leave any indication as to where you have ended with the one sentence, and where you have started the next one? In some notes I do. And in other notes you don't? No. Do you often find when you come to read your notes, that they don't appear to make sense to you? That I have i wh experienced. When that happens, are we to conclude that those are the words of the speaker, or that there has been some omission or mistake made by yourself? V/hen I don't remember what helps me sometimes is that I remember what a speaker said, although I did not write it, then in those parts where I left some words, I just filled in. Yes, but when you find that you don't remember, you don't fill anything in, and the sentence still doesn't make sense to you, then what is the explanation of that? I just don't write it; I just leave it, I don't think you're following me. Does that mean, when that happens, that there must be something that you have left out, or that you've got wrong, that you have misheard or mis-written? Sometimes at meetings we get interference, while you catch one word, just when you start to write somebody comes and says "No, you don't write" (witness not speaking into microphone) and you just now get lost. That must make it very difficult for you? BY THE COURT; Is this very frequent, or only now and again? Yes, in this meeting I had interference. CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. COAKER CONTD.s Do you make a note of it? In this meeting I had good interference and in other meetings as well. Do you make a note of it when you are interfered with

7 Yes, I do sometimes put that down in those notes. You would naturally want to explain to your superior officer why you hadn't got a better report, wouldn't you? Not only because, but I am sorry when I don't get a man's speech, because it is my ability to be fast and take notes and"at the same time have a good memory of the speeches made by each man* ^hat is a peculiar ability of yours, is it? Yes, so if sometimes I come with nothing that is not satisfying me, - - «KHI. - nil II I No, of course it doesn't. And if that is going to happen., because you've been interfered with, you naturally make a note that you have been interfered with? No, our superiors never worry us about the left sentences, because we always explain to them that we got interference and some^ times a speaker was too fast for me to catch all his speech, BY THE COURT: Don't you make any note that you have been interfered with? I do, I have done in one part in those notes. But not always? Not always, CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. COAKER CONTD.; And as a result of all this, both of interference andof speakers going too fast for you, I think you will admit that often what you put in your notes is seriously distorted, it doesn't resemble what the speaker has actually said did you follow that question, or shall I put it again? Please put it again. As a result of the speaker going too fast for you, and of interference, and of other things, a good deal of what you write down in your notes is seriously distorted; it is different from what the speaker actually said? Not always, but in some parts it is different.

8 No, I'm not putting it to you that it is always different, "but a good deal of it is different? Yes. In your notes on the meeting of the 11th July, that ^ liajifq-rilfir r* is the meeting about which you were cross-examined this morning by my learned friend, you at one time made a note of the name of a certain speaker, which you subsequently crossed out; is that correct? Yes. What was the name that you put in? Nzanga, Do you know the man well? No, I took this man to be Nzanga. After investigation I found that it was not Nzanga so I crossed it out; after the meeting. So I took him as an unknown man in my report. You didn't extend your enquiries to finding out who the speaker had been? I couldn't find him. I tried to find out who he was. When did you become doubtful, that this speaker was Nzanga? Immediately after the meeting. You immediately started to doubt it? Yes, all the speakers that come from various places, sometimes they come to a meeting where they never attend, and in that meeting after taking the notes from them we made enquiries to find who they are, and if you find you took a man by mistake to be so-and-so, then you immediately scratch that; then you immediately continue making enquiries, but in some enquiries we never come to find out. So that there are people referred to in your notes, whose names are there because you have made enquiries, people referred to as speakers? We are always sure after making enquiries that that is the man. Yes, you explained to my learned friend why and how you were sure. In addition to the other difficulties that you have explained to us, the speed at which speakers go,

9 and the fact that you may he jostled or interfered with, are speeches sometimes made in a language which you don't understand? No, You understand all the languages in which speeches are made? In those speeches where I took notes, I could understand the people quite well. BY THE COURT: Are there speeches made that you don't understand? No, not... I'm not referring to your notes, hut at any meetings are there any speeches that you don't understand? No, I have not had them since I have been to them. ^ CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. COAKER CONTD.: You have never been to a meeting at which a speech was made in a language that you didn't understand? No. When that language is not English, I presume that you translate it, and you write it down? Yes. mi Il Hil Irni~"ri " --" ""-r ' t l»l»ilmlilil"»'ii«wi»i»li»mi It is possible that you might make a mistake sometimes, in translation? That might happen; I can't deny it. And do you sometimes find when you are drawing up your report, that you simply cannot read your own handwriting, that it is completely illegible? Yes, I admit that. aaasa&y^g^mjtggg^^i^^ge^g^it^*^- imin imo) 1 *"^- 1 ' i'ir iti«i7nw it'hihww"iihotpip* -Tcwjwenwoj s- Do you sometimes find at meetings that you have difficulty in hearing what the speakers are saying? No. You never have any difficulty in catching the words used by the speakers? No, with the exception that sometimes the speaker becomes fast and we don't catch, as you write a sentence, you don't catch all the words he says because your mind is based on the first sentence. But aren't there times when there is clapping and cheering amongst the audience? Yes, that occurs sometimes. Aren't there times when people in the audience inter-

10 rupt the speaker, and shouts are heard, and that sort of thing? Generally, the speakers are never interrupted. We are the people that are interrupted. You are satisfied that you are always able to hear every word used by speakers at meetings where you are taking notes? DISCUSSION BETWEEN MAGISTRATE AND MR. COAKER: CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. COAKER CONTD.i? Through interference I am able not to hear some other words. You are sometimes unable to hear words? Yes. (No further questions) CROSS-EXAMINED BY MR. SLOVO; It is quite clear from what the speaker said that this was a meeting of the Peace Council? Yes. And there is no indication in your notes that this was a meeting organised by the African National Congress? I didn't put it there; I just kept it in my mind. And after approximately 19 months you remember that this particular meeting was a meeting organised by the African National Congress? When this meeting was held an A.N.C. flag was hoisted. And io that why you say that this was an A.N.C. meeting? It was said that it was A.N.C. meeting held Who said that? Who said that In the meeting. you've got a very good memory, you can remember this? I don't remember now who said it, it is quite a long time. Is that the sort of thing that you are instructed to put down in your notes? notes, I got interference. No, what bothers me a lot on these I was not even able sometimes to take notes.

11 Was it announced at the "beginning of the meeting as to who was organising it? Please find it? It is there in the notes. (Witness refers to notes.) It is nowhere in your notes, is it? I didn't put it. Have a look at the very last page, after Kumalo's speech, the resolution which the Prosecutor asked you not to read. After the figure (1), what words appear? "This meeting of Peace Council " That is clear to you, is it not, from the resolution which was put at the end of the meeting, that this meeting was in fact described as a meeting of the Peace Council, and you put that down, didn't you? Yes. And you are absolutely certain that you can now re- - ir.'"i.mamy n-j" member that this was a meeting of the African National Congress? Yes, this was a meeting of the African National C ongre s s. You are absolutely certain, you could be making no mistake about it? No. What is your explanation, let me hear it again, for not putting it down? I must have just kept it in my mind, because I was busy taking notes. (No further questions) BY THE COURT: I don't understand; you have just said that Jerry Kumalo mentioned that it was a meeting of the Peace Council, is that right? Yes. But how can it be a meeting of the A.N.C. then? Whenever an A.N.C. meeting is held, an A.N.C. flag is always hoisted. We as the police generally know that is an A.N.C. meeting, and we go to attend it, but unfortunately flag. What flag was hoisted at this meeting? The A.N.C.

