FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE

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1 FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE The Problem of Truth Bearers from Bolzano to Tarski by ARTUR ROJSZCZAK f Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Edited by JAN WOLENSKI Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland ^J Springer

2 Summary Contents Preface 1. INTRODUCTION: ALFRED TARSKI'S PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS 1933 DEFINITION OF TRUTH 1 2. THE NOTION OF THE TRUTH BEARER DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY: THE THEORY OF JUDGEMENT AS THE THEORY OF COGNITION AND KNOWLEDGE JUDGEMENT, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LANGUAGE THE ONTOLOGY OF JUDGEMENT REISM THE OBJECTIVITY OF TRUTH ONTOLOGISM, ABSTRACT OBJECTS AND NOMINALISM BRENTANISM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE SEMANTICS OF THE LVOV-WARS AW SCHOOL JUDGMENT, BELIEF, AND SENTENCES: REMARKS ON THE TRUTH BEARER IN THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL 191 r 11. FINAL COMMENTS 213 References _ 221 c Appendices: Publications of Artur Rojszczak 235 Index 239 vii

3 Contents Preface 1. INTRODUCTION: ALFRED TARSKI'S PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS 1933 DEFINITION OF TRUTH 1 1 The Question of the Truth Bearer in Tarski's Theory of Truth? 1 2 The Ambiguity of Tarski's Concept of a Sentence 4 3 Alfred Tarski as Philosopher? Tarski's Philosophical Background Some Facts and Genetic Connections Brentanism in Tarski's Philosophical Background? Tarski and the Vienna Circle Tarski and Brentano? 11 4 The Content of this Study and what is not Included in Previous Studies on this Topic The Wolenski-Simons Thesis The Content of the Study THE NOTION OF THE TRUTH BEARER 23 1 The Place of the Notion of the Truth Bearer in the Theory of Truth 23 2 The Problem of the Truth Bearer 25 3 The Definition of the Truth Bearer 26 4 The Variety of Truth Bearers DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY: THE THEORY OF JUDGEMENT AS THE THEORY OF COGNITION AND KNOWLEDGE 33 1 Franz Brentano (I): The Act of Judging as the Truth Bearer The Variety of Entities Related to the Act of Judging 33 xiii vn

4 viii FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE 1.2 The Primacy of the Notion of Knowledge in Relation to the Notion of Truth An Argument Based on the Gnoseological Concept of Truth An Argument Based on the Idiogenetic Theory of Judgement The Definition of the Act of Judging as the Truth Bearer 38 2 Kazimierz Twardowski (I): Act-Content-Object Presentation The Judgment The Truth of the Object of Presenting 44 3 Alexius Meinong (I): Thinking and True Objectives Thinking The Object of Thinking Cognition and Knowledge A True Objective and a True Act of Judging 48 4 Anton Marty (I): The Adequate Act of Judging as the Truth Bearer The Ambiguity of the Notion of the Primary Truth Bearer An Argument Based on the Epistemological Notion of Truth The Content of a Judgment 51 5 Summary of Chapter 3: the Epistemic Notion of Truth JUDGEMENT, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LANGUAGE 57 1 Franz Brentano (II): Linguistic Analysis Language and Thinking The Use of Linguistic Expressions 'Truth'as a Syncategorematical Expression A Note on Brentano's Theory of Meaning and Reference An Argument from the Reducibility of Sentences 61 2 Kazimierz Twardowski (II): Determining and Modifying Adjectives The Meaning and Function of Names Attributing and Modifying Predicates The Logic of Adjectives, 64 3 Alexius Meinong (II): Truth-Predicates in Ordinary Use An Expression and Its Meaning Communication 68

5 Contents ix 3.3 Meinong's Argument from the Ordinary Usage of Epistemic Operators An Argument from True Hypothesis 71 4 Anton Marty (II): Speech Acts Autosemantic Expressions and the Basic Types of Mental Phenomena Linguistic Forms and their Basic Functions Communication of Content The Truth of Objects The Truth-Predicate in Expressions of Direct and Indirect Judging Acts On Arguments from the Natural Use of Adjectives 78 5 Summary of Chapter THE ONTOLOGY OF JUDGEMENT 83 1 What is the Ontology of Judgement? The Link Between Psychology and Language Where Are Objects of Judgement? The Immanentistic Reading of Brentano's Doctrine of Intentionality 85 2 Carl Stumpf (I): On Act and Content 85 3 Kazimierz Twardowski (III): On the Object of Judgement 87 4 Edmund Husserl (I): The Psycho-Linguistic Content of Judgement Formal Ontology The Theory of Meaning The Theory of the Cognition of Meaning Truth as Species Anton Marty (III): The Temporal Ontology of the Content of Judgements 95 6 Adolf Reinach (I): A Platonistic Ontology of Judgement 99 7 Summary of Chapter REISM Franz Brentano (III): The Judger as the Truth Bearer What is Presentable? r The Reistic Theory of Meaning What is Presented from the Point of View of Reism? The Judger Tadeusz Kotarbifiski (I) Ontological and Semantical Reism The Sentence from the Reistic Standpoint 106

