INTENTIONALITY IN HUSSERL AND HEIDEGGER
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1 INTENTIONALITY IN HUSSERL AND HEIDEGGER
2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHENOMENOLOGY IN COOPERATION WITH THE CENTER FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN PHENOMENOLOGY Volume 11 Editor: William R. McKenna, Miami University Editorial Board: David Carr, Emory University Lester Embree, Florida Atlantic University J. Claude Evans, Washington University Jose Huertas-Jourda, Wilfrid Laurier University Joseph J. Kockelmans, The Pennsylvania State University Algis Mickunas, Ohio University J. N. Mohanty, Temple University Thomas M. Seebohm, Johannes Gutenberg-UniversiUit, Mainz Richard M. Zaner, Vanderbilt University Scope The purpose of this series is to foster the development of phenomenological philosophy through creative research. Contemporary issues in philosophy, other disciplines and in culture generally, offer opportunities for the application of phenomenological methods that call for creative responses. Although the work of several generations of thinkers has provided phenomenology with many results with which to approach these challenges, a truly successful response to them will require building on this work with new analyses and methodological innovations.
3 INTENTIONALITY IN HUSSERL AND HEIDEGGER The Problem of the Original Method and Phenomenon of Phenomenology by BURT C. HOPKINS Department of Philosophy, Seattle University, Washington, U.S.A. SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hopkins. Burt C. Intentionality in Husserl and Heidegger : the problem of original method and phenomenon of phenomenology I by Burt C. Hopkins. p. cm. -- (Contributions to phenomenology; v. 11) Inc 1 udes b 1 b 1 i ograph i ca 1 references and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Intentionality (Philosophy) 2. Phenomenology. 3. Husserl. Edmund Heidegger. Martin I. Title. II. Series. B105.I56H IN PROCESS 128'.3--dc ISBN Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Professors Parvis Emad, at DePaul University, Algis Mickunas, at Ohio University, and John Sallis, at Vanderbilt University, for their assistance and encouragement; Professor Richard Holmes, at University of Waterloo, for his exetremely valuable comments and suggestions on an earlier version of the text; Professor William McKenna, at Miami University, Oxford, for his generous and skillful help with this book; Tim Widman and John Drabinski, for many helpful stylistic suggestions; Professors Thomas Sheehan, at Loyola University and James Sheridan, at Allegheny College, for sympathetically following my 'development' over the years; Marylou Sena, for sharing her profound knowledge of Heidegger; and I wish to dedicate this book to Harold and JoAnn Hopkins, my parents. v
6 CONTENTS Acknowledgements V Introduction 1. Remarks on the current status of the problematic The ontological formulation of the issues in controversy between Hussed and Heidegger necessarily precludes their non-partisan "phenomenological" exploration "Intentionality" in Husserl's and Heidegger's formulations of phenomenology comprises the focus of the present study. The philological and philosophical reasons for this focus Design of the treatise The contrast of the present study of intentionality in Hussed and Heidegger with Bernet's treatment of the problem Part One Hussert's Phenomenological Account of Intentionality Introduction to Part One 6. Preliminary considerations 15 Chapter One: Hussert's Phenomenological Method 7. Introductory remarks Hussed's initial" critical" uncovering of lived-experiences Phenomenological reflection is not determined by the interiority of its object; the reflective "seeing of essences" The essence of the lived-experiences of the appearance, manner of appearing, and perception of something transcendent The essence of the lived-experiences of the appearance, manner of appearing, and perception of something immanent The methodological transition from the critical uncovering of the essences of lived-experiences to their phenomenologically pure apprehension Summary and transition Chapter Two: The Intentionality of Logical Significance and Material Ontological Meaning 14. Introductory remarks
7 CONlENTS vii 15. The intentionality of logical signification: the analytic status of the essence of logical categories and their intuition The epistemic essence of logical signifying: empty and fulfilled intentions The non-logical intentionality of synthetic cognition: its importance for the psychological ~1rOX~ and reduction Actional and non-actional modes of intentionality The phenomenological clarification of the intentionality of synthetic cognition: the essential correlation between positing and positum manifested in the objective presentation of the experience of perceptual objects Summary and transition Chapter Three: The intentionality of Psychologically Pure Consciousness 21. Introductory remarks The phenomenological ~1rOxri of positional consciousness and the uncovering of it psychologically pure residuum The constitutional essence and eidos of psychically pure consciousness The essence and eidos of the non-actional intentionality of the world-horizon and its correlative non-conceptual consciousness The intentionality of worldly apperception as the necessary phenomenal background of the intentionality of the cogito Summary and transition Chapter Four: The Intentionality of Transcendentally Pure Consciousness 27. Introductory remarks The phenomenologically transcendental bracketing and E1roX~ of the intentionality of the world-horizon: the initiation of the transcendental reduction to transcendentally pure consciousness The initial appearance of transcendent time to reflection within the natural attitude The essence of the psychologically reduced phenomenon of the temporality of succession The essence of the psychologically reduced phenomenon of the time consciousness of succession The psychological essence of the temporality and time consciousness of simultaneity The eidetic overcoming of the essential horizonal limitation of phenomenological reflection on the essence of the psychologically reduced phenomenon of time: the immanent manifestation and intuitive ideation of ideas in the kantian sense