12 Do I understand now that this was a meeting held under the auspices of the A.N.C,, "but the speakers spoke on behalf of the Peace Council? Yes. It was an A.N.C. meeting, "but the speakers spoke about Peace Council. MR. B3RRANGE ADDRESSES COURT; RE-EXAMINED BY P.P. (MR. LIEBENBERG) Do you know whether Lawrence Nkosi belonged to any organisation? Yes, he belongs to A.N.C, He is a member of the A.N.C. And B. Hlapane? A member of A.N.C. And Mashaba the chairman? Also a member of A.N.C. Motseo? It was the first time I had seen him. And Malele? A member of the A.N.C. And Poho? A member of the A.N.C. And Jerry Kumalo? A member of the A.N.C. And William Shope? A member of the A.N.C. Do you know whether these people belong to any other organisation apart from the A.N.C,? That I can't say, (Notes handed in as G.69) FURTHER EXAMINATION BY P.P. (MR. LIEBENBERG); (27/2/1955) Did you also attend a meeting of the African National Congress at Moroka Central Square, Moroka, on 27/2/1955? Yes. Did you on that occasion make notes of what was said at this meeting? Yes. Have you those notes before you now? Yes. v. Who was the chairman at this meeting? Jerry Kumalo was the chairman. What time did the meeting start? a.m. What did the chairman say? "Friends we are here to discuss Bantu Education which affects the African children

13 and Bantu Congress, I want to tell you about a case which took place on 8/2/55 banning people from holding gatherings made by Dr. Verwoerd. I want to tell you that that was all nonsense police were brought as a protection. They expected great trouble from volunteers. They said that was apartheid. I want to tell you that writing on the wall shall come to dawn. Oppressive laws will only put things right. Uprising of the oppressed will upset the state. We shall also speak about Congress of the People. We shall talk about how the people of South Africa are to be governed. We shall take over Government. women to clinics. amongst people." Plying Squad cars will be used to take our Motor-cycles will be used to deliver post That is the end of speaker No. 1, chairman, Jerry Kumalo. Then Bennet Motsheiro was the first speaker after the chairman. "Friends, I am going to speak about the Congress of the People, when we shall take over the Government* You see Mr. Kabeke is here while Mr. Swart is staying in Parktown in his house. Congress of the people contains all classes of the people. Congress of the people will also be divided amongst people. Our Congress is not the Nationalists. You» have seen what has been done at Sophiatown by the police. That was only to frighten the people. At the Congress of the People will state what they want and the big fool Mr. Strauss will also come and knock the nationalists." That is the end of the speaker Bennet Motsheiro. The next speaker is Mr. Mashaba. "Chairman and Gentlemen: I have to address you on Bantu Education, I was to speak on Congress of the People. Congress of the People is composed of 4 sections. Its 'magaboti' is A.N.C., Congress of Democrats, Indian Congress, and coloured Congress of the people. Who are those people not in the Congress. Our enemy is the Strijdom Government. Why should we call enemy. It is because they make laws are loathe

14 and give them to us. If they call us in when they make laws we would not call them enemies. Now, let me come to Bantu Education. Why use 'Bantu' when you mean African education. Bantu is a human being. Even Dr. Verwoerd is a human being. Education does not mean to write and ban and learn. Here is a paper you must be able to read and understand. Dr. Verwoerd is a very cruel man by making Bantu Education. Whoever thought of Bantu Education, locations in the sky. Africa is a black Continent. All educated..people know that Africa is dark continent. We are not black spots and we reject that. Now let us look at Bantu Education, Some people do not know what Bantu Education is " That is sufficient. The person that you mentioned as t the chairman, Jerry Kumalo, is he the one that you pointed out yesterday? Yes. As Accused No. 17? Yes. (No further questions) NO CROSS-EXAMINATION; (Notes handed in as G.70) JOEL CAMANE, duly sworn. (Interp: Sbenezer Mazwai.) EXAMINED BY P.P. (MR. LIEBENBERG); Are you a native detective constable in the S.A.Police attached to the Security Branch and stationed in Durban? Correct. During the early part of 1955 were you stationed in Johannesburg? I was. On 2/1/55 did you attend a meeting of the African National Congress in Sophiatown? I did. Was this meeting held at the corner of Morris and Victoria Streets, Sophiatown? Correct,

15 Did you make notes of speeches delivered at this meeting at the time? I did. Have you those notes before you now? Yes. When did the meeting commence and when was it concluded? p.m. to 1,10 p.m. Who was the chairman? Simon Tyiki, What did he say? "Gathering, we opening our meeting. It is so late because of the weather I will call upon my speaker Mr. Maloao." He said: "Mr. Chairman, I thank you, sons and daughters of Africa, I thaxiir "is not because we meet here for pleasure, but because our freedom is near. Today we have no rest because our hands are to give blood to what we are facing. Today we face the removal of Sophiatown, not Sophiatown but Africa, We also have Bantu Education which also of great setback towards this squad we do not know who will be dead but we must know that a man dies on his work. This is the time to fight our battle. We stand here to fight for all people these satanic laws. We do not know when to last. If we know what are we going to say about our children as slaves it is clear that Congress is not for me alone but everybody. Yes, sons and daughters of Africa, it is surprising how are we going to live. Are we going to allow these things to go on amongst us. We have our schools closed and camps are built instead. You as father or mother you have no control on your children, though there are hooligans amongst us. It is the very government of the hooliganism. Our people are to toil these working for nothing. responsible for the hooliganism. That is why the Government is These Dutch are the people causing this. Today they want to take freeholds from people. They have introduced Bantu Education, because you can see what is wrong and right. Africans to prove to these people that you are human beings are you going to be tools or traitors. It is

16 with you to prove it. As I said with ourselves we do not know what will happen on next time. We meet at time when Nazism takes shape. We meet in time when the world look on South Africa. It is the time to show that we love the world and today they prove to the world that they are not Hollanders not Europeans "but Afrikaners. It is a pity that I see very little youth here, as they are the people direct affect. It is for them to demonstrate this satanic laws. Without wasting of time I put a question to you. What you say about removal of Sophiatown." The crowd said that means 'We are not going. 1 I come to the chairman now: "Gathering, the last speaker has pointed out the very essential points. Are you sure about it. I call upon the last speaker, Mr. Resha." sons and daughters of Africa. Mr. Resha said: "Mr. Chairman, Today I am not going to speak, but next Sunday the 9/1/55 I will expose the Government of Malan. Today I want to show you how dirty milk being spoilt by flies. On papers before Christmas we read about fanatic Minister Strijdom, about his message to African people. Indeed our people followed such message. We are not very far to show this satanic Strijdom that this is our country. Be here next Sunday when I am putting this clear to you. The task of removal of Sophiatown is not a game. Your leaders have told you not to move from Sophiatown as Dutch people are busy polishing their guns." I come to the chairman. After that did the chairman make some remarks? The chairman made remarks. I don't want you to read them. Now, the persons that you mentioned as speakers at this meeting, S. Tyiki, P. Maloao, and R. Resha, do you know them? I do. Do you know whether they are amongst the Accused before the Court? Yes.

17 All three of them? That is correct. (Tyiki Accused No. 75; Maloao No. 42; R. Resha Accused No* 63) (No further questions.) NO CROSS-EXAMINATION; (Notes handed in as G.71) FURTHER EXAMINATION BY P.P. (MR. LIEBENBERG)? (26/1/55) On 26/1/55, did you attend another meeting of the African National Congress that was held in the Western Native Townships, Johannesburg? I did. Was this meeting held in the open or in a hall? In the hall.? I did not. Did you make notes of the speeches at the time or not Did you make any report after the meeting? Yes, after the meeting. How soon after the meeting? About five minutes thereafter. Did you make your report in the form of a statement? Yes. Did you swear to this statement on 28/1/55? I did. Will you have a look and see if that is the statement you say you prepared a few minutes after the meeting? Yes. This is the copy. When you prepared that statement were the facts and the events of the meeting still fresh in your mind? Yes. Who was the chairman? Phillip Vundla. Did you report how long this meeting lasted, when it started and when it finished? I did. When did it start? 8.30 p.m. till p.m.