6 x FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE 2.3 Candidates for the Truth Bearer from the Point of View of Reism The Sentence as the Bearer of Truth Summary of Chapter THE OBJECTIVITY OF TRUTH Bernard Bolzano (I): Sentences in Themselves What Are Sentences in Themselves? The Meanings of 'Truth': Ordinary Language Analysis The Cognition of Truth The Objective Truth Bearer as a Guarantee of Objective Truth Franz Brentano (IV): Identity and Evidence The Theory of Evident Judgement Brentano's Extensional, Eyidentional and Criteriological Definition of Truth The Evidence as Mental Phenomenon The Evidence of Factual Judgements The Evidence of Axioms Indirect Evident Judgements Assertive and Apodictic Evidence The Obj ectivity of Truth and of Evidence Edmund Husserl (II): Evidence of Species Knowledge and Evidence The Extra-Temporality of Relations Between Meanings Factual Truths Kazimierz Twardowski (IV): The Eternal Truth of Temporal Truth-Bearers So-called Relative Truths Acts of Judging as Bearers of Eternal Truths Kazimierz Twardowski (V) and Jan Lukasiewicz (I): On Psychologism, Acts and Their Products Logic and Psychology Acts and Products Types of Acts and Products Language as a Product Tadeusz Kotarbinski (II) and Stanislaw Lesniewski (I): s The Absoluteness of Truth Free Creation and the Sempiternity of Truth The Notion of Existence 136

7 Contents xi 6.3 Note on Truth with a Beginning and on the Principle of the Excluded Middle Lesniewski's Response The Eternity of Truth and the Principle of the Excluded Middle What Does 'Absolute Truth' Mean? Maria Kokoszynska (I): The Relativity of the Semantic Notion of Truth The Absoluteness of the Classical Conception of Truth Relativization to Language Summary of Chapter 7: Objective Truth and Objective Knowledge Objective Knowledge How Knowledge Becomes Objectivized The Objectivization of Truth Concluding Remarks ONTOLOGISM, ABSTRACT OBJECTS AND NOMINALISM The Choice of Truth Bearers and Ontological Preferences Ontologism and Nominalism in Poland Ontologism as the Brentanian Heritage? Nominalism as a Special Case of Ontologism Tadeusz Kotarbinski (III) and Stanislaw Lesniewski (II) on General Objects Stanislaw Lesniewski (III): Constructive Nominalism Summary of Chapter BRENTANISM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE SEMANTICS OF THE LVOV-WARS AW SCHOOL Stanislaw Lesniewski (IV): On the Sense of Inscription Ontologism as the Primacy of Semantics Language and Metalanguage Existential Sentences Maria Ossowska (I): Expressing and Semantics The Notion of Expression The Presentational Function of the Sentence and the Expressing Function of the Sentence Expressing and the Meaning-Intention Stanislaw Ossowski (I): On Semantic Products Semantic Products and the Function of Expressing Linguistic Products 185

8 xii FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE 3.3 Truth and the Property of Sentences Summary of Chapter JUDGMENT, BELIEF, AND SENTENCES: REMARKS ON THE TRUTH BEARER IN THE LVOV-WARS AW SCHOOL Kazimierz Twardowski (VI) and Tadeusz Czezowski (I): The Product of the Judging Act The Theory of Knowledge and the Theory of Cognition Elementary Judgments as Truth Bearers Jan Lukasiewicz (II): The Sentence in the Logical Sense Judgment and Belief The Truth of Judgments: An Argument from the Judgment's Function of Reconstructing Tadeusz Kotarbinski (IV): The Judgment and the Sentence The Judgment and States of Affairs The Sentence: Another Semantic-Reistic Argument Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (I): The Picturing Sentence The Motives of True Belief An Argument from the Possibility of Describing a Judgment Alfred Tarski on the Truth Bearer The Sentence and Syntax The Sentence as a Function without Variables The Sentence as a Product The Sentence as a Physical Body The Sentence as an Inscription The Sentence-Type and a Sentence-Name of a Type Summary of Chapter FINAL COMMENTS The Weakened Thesis The Heritage of Brentano The Truth Bearers 217 References 221 Appendices: Publications of ArturRojszczak 235 Index 239

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