18 What did the chairman say at this meeting? "Gathering, this meeting is not a residents' meeting, but it is called under the name of the African National Congress to discuss about the removal of Sophiatown. I first ask a collection for the person who called the meeting. I now make this announcement, that on Sunday, 30th of January, 1955, there shall be a mass meeting and prayer service at the square corner Morris Street and Victoria Road, Sophiatown. On 29th January, 1955, Saturday, there shall be the women's regional conference of Western Native Township at 89 Matsemele Street, Western Native Township. I have arranged to have the newspaper reporters to obtain the news from this meeting of Sophiatown, so as to have this news sent to overseas. I heard that there were police here well armed with guns raiding our meeting. The first thing they asked in the hall that 'Where was Vundla.' Last Wednesday wechased out the police here. They left and went to tell their bosses that they had been chased from the hall. That is why their bosses were here on Sunday. I want to pass the message through the police who are present in the hall that we shall also have our guns, no matter where we shall get them. Some of us have got them already although they have got not ammunition, I was not here as I was in Benoni so I came late in the afternoon. We had gone there on nation affairs. I will not oall upon the speaker Mr. Miloa." He saids "Afrikal When you shout Afrikal you must shout it so much that the detectives who are here in the hall must leave the hall. The ministers when pray they say 'sheep to sheep and goat to goat,' It is now time that the police must know on which side they belong. All the African police must have the A.N.C. card, so that when we go from house to house on that particular day asking everybody to which side belongs the person must show the card. If there

19 is no card we shall know that he "belongs to Malan. Those who propose that Strijdom must be the Prime Minister of this country must put up their hands. I ask the permission of the 'chairman. Those who propose that Chief Luthuli must be the Prime Minister must put up their hands," The following words are in brackets. "The crowd put up their hands." "I am glad this land is for our forefathers. All what we do is about our land. In 1652 when the Dutch people landed in Cape Province they did not think that there shall be Bantu Education. Even God did not dream of it. The Bantu Education is nothing else but for the Nationalist Government to manage all things so that the United Party must not have any chance to win election again. On 1st April, 1955, our children will not go to school because of this Bantu Education. This Bantu Education is only to teach our children that the white man is the boss. As from 1st April is time that we must sit down and work and have our schools. We have got well-educated people like Dr. Matthews, Mr. Robert Resha, our chairman, Mr. P.Q. Vundla and Dr, Como to draft the syllabus for our children. that must become home teachers. The man and wife it is time This apartheid, it is really one must work now completely, The people who belongs to opposition Strijdom must take their families and sleep in Newlands. Dr. Malan resigned before his time and before he showed people what is apartheid. About three months ago we saw in newspaper that 49 doctors, Europeans, asked 10 native doctors. This shows to us that they are not fair. We do not want this Bantu Education. Without wasting time of the chairman I say Afrikal in our lifetime." The Chairman remarks; "There are people who always complained here that they are not given chance to speak in meeting like this one. I now ask anybody to stood up and say anything. There

20 are people who discuss the political affairs and busses and yet they do not come to meetings. I received the telegram that Chief Luthuli seeks so you must all know." The next speaker Miss Ida Mtwana. "Chairman and the respectful gathering. I thank this opportunity to talk amongst you. I am always surprised about our women here in Western Native Township who do not worry themselves to come to meetings. As Sophiatown is our home; in Sophiatown we have sons and daughters as well as mothers, so why we do not take care about Sophiatown. Our women please come to the Saturday meeting to discuss and help Sophiatown. If we do not worry ourselves what is our hope. Just because you stay in Western Native Township of Municipality. I therefore thank and beg you to unite. Sophiatown is our home, Afrikai in our lifetime," The chairman's remarks: "What Ida Mtwana has said is the truth. Perhaps other women will make an excuse that Ida Mtwana has no husband therefore she is free and yet it is not like that. Try by all means women to attend the meeting, I will now call this girl who was with me at Benoni to tell you what we saw that end," Alice Chokoe gives the report. Omit what she had to say? Then the chairman's remarks: "There is this in Meadowlands, do people want to go there, that is nothing prepared as yet. The Resettlement. Board has asked to operate the bus service there as there are no trains yet. Everybody to go and attend a meeting at Sophiatown. I was with another European in town who is from overseas and he told me that all happens here in Sophiatown is known overseas. Stand up and let us close our meeting. The Youth League to remain here and the police must go. The Youth League girls, also I want them as well." That is the end of the report.

21 You mentioned the name of Ida Mtwana? Yes. Do you know her well? Yes, I know her. Is she one of the Accused? Yes, she is one. (Accused No. 49.) (No further questions) COURT ADJOURNS;

22 th MARCH COURT RESUMES; BY MR. SLOVO: Your Worship, before my learned friend continues, I have been asked by Mr, Coaker to deal with the absentees. The Accused, Lillian Ngoyi, No, 52, is still away, also Accused No. 55, L. Nkosi. Dr. Moosa, who left the Court yesterday morning, is still ill and it is hoped that a certificate will be produced some time during the course of the day and the Accused Horwitz, No. 84, who was away yesterday is back in Court this morning. BY THE COURT: I think the Court ought to have a report about the progress made by the first two Accused mentioned. BY MR. SLOVO; I shall endeavour to obtain such a report, Sir. THE CROWN CALLS: PETRUS JOHANNES CPETZEE, Sworn States: EXAMINED BY MR. LIEBENBERGs Are you a Detective Sergeant in the South African Police, attached to the Security Branch, stationed in Johannesburg? That is correct. And are you also a qualified shorthand-writer? I have a Senior Certificate in shorthand Now on the 30th January, 1955, did you attend a meeting of the African National Congress that was held at the corner of Morris and Victoria Streets, Sophiatown? I did. And did you there take notes in shorthand of speeches delivered by the speakers at this meeting? Yes. And the next morning did you transcribe your notes? Yes, the next morning and the following day. I did not complete it on the first day. I see. And have you the transcript before you now? That is correct. - Did

23 Did you check it after you had transcribed this trans cript? I have checked this with the original transcript. And what did you do with the transcript and your note after you had completed the typing of them? Your Worship, it was forwarded to Police Headquarters. I understand it was mislaid there - the original shorthand notes. Did you make a search for them yourself? I did. And were you able to find them? No, Now will you read from the transcript. Say what time the meeting commenced? The meeting commenced at a.m with the singing of Nkosi Sekelele,Afrika. And who was the Chairman? A Native male P.Q. VundhJj^ And what did he say? Must I read the speech? Yes? "I see that there are people here who do not take off their hats when we pray. We non-europeans always take off our hats when they sing their National Anthem. This is a meeting convened by the African National Congress as you all know, and we have speakers here this morning who will speak to you on the Western Area Removal Scheme and on the Bantu Education. I am not going to waste your time and very soon will give a chance to the speakers who have prepared them selves to speak to you according to these two subjects. I wish to make this announcement: On Wednesday night all the young people of the Western Areas will meet in Western Native Township under the auspices of the African National Congress Youth League. This organisation is not the same as Congress but they do the same work as Congress. So I am inviting all the young people here to attend this meeting, and bring your friends along; your organisation is very important indeed; but it should be much stronger in this area. You know yourselves that the young people always have to bear the brunt whenever and wherever there are trouble. If there is ploughing to be done, it is the young man who has to plough. If - there -

24 P. J. COETZEE. there is war, again it is the young man who has to fight. Us old people have to just sit sometimes and talk, hut because of our experience you cannot ignore us. We enjoy the happy position of guidance and the youth must take notice of us, I am going to give you now the first speaker. Our first speaker is going to be Mr. David Mahilwe." DAVIDJJAHILWEj "AfrikaJ Afrika! Why don't you shout Afrika? Your shouting is very bad," He thereupon continued his speech in a Native language. This was interpreted into English by Native Constable^ Jerry MdHspn and I recorded what the Native Constable told me. "Mr~r'Chairman, can I talk about the Bantu Education and the Western Areas Removals?" The Chairman assured him that he may talk about these two subjects. "The thing I want to talk about will take very short, because here are other speakers. The thing I want to talk about is that the Boers want to throw the Africans into the sea. Formerly, they had as leader a very clever man, Mr. Smuts, and he also wanted to throw the Africans into the sea so that they could have the country all to themselves. They failed dismally however. I see Flying Squads here today. Yes, I see the men of Piet Grobler here today. They will run away the same way as the Rev. Malan ran away. He ran away because of what we said at our conferences; but in his place came another Boer, a small man, and his name is Strydom, and he has a Minister of Native Affairs, Verwoerd. Since these men and their Government came into power, what did they do? They passes"(your Worship, I think it should be'passed') - I might have made a mistake here; the original transcript should be able to tell - "They passes all these humiliating laws against the Africans. And when you do not want to obey these laws, that is where Piet Grobler and his men come in. So you see where this Boer Government has pushed us. They have no policy, their policy is to sit on the Natives. - They -

25 "They are not satisfied to sit on the Natives. P. J. COETZEE. They went further and now we have the Bantu Education Act. This means the wrong kind of education for the children. show them what this kind of education means. But we will Verwoerd is the man who brought in the reference books^ He also visited Port Elizabeth and he noticed that there were no laws there to make the Africans carry passes so he made a law there to force the people tomcarry passes and to be arrested if they have no pass. Verwoerd himself would not like to carry a pass i like that. Even our children are forced to carry passes, I challenge Verwoerd to bring in these pass laws of grouping he envisages. They bring Native police to Newlands to intimidate us and to make the children hate their parents * but we are not satisfied and we want to tell this Native police that they must stand with us. Nobody will defend them if they don't and Verweord will not shoot us, but will have to shoot these police boys. They think that Piet Grobler will protect them, but he is a man who shoot down peopld in cold blood. You remember when he shot the people down in cold blood? Malan will be made to pay for that. The Police must be made to pay for that blood. Yes, Verword will be paid; Swart will be paid. We will go to Capetown and say to Mr. Malan - "Here is your pay, Mr. Malan". "Where is your pass? "They stop you in the street but you have not committed any crime. We say to all these people - "We see you in front". And this I say in front of the Police, "We are not going to move". Yes, I say that in front of the Police who are here to terrorize the African people. They have been trying to terrorize us since 1652 when Jan Van Riebeeck was sent by the people in Holland to this country. We say to these men, "Please go back to where you came from". We say to them, "Please go back, we - will -

26 P. J. COETZEE. will not tolerate you in this country any more". tried to pave the road for them in this country. "Malan has He started with this gjartheid. What is apartheid? You know at Johannesburg Station there is apartheid. It means "Gaan anderkant", but what happens? In Eloff Street we come together again. We, the Africans, believe in apartheid but then it must be \ ' real apartheid. Then they must take us out of the factoriesyl and the mines and we must go to our territories. That is /{ total apartheid. That is what we want. The Europeans say I apartheid but at the same time they say "You must come and work for us". That apartheid we do not believe in. Then J this matter of the Bantu Education Act. I ask you - will any of you send your children to the schools on April 1st," (Shouts of NoJ No!) "Every person in South African must have the right to go to school and university, for that matter. What happened when a small boy from South Africa, one of the Government small boys, went to the United Nations to represent us there and he had an argument with the lady from India? He had to run to Malan and ask him what he must say to the Indian lady. Yes, he was only a small person. Malan says that he will make everything right for the people in this country. He lies. There is not going to be Bantu Education in the schools in this country. We want to become doctors, teachers etc., and we say to Yerwoerd "Take this education for your own schools, for your wives, for your children, for yourself. expires. And I want to make this clear before my time Every African school in the country side, Yes, every school have African teachers, black teachers. If they do not repeal this Act, we will these teachers come to Newlands and tothe other Native townships and they will give us classes in our houses. Yes, everywhere we will have teachers and schools, in our own houses, to teach our children. If - we -

27 P. J. COETZEE. If we cannot get the teachers then we will teach our own children. I will take them up to Std. 1 and then Mr. Vun&la will take them to matric and someone else will take them further. The children will progress very fast then. By the end of a few years they will be in Std. 8. At present in the schools the children read one book for twelve months, I do not see why we should read one book for twelve months. You stay by A..,A..,,A,,..,» Mr, Vundhla says that when a man speaks you must try and read his mind, Verwoerd says Look what European education has done for the Africans', 'You have now come to thestage where you must control your own education.* So we will listen to him. education of our children in our own hands, We will take the Lutjuli is more educated than Malan. I do not even speak of Piet Grobler, Swart is finished, he is a little boy. He never makes a statement any more. We must have our children at our disposal. We must not allow a Dutchman to say "I am the Principal", We must have everyone black in our schools. Yes, I agree with Verwoerd. We must try and get 50,000,000 somewhere and put up a university and that university must teach according to the instructions of Congress, see that we are going to do what Verwoerd told us. So you But we are going to better that decision. They say they want us to remain in the dark, but we will come to the daylight, and Verwoerd can have his schools, we are going to have our own schools. In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, Malan has run away and Strydom will run away next week. The Dutch did not know that they will rule this country, but accidentally they took it from the English, the one with the three colours? Do you see that flag there,. Yes, that flag will still fly over this country. We are going to rule. We are going to have our freedom one day, whether the Police or whether - Piet Grobler -

28 Piet Grobler likes it.or not. P. J. COETZEE. We are not going to ask the Police whether we can have our freedom. They have soldiers in Auckland Park and they think they can rule with them and these soldiers are black. These soldiers will drive the lorries but... f s9 if we fight back, we will fight our own people, and they will not be there. Yes, we don't want Dutchman like Verwoerd to rule us. If Verwoerd wants to build houses why doesn't he build houses for the Europeans in Greymont and Newlands. You and I know what goes on in these places. What do you see when you go into the backyards of these places? You see rubbish - rubbish. The Police here in Sophiatown just bash your door in when they want to come into your house. One day they will no longer be allowed to just bash your door in. Verwoerd thinks he has got education to fit him for removing us here from Sophiatown. He has been educated to serve his own people. Why does he not build houses for them? If he has built houses somewhere, why does he not take the Europeans away to those houses? Why does he fell for us? He can do what he likes for his own people. He can have that houses for his own people," THE CHAIRMAN: (P,Q.Vundhla). "Our next speaker will be Dr. Moosa. Dr. Moosa, please." DR. MOOSA: He spoke in English, Your Worship. "AfrikaJ Afrika] MayebuyeJ Do you see the adjoining European Townships? They don't belong there. But all those beautiful things have come about because of the labour of the African people. Now they want to send these people who have worked for them back to the Reserves, and that after the Africans have given their labour. Now, I ask you, what must the Africans go and do in the Reserves? Must they go and rot there? They want to send the Africans away but they still want their labour. Why? Why do they still want to use our - labour -

29 labour? I'll tell you why; To have Flying Squads racing all over the country;so that Swarts can get three thousand pounds per year, that's why, Now they want to take you out of your homes and send you to Meadowlands. Why? Their attitude means just one thing. They are desperate. They know that the Africans are coming up. But we must let Dr. Verwoerd know that he is not going to to do any such thing. I want you to say in one loud voice - "We are not going to move". (Audience repeats). "I ask myself, is this Government mad? I ask myself this question when I see the things they do in this country. But they are not mad. They do it because they are desperate. They know the non-white people in this country are getting stronger and stronger every day. They know that the day is fast approaching when we are going to get our freedom so they are becoming more desperate. Friends, they are afraid of us. They know that the time will come when we must get our freedom. What are they going to do then? They will no longer be able to ask us for our passes. They will not be able to take our homes from us. They will not be able to raid our places right and left. Then they will be finished. Therefore, friends, they are afraid. That is why we are doing these things now. But we have one naswer for them. That answer is that we must rally around our Congress, We must rally in thousands. We must defeat this Government. We are tired of being pushed around and we must say so to Strydom. We must say "That is enough". We must to him "Stop now". Yes, we will not allow them to continue because they want to make slaves out of us. Now they want to tell us what we must learn in schools. We want to learn what everybody else is learning. They want to influence the minds of our children. But they know they will not get away with it. We will stop them,...,., that this Government must know that they will not get away with it. We will not allow them to get away with it. My last words to you this morning are - that -

30 that you must rally around your Congress. We must organise and when called upon by our Congresses we must answer that call. With determination and organisation we will be able to defeat this Government who wants to oppress us." CHAIRMAN: "Things have gone so far now, that there is already an Interpreter to tell the Whiteman what we are saying. That man brought here by the Police to take down what we are saying, he must take down notes first-hand, and if he does so through an Interpreter, then it ds already an infringement of the lawv Our next speaker is Mr. Modise, a member of the African National Congress Youth League." MODISE: "Afrikal Afrikal Mayebuye, Mr, Chairman, sons and daughters of Africa. I am going to talk with their own language today." (This Native male spoke in idiomatic very poor Afrikaans - in the language known as 'Tsotsi Language'), "Ek gaan vandag in die Boere se eie taal praat. Laat ek hierdie mense vandag vra waar is Swart, waar is Verwoerd. " BY P.P. Did he speak in Afrikaans? Yes. BY THE COURT: This will have to be interpreted. BY MR. BERRANGE: I wonder whether we could know from the witness whether the words which he is now going to read out in Afrikaans are the words that the speaker used? Yes. BY THE COURT: Yes, but this will have to be interpreted. BY MR. BERRANGE: Unless Your Worship insists, we don't ask for it. Yes, continue. "Ek gaan vandag in due Boere se eie taal praat. Laat ek hierdie mense vandag vra waar is Swart, waar is Yerwoerd? Is hulle in die malhuis? Daar is geen vrede tussen die blankes nie. Hulle s 'Eendrag maak mag', maar ek s vit julle daar is geen vrede tussen julle nie. En julle dink julle kan vertrou op die Naturelle Polisie, maar s vir Verword hy kan nie doen wat hy wil met - hulle -

31 P. J. COETZEE. hulle nie. Julie weet dat die Swart Polisie is die seuns van Afrika en van Sophiatown. leer onder die Bantu Onderwys. Hulle kinders sal ook moet Die tyd het nou gekom. Almal na ons, Ons wag vir die dag. Ons moet saamstaan. Ek sal julle wys hoe"- demonstrating with his fingers - "Die wat aan die Polisie informasie gee, gee verkeerde informasie. Hulle hou die regte informasie vir Kongress. Geeneen wil die naam van f n 'Pimp' h nie. Ons moet nou vorentoe gaan. Die blankes in die land kan nie sonder one lewew nie. Hulle bestaan omrede van ons. Daar is ook 'n ander belangrike ding. Hier in Suid-Afrika is ook wittes wat aan ons kant staan. Daar sien jy van hulle... Ons lewe is nou "useless", maar dit sal "useful" word." CHAIRMAN; Order, please. Order, please. The people of Congress are well behaved. There is something I want to say. Those of you who have not as yet renewed your membership of Congress must do so today. And those present here who are not yet members, must become members today. Tomorrow may be too late. You know that. So you must join today. '' "ire comes one. He is setting a good example. You there talk to the Police otherwise I will deal with you, ^onger than the Police. The Police know that too. 1 nt 10,000,000 people. At this stage I am going to g mother speaker - one from the Western Areas Prote.mittee. She is Miss Nevell. She is one of those people I referred to when I said that there were Europeans / on our side too, she is on our side in the struggle - and we also have Indians with us in the struggle. The world is with us in our struggle, except a mad country like America. I don't know \Aiy but America has developed a mad policy of always assisting the oppressors. America is very notorious in that habit and because of her dollars America has bought - South Africa -

32 P. J. COETZEE. South Africa, and South Africa must today listen to the dictator of America. But the African people take instructions from no country, not even from Russia; not even"from 1 China.. in,- '1MHMI IM tivfffmemtttagmi We have~guft5ur own policies. Our policy is to liberate everybody in this country as Mr. Modise said. He said a mouthful and a lot of great things and I must congratulate him. I will now ask this lady to address you." X^JVriSS NEVELL: "Mr. Chairman and friends, in the first place I want to say that I am very glad to be here. I am also very proud to be here as a representative of the Western Areas Protest Committee.. Many of you probably knoe that the Western Areas Protest Committee is a group of Europeans under the Chairmanship of Father Huddleston. It is a committee which has set itself the task of educating European public opinion about the implications of the Western Areas Removal Scheme. Secondly, to get Europeans interested in the struggle of the Non-Europeans, or at least some Europeans. I say "at least some Europeans" because you all know that some Europeans will never be interested. One must realise that the implications of this Removal Scheme are very far reaching, taking into consideration the policy of apartheid in this country. It is a scheme having as one of its main purposes the destroyal of the basic human right to own a piece of land and to erect a permanent building on that land. It is, however, only one of those things done to the Non-European people in this country. I don't want to talk about the rights taken away from the Non- Europeans in the past. You know all about that. My purpose is to tell you that my Committee will do everything it can to get the co-operation of the European people in the struggle. I want to briefly outline to you what the Yfestern Areas Protest Committee are doing to play its part in this struggle. It in first place, it has called upon individuals and organisations - who:: -

33 2282 P. J. COETZEE. who are working for freedom to assist in sending a telegram to the Minister of Native Affairs on the 11th of this month. We are not naive enough to expect that this telegram will stop the removal but we hope through this telegr a m to make the Govern ment aware of the fact that a large body of Europeans is opposed to this removal scheme. We hope through this communication to make a large number of Europeans aware of the fact that the Non-Europeans are opposed to being moved and that we want to make the people cognisant of the fact that if there is any trouble arising out of this action of the Government then the onus for that must be placed where it belongs. It must be placed on the shoulders of the Government and not on the shoulders of the Non-Europeans. In the second place, we are going to hold an exhibition of photographs for a period of about ten days. That photographs will show the conditions both in Sophiatown and Meadowlands. It will show the Europeans that the removal scheme is not a slum clearance scheme and that it will cause a lot of hostility which is unnecessary. On the whole, the Committee feels that the bst way it can do its job is to take its lead from the people and the leaders of the Western Areas, and because of this, we hope that you will tell us what we must do on the 12th and after the 12th to assist you in opposing this scheme. I assure you that when w have heard from you, we will do what we can to carry out your orders. Thank ; CHAIRMAN: "At this stage, I am going to give you orders. I have heard encouraging speeches. We Africans know that there are Europeans who stand with us. These Europeans know that they can roam about Sophiatown without fear. They are not carrying aji arms for their protection. frightened men who carry arms in Sophiatown. It is only People who are not frightened can come to Sophiatown every time of the night or

34 or day P. J. COETZEE. They are safe here,and Congress does not fight the Government because it is white but because of the funny thin^ the Government does. if we had a black Government in this country and it does things which Congress does not like,congri will fight them too. The kind of South Africa which we envii age will be ruled by people qualified to do so whether he be black or white. If a man is a white man and he is qualified serve the country,by all means he can do so.. I ' 1 I, You know Hitler started by fighting small nations. He was quite mad but he * had the majority of the people in Germany behind him. He afterwards tried to fight the world and today he is well in hand. But to show you that the white people in this country are more mad than what Hitler was, they have the minority of the people behind them. Now I am going to give you orders and I expect every man to respect my orders. I am going to ask you to give me money. The money will go to Congress. I will not even touch it though my childfen might not have food. I have no right to steal Congress' money. 7/e have no criminals in Congress. Bo not throw the money. That is very bad manners. Please do it in a dignified way. let me see you give the money. Open up your pockets please. I wants lots of money from you this morning. " "Collection of money takes place." In what language did the Chairman speak? It was interpreted into a Native language? In English. Yes, all these speeches were. Yes, continue? "The next speaker will be Mr. Robert Resha. What language did he use? He spoke in English, interpreted into a Native language. ROBERT RESHA: "AfrikaJ Afrikal Mayebuye! Mr. Chairman, sons and daughters of Africa, I am going to make a declaration to you from this platform today. The removal of the people from the Western Areas, a scheme not approved by you, is at - hand -

35 hand. It is a matter of a few days before the first people will, like a head of cattle, be moved to Meadowlands. Mr. Prinsloo, Mis-information Officer of the Native Affairs Department has refused to specify the exact date on which we will be moved. Despite the fact that people get notices informing them that they will have to move on the 12th, there are rumours now that those people will be moved before the 12th, This is so because Mr. Prinsloo's lies are beginning to turn against him. The Government tells us that the people of Sophiatown are keen to go to Meadowlands, Now, why must you give notice to people to go to Meadowlands on the 12th if they are ready to go today? That is the question* The people whom Mr. Prinsloo^arejt alking about, who are ready to go must exist in his dreams when he dreams about removal. To show you further how he lies, the Governmant has decided to tell the Africans that those who want to be removed will be protected. keen to go? Why must the Africans be protected if they are Every day we leave our homes in Sophiatown to go to town and every day we leave town and come to Sophiatown, and never have we asked the protection of the Government. We want to do these things. If a person wants to do a thing why must he be protected? We know in this country that the people who need protection from the Police are the people arrested by the Police. Every day our people go to the Wemmer Barracks to the Municipal Office there to go and ask for houses - and they don't need protection. The Government does not protect these people - why? But suppose there were a few traitors who went to the Government and asked for protection when they move to Meadowlands. And I want to warn you now that if you run away from the rain to go home then you will also run away on the day of the removal. I will not stop and I will be there on that day. The question I want to ask to these men, these Government men who ask formprotection is - "Will they x go and live there with these who ask for protection in - Meadowlands -

36 P. J. COETZEE. Meadowlands? Who will protect them there? And I want to tell Mr. Piet Grobler through his Agents here today that the African people does not want his protection. If they want protection they will go to the African National Congress. But I want to be a good democrat. I want to practice democracy. I want to give a chance to Mr. Grobler. Do you want his protection? (Audience shouts "No"). I hope my friend there is writing this down in capital letters, this "No" Friends, as we are meeting heretoday, we are meeting on the eve of a dark day and on the eve of darker days to come, To ask the removal of our people from their homes means the brutal robbery of our homes and property. Shairaless robbery. To ask for the removal of the Western Areas is to ask that the entire African population be rendered homeless in the land of their birth. To ask the removal means the breaking down of family life. To ask the removal means the driving of the African people into cheap labour camps like Meadowlands.from where it will be easy to distribute us to farmers in Rustenberg and Ermelo. Friends, I want you to relaise that not all of us can go into Meadowlands. Some of our mothers who, forced by circumstances, cannot make a livelihood otherwise than by selling liquor, they will not be able to make a living in Meadowlands. The removal of the Western Areas is simply because the Government wants to see you starve. They don't want you to be in a position to be able to feed your own children. Those of our mothers who have given birth to us and for one reason or the other can't show a certificate, we will not be able to go into Meadowlands. Those of my young brothers who for no reason of thsir own cannot get a job in Johannesburg, will not be allowed to go into Meadowlands. They will have no place. Labour Camps are already being erected so that when your fathers and mothers go to Meadowlands you will be taken to Labour Camps, - Under -

37 P. J. COETZEE. Under the removal scheme Dr. Verwoerd has instructed that the African people shall live in groups. You must be divided. Yes, ray friends, Meadowlands for the first time in your life it is expected that you must agree to be divided. You will "be divided into Xosas, Baclas et. Then will happen what happened in Newclare and then the Police will come and they will mow you down. There will be fights amongst the different factions and the Europeans will sit back and rule the country, which doesn't belong to them and never will. In Meadowlands you will be expected to pay the same rent which last year we fought against in Newclare - and won. In other words, Dr. Verwoerd, driving up and down South Africa, came to the conclusion that the only place when you can find a Judas Iscariot, was in Sophiatown. Friends, if you say "No", then you must mean it, and if you say "No" then I am inclined to believe that you mean it. Then you must agree that the removal of the Western Areas means t hat it will be decided once and for all whether South Africa will remain a White man's country or whether it is going to be a country where everybody can live. Yes. The Government will have lorries on the day of the removal so if the Africans fight, they will have to fight Africans, their own people. This is what they want to do - big rascals. the African drivers of the lorries. You will have to fight Friends, I want you to consider the removal of our people seriously because it is not going to be a small matter. Those Dutchmen whom you see standing there, they are here to work and they must be paid to come here andwrite down what we say; and they must see to it that the Africans are kept in their places for all times. That one who came here to write, he does not do it because because he loves writing but if we are arrested he will be there. I stand here today not to ask you to defend me against these small boys. I can do that myself. You know that. I stand - here -

38 here to ask you to defend your homes to the bitterest end; to the last ditch. Yes, Friends, some of you are asking what is going to happen on that day. The answer is simple. When we had the conference at Western Native Townsip last Sunday the Police came with their guns merely to intimidate and frighten us. That shows you what they will do when they come to force you from your homes. When will the White man relaise that we are prepared to fight and die for our motherland. It is on that day that we must make the white man realise that if he comes to the Africans he must think twice. Friends, we have no guns. Friends, we have nothing with which to attack the white man. Not because we cannot get them if we want to. The white man must realise that if we want guns we will get them from them today because if we d ecide to do so every European who has a gun will have to give it to us because we can take it by force. So it is simple. It is because we have decided not to kill the Europeans - that is why we do not take their guns. It is quite simple. And if there is bloodshed on the day of the removal it will be because of the ignorance of the Police Force. We know that Congress does not believe in violence but are we going to do when we defend our homes and other people shoot at us. At this stage I am going to make a declaration which I want the Police to write down because it is going to happen. This meeting was called for that special purpose. Today we want mefn and women who will show by their actions that they are not prepared to leave Sophiatown. I want to read to you the leaflet which brought you to this meeting".(he thereupon read a leaflet in the N a tive language). "Here is another leaflet which called the youth to this meeting. It reads thus: (Read a leaflet in Afrikaans containing, inter alia, the following sentences "Ons hoop die kongress roep ons. Ons - sal -

39 sal nie dark nie etc). I want to tell you what you must do as from tomorrow. Every man, every woman and every child must be ready to meet the enemy at the gate. When your enemy meets you ih your own house then you are placed in difficulties because then you don't have enough space to move about. We are going to meet this Dutchmen in the street. When every man and every woman goes to work tomorrow morning, they must wear a new face. 'They must wear a face of determination, a face of courage and show that they are prepared to meet the Dutchmen everywhere and everytime. As from tomorrow I want the woman to spread this instruction - in the Churches, in the streets, in your own homes, everywhere I want you to spread this instruction; for the cause of the struggle. I want you, my mothrs, only to say one word--<invite God in your prayers to be with us, for if God is with us we shall win. I want to call on you men. Prom tomorrow for twelve days I want no man who calls himself a man to go to the beerhall. No man must go to the beerhall. Friends, I do not call upon you to cease drinking. I am calling upon you to stay away from the beerhall merely for twelve days until the 13th. If we are absent from the Beerhall for that period then the Government will know that now the Africans have decided to fight. We are not going to the Beerhall - say so openly and fearlessly. I am not a Policeman. I am t diking like an ordinary man to you. You know that if you have taken a decision and you go to the Beerhall, you forget all about the decision. You cannot look forward so I call upon you to stay away from the Beerhall for the next twelve days. Now, I want to call on the youth, the soldiers. You are the only people in the country capable of building up this country. For how many years now is it a simple thing in Sophiatown to see twelve young men arrested for playing dice. In the last few months you have seen young men arrested everywhere by - the -

40 the Police. It is quite a common thing to see mothers being raped in Sophiatown on the corners of the streets. Today it is quite common to see hundreds of people going to bioscope. Today,sons and daughters, I want to ask you, plead with you, that as from tomorrow, these things which I have mentioned will cease. The Police know that they are helpless to stop the crime here in Sophiatown. They know our mothers are being raped every day. They know there is nothing they can do, I am asking you now just for twelve days, to see that these things cease, our freedom. I speak to you this afternoon in "the name of Please honour this declaration - please. If you don't do that you will, in fact, show the Dutchmen that they can do with you what they like. removal is uppermost in your minds. You must show that the In other words, my friends, I am putting myself before you today as against Mr. Grobler. Grobler says he is going to protect you, I say you are quite able to protect yourselves. Now, it is our duty to show Grobler that we believe in ourselves. If you don't do this, my friends, then you must know that you are handing South Africa over to the enemies. Let us prove before we die that South Africa and Sophiatown have given birth to something else than colour. I want all young men as from Monday on to m eet on that open space on the corner of Victoria and Meyer Streets. That they must do everyday. I am not asking you to boycott bioscopes but I am asking you to boycoot pleasure for this period. I want every youth to do some work in Sophiatown from 7,30 at night. That's all. If you are soldiers you must be trained. The Police will be well trained. As they are standing there they are undergoing training. They know how to use their weapons. I expect a lot of Plying Squads tomorrow on this corner because the Police would like to see whether you are going to answer the call; whether you will heed the instructions I gave to you. " To Policemen conversing - with -

41 with members of audience: "Some of ye>u come to our meetings to hold another meeting. You have come to listen not to hold another speech. This must stop. It is going to stop verysoon. We want you to listen to us. They are only small boys We know who they are and what they are. May I appeal to you now Frieds,to heed the instructions which I gave to you this afternoon. There are many things which we want to do in order to make sure that Sophiatown will not be removed, but then we must know that the men and women of Sophiatown will carry out instructions. What is going to take place in Sophiatown? What is going to take place will only be known to the youth of South Africa, the soldiers. The y<wbh will be at that corner at 7 o'clock. We are going to work." He thereupon continued in a Native lang uage for about three minutes. I did not record that. It wasn't interpreted into English. The CHAIRMAN thereupon spoke. He also commenced his speech also in a Native language not interpreted into English. Then he continued in English:- "There are rogues here in Sophiatown going to the Indiana and the Chinese and telling them that they will talk to the Government to allow them to put up business places in Meadowlands after the African has been shifted there. You remember that when Malan got into power there were people saying that now the Afrikaners will help the Africans and that soon they will be rich Africans. Some Africans, in fact, fell for this intrigue. I say to the Chinese and the Indians that their salvation lies with the Congresses. They must not listen to pimps and spies who will never help them. We have got no criminals in Congress. We have no such people going around deceiving the Indians and Chinese. These people who preach that the Government will help in all sorts of places like the Bserhalls, they do so in order to bamboozle - you -

42 P. J. COETZEE. you, so that you will find yourselves right inside Meadowlands without knowing it. They are the people who tell you that if you go to Meadowlands you will have fourroomed houses and a lavatory of your own on which you can sit - I nearly said the whole day long. Even if you have a private tap and lavstory, you cannot use it the whole day long. It is not everybody who will go to Meadowlands. If you are not employed by a white man you will not be allowed to go to Meadowlands Only servants of the white people go to Meadowlands but you will be sent elsewhere so you will have to defend your rights here in Sophi&town. Mr. Resha told you that some of you will not be allowed to go to Meadowlands. You will be sent to the farms to work for nothing. That is why they had a little office at No. 14 Toby Street. They must check up on you. Vfoen you are in Meadowlands you will at all times be at the mercy of the Superintendent and you must work for all times for is you are unemployed for two months you go to the farms where you are exploited. We are defending the principle, the right to own your own site and build your own house. That you can stay where you like amongst your friends, whether they be Xosas, Hottentots etc. Some mention the goodwill that you have to pay to landlords here in Sophiatown but they forget the goodwill the Africans have paid to the white man in this country. You must be serious. There are some things in life more important than life itself. There are such things in life. If you flo not obey the orders of your leaders, what is your worth? If I say "Report tfere" and inbetween there are seven hundred flying squads, it does not matter, you must report there. Other people believe in prayer. The Afrikaner people believe in prayer but they pray the wrong way. We must pray that they must not fear us so that we can live happy, The Afrikaner must not forget that they set us an example by - liberating -

43 liberating themselves from the English. We were looking on at the time. Lastly, I wish to make this announcement, at 36 Annandale Street The ladies will now take over with prayers^ It is not the end of the meeting. All women must come forward." Now, was the only person who spoke in a Native language the one that you described as David Maloua? That is correct. And was his speech interpreted by a..? A Native Detective Jerry Mollson. Is he not a Coloured Detective? He is known to me as a Native Detective. He might be a Coloured. Now, do you know these speakers? They were identified to me by Native Det. Sgt. Gladwell Ngcai. Some of them I know. BY THE COURT; Whom did the Native Detective identify to you? He identified Dr. Moosa and a Native male Modisa to me. Robert Resha is known to myself. Give me tk names of those identified to you by Ngcai - Dr. Moosa, Modise and...? The others are known to me, Your Worship. Robert Resha, Accused No, 63, you know him? Yes. Will you be able to identify the others today? No, I will not. BY P. P. Drl Moosa is not here today, Sir. BY WITNESS; Modisa I will definitely not be able to identify. CROSS-EXAMINED BY MR. BERRANGE; Mr. Coetzee, in the Chairman 1 speech, that was Yundhla, he is reported to have said "The Congress does not fight the Government because it is white but because of the funny things the Government does. If we had a black Government in this country and it does things which the Congress does not like, the Congress will fight them too." And then you went on to say that he said "The - kind -

44 P. J. COETZEE. "the kind of South Africa which we envisage will be ruled bypeople qualified to do so whether he be black or white. If a man who is a white man is qualified to serve the country by all means he can do so". Now, first of all, I would like to ask you, the words that you have written down here, are, in fact, the words used by the speaker? Yes, I recorded what they said. And this was his language? Yes. And this is the way in which he speaks? Yes. Secondly, I would like to ask you this: This is not the only meeting that you have attended is it? No, I attended many other meetings, I mean of the African National Congress? Yes. And you have listened to this speaker at such other me^ings? I have listened, yes. And made notes? Yes. Sometimes, I take it, you have attended meetings at which you have not made notes? Yes. And then the man Resha, who is referred to on page 11 of your transcript, is reported to have said "Friends, we have no guns. We have nothing with which to attack the white man not because we cannot get them if we want to" and he goes on to say "It is because we have decided not to kill the Europeans that we do not take their guns" and he goes on to say "We know that Congress does not believe in violence". Now, what I want to ask you is this: You see here that at this meeting by Resha there was a repudiation of any suggestion that force or violence would be used. That is so, is it not? it is impossible for me to say, out of the proper context, what was in this context.. That is what I mean. BY THE C OURT: Don't you think that should be left for the Court to determine. _ mr_.

45 P. J. COETZEE. BY MR. BERRANGE: the next question. Your Worship, I want to ask the witness Has he heard similar sort of things said at other meetings that he has attended? Your Worship, I beg to be excused. I cannot place a construction on words - it is impossible for me. I am not asking you to place a construction - I am asking you whether you have heard similar sort of things said at other meetings. Things similar to the sort of things I have just read out to you,... BY THE COURT: That there is no intention to use violence - have similar remarks been made at other meetings? Yes. BY MR. BERRANGE: And insofar as the first passage that I read out - where they say they envisage a South Africa being ruled by people qulaified to do so, no matter whether they be black or white, and where they say that the Congress does not fight the Government because it is white but because N- ' 1 of the things the Government does, have you heard similar things to that said at other meetings? Yes. BY MR. SLOVO: NO CROSS-EXA "'INATION. RE-EXAMINATION: The NOTES will be EXHIBIT "G. 73". You made mention in the course of your transcript of a pamphlet that was read out in Afrikaans - something like "Ons Daak Nie"? Yes, that is correct. I want to show you this pamphlet, can you say whether that is the one or a similar one to that that was read out? Yes, it was a similar pamphlet. Do you know what that means "Ons Daak Nie"? I think it means "We don't retreat". We are not going to retreat. Will you read that pamphlet to the Court - EXHIBIT No, -

46 EXHIBIT No. "G 74". I omitted to hand it in earlier. " Ons Daak NieI Die Congress roep julle. Hulle s julle moet kom help. Is nou tyd vir Action. Die 'Laanis' wou die toun wegvat." Do you know what 'laanis' means? In the context here it means "The Government" or "The Government Agents". BY THE COURT: Have you heard the word before? The Tsotsi element in the Native Townships use this word to describe Policemen and all Government servants. Yes? "Yerwoed wil ons nie Kop toe vat nie. Hy s al die darkies moet daak. Hy kry 'n steek as ons s ons gaan nie daak nie. Ou'Yerwoed's ons ouers moet net die standse verkoop by'marshal Law! Wat s3 julle? Ons moet hom notch. Hy wil ons kwi van onse 'dladlas'. Wat s die manne. Motlanas, Majitas - Pola ons - of hoi. Laat ons 'n spik kom verstaan op Sondag 30th January, op 9.30 Bells, corner Morris en Victoria Road. (Issued by the A.N.C. Western Areas Region). BY THE COURT: Yes, there are a few words there used by certain people in the Locations. It is a language which they have apparently founded themselves. BY MR. BERRAIIGE: Yes, I don't feel that I am really qualified to cross- examine on this. BY MR. SLOVO: NO QUESTIONS.

47 THE CROWN CALLS: JEREMIAH MOLLSON, Sworn Statesi EXAMINED BY TTBHC PROSE C TT TO"R ; Have you already given evidence in this case? Correct. On the 30th January, 1955, did you attend a meeting of the African National Congress that was held at the corner of Morris and Victoria Streets, Sophiatown, with the last witness, Let. Sgt. Coetzee? Correot. And did he take down the speeches of the speakers at this meeting in shorthand? Correct. And did you assist him at all? Correct. And what did you do? Some of the speakers were speaking in Sesuto and I did have to interpret for Let. Sgt. Coetzee. Did you interpret from the Native language into English? Correct. For Det. Sgt. Coetzee 9 Correct. Now, he recorded in his notes that a speaker,moiloa spoke in a Native language and it was interpreted - the speech was interpreted into English? David Moilwa. And do you remember whether this man spoke at this meeting? First of all, did you make notes at this meeting or not? Afrikaans? No, I didn't make notes. I think I will leave it at that. Correct. Do you know Do you know the type of Afrikaans that is spoken by some people in Sophiatown? Yes. I v/ant to show you that document, "G. 74" and see if you can read sense into it. Will you take it sentence by sentence and tell the Court what every sentence means - or conveys to you? "Ons Daak Nie" means "We are not moving" Yes? "Die Congress rcep julle" - The Congress is calling you. - "Hulle -

48 - I I "Hulle s julle moet kom" - They say you must come. "Help. Is nou tyd vir Action". Help - is now the time for action. "Die Laanis wil die toun wegvat" - The Europeans want to take the town away. BY THE COURT; "Laanis" does that mean a European? Yes. BY WITNESS; "Verwoed wil ons nie kop toe vat nie" - Verwoerd - "Kop", sometimes they use it for "Head",but in this case I don't khow for what they use it here. "Hy s al die darkies moet daak" - He says all the Non-Europeans must go. "Hy kry»n steek as ons s ons gaan nie daak nie" - He is not satisfied when we say we are not going. "Ou Verwoed s ons ouers moet net die standse verkoop by Marshal Law" - Verwoerd says our parents must sell by Martial Law. BY P.P. Must sell the stands by martial law? Verwoerd says our parents must sell their stands by martial law. Yes? "Wat s Julie" - What do you say? "Ons moet hom notch" - We must watch him. "Hy wil ons kwi van onse dladlas" - He wants to rob us of our homes. "Wat se die manne" - What do the men say? "Motlanas, Majitas" Come together "Pola ons - of hoe" - Are we staying together or not. "Laat ons "n spik kom verstaan op Sondag" - Let us come and understand on Sunday. What does "Spik kom verstaan" mean? Th& I don't know. "Op Sondag 30th January op Bells, corner Morris en Victoria Road" - On the 30th January at corner Morris and Pretria Roads. CROSS-EXAMINED BY MR. BERRANQE; What are your educational qualifications? My education is Standard 5. And when did you leave school? In Now, tell me, are you sure that "laanis" means Europeans? Correct. Doesn't it mean "The Government"? No. &dvernrrvefvf Attn*.*so

49 It means Europeans? Correct. And would you tell His Worship if you know what the word "dismal" means? Dismal? Yes? -- No. Do you know what the word "envisage" means 9 No. Do you know what the word "humiliate" means? No. And do you know what it means if someone talks about "Paving the road"? No. I 1MB ~~ Do you know what the word "ejcpirg^ means? No. Now, you say that you translated, or interpreted, into English the speech made by David Moliwa - correct? Correct. And you interpreted it from what language into English? Sesuto into English. I would like to know how you were able to interpret or use the sentence - I am referring to the last sentence on the first page of the transcript - "They failed dismally, however" - seeing that you don't know what the word "dismal" means? I don't_know. You don't know how you interpreted it. I would like to know how you interpreted the word "envisage" - page 2 of the transcript - "I challenge Verwoerd to bring in these pass ^^ iflilm I I" ln^iipn itimin.i.i i-."-it»n t... laws of the grouping he envisages" - you don't know what that word means? No. So you could never have used that word if you don't know what it mfiar)g, could you 9 -- Corrupt. Nor could you have used the word "dismally",if you don't know what it means? Correct. And nor could you have used the word "Humiliating" if you don't know what it means? Correct. The word "humiliating" appears on the second page, seventh line, of the transcript. "They pass all these humiliating laws against the Africans". - And -

50 And nor could you have interpreted, or used, this sentence - I am referring to the first line of the last"" paragraph on Page 2 "Malan has tried to pave the road for them in this country". You could never have used that language could you? Correct. IL'JWJttWMMJW JWW ""'VCw And lastly, I am referring to the 3rd paragraph on page 3 - the first sentence - "And I want to make this clear "before my time expires". You couldn't have said that either Ml..^aia^MMaMBMMMBaMMMMMIMll^. could you? Correct. BY MR. SLOVO: NO QUESTIONS. NO RE-EXAMINATION: - JOEL CLAMANE -

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