8 viii CONTENTS 34. The methodological uncovering of the object and subject poles of intentionality The phenomenologically transcendental bracketing and Jj7rOXr1 of the time in which the intentionality of the world-horizon appears Summary and conclusion Part Two Heidegger's Phenomenological Account of Intentionality Introduction to Part Two 37. Preliminary considerations 81 Chapter Five: Heidegger's Concept of Phenomenology 38. Introductory remarks Heidegger's unfolding of the formal structure of the question about the meaning of being; the provisional account of the related 'objects' of ontology: the being of entities and the meaning of being as such Unfolding the formal structure of the being question leads to the priority of investigating the being of the questioner The provisional account of the being of the questioner (Dasein) following clues provided by the formal structure of the question about the meaning of being; emergence of the task of fundamental ontology Heidegger's clarification of phenomenology within the context of the existential analytic: the preliminary concept of phenomenology The formal concept of phenomenon: its ordinary and phenomenological signification The concrete envisaging of the formal and deformalized concepts of phenomenon; the phenomenological relevance of the ordinary concept of phenomenon The need for phenomenology's methodological mediation has its basis in the thematic 'objects' of ontology; the reciprocal relation of phenomenology and ontology as philosophy's way of determining and treating its 'object' Clarification of the mode of knowing operative in the preliminary concept of phenomenology: the a priori cognition of phenomenological reduction, construction and destruction Summary and transition Chapter Six: The Phenomenological Inquiry into the Being of Intentionality 48. Introductory remarks Heidegger's characterization of Husserl's understanding of intentionality as the structure of lived-experiences
9 CON~ ix 50. Heidegger's characterization of the way the a priori of intentionality is brought into relief from its exemplary ground in Hussed's understanding of intentionality: the transcendental and eidetic reductions The failure of Hussed's phenomenology to investigate the being characters of the intentional The return of Hussed's phenomenology to the idea of a theory of reason: its resultant inability to determine the being of livedexperiences in an original way Hussed's phenomenological understanding of the 'natural attitude' is only a semblance of man's natural way of being: its neglect of the necessary posing of the being question The inquiry into the being of intentionality requires the phenomenon of intentionality to be made into a problem The erroneous 'objectivizing' of intentionality The erroneous 'subjectivizing' of intentionality The manifestation of the natural meaning of the phenomenon of intentionality overcomes the problem of the subject-object relation, and points to the problem of transcendence The understanding of being implicit in the phenomenon of the natural meaning of intentionality The intentional discovery of entities is founded in the disclosedness of the being of entities Summary and transition Chapter Seven: Being in the World Manifests Dasein's Original Transcendence 61. Introductory remarks Perceptual knowing is a founded mode of being-in-the-wodd; the foundation of epistemology in the ontology of presence-at-hand Summary of the phenomenal results of Heidegger's analyses thus far which lead him to recast both phenomenology's basic field of research and the method by which it proceeds Heidegger's analysis of Dasein's existential way of being the 'there': the equiprimordial existentialia of the disclosed ness of the unitary phenomenon of being-in-the-wodd DispoSition as the existentiale disclosive of the 'that-it-is' of Dasein's way to be Original understanding as the existentiale disclosive of the preconceptual understanding of being manifested by Dasein's way to be Projection as an existentiale manifested by original understanding The understanding's appropriation of itself; interpretation (Auslegung)
10 x CONTENTS 69. The projective unity of the phenomenal connection between the fore-structure of understanding and the 'as' structure of interpretation (Auslegung); the existentiale of meaning as the formal existential framework of intelligibility as such The ontic and ontological basis of the circular manifestation of the structure of Dasein's interpretative understanding; the grounding of the ontological projecting of the existential interpretation guiding the existential analytic of fundamental ontology in the existentiell being of Dasein The problem of transcendence and being-in-the-world The transcendence of Dasein surpasses entities, and not the subject World as the 'toward which' of transcendence and the origin of both in freedom Summary and transition Chapter Eight: The Temporal Meaning of Transcendence 75. Introductory remarks The ordinary understanding of time in terms of a sequence of nows; the manifestation of time in the phenomenal mode of semblance The datable structure of expressed time emerges on the basis of Dasein's relation to things, and not its thematic consciousness of time designations The origin of time designations (datability) in the modes of Dasein's existence; transcendence as the 'where' of the uttered characters of time The unity of original time; its manifestation in the ecstatic unity of the temporalization of temporality The analogical manifestation of the ecstatic horizon of the temporalization of temporality; world as the ecstematic unity of the ecstatic horizons of temporality Heidegger's exhibition of the unoriginal and derivative status of the intentionality of consciousness The ontic transcendence of intentionality manifests a semblance of the phenomenon of original transcendence Summary and conclusion
11 CONTENTS xi Part Three The Confrontation of Hussed's and Heidegger's Accounts of Intentionality Introduction to Part Three 84. Preliminary considerations 165 Chapter Nine: The Phenomenological Method: Reflective or Hermeneutical? 85. Introductory remarks Thematization of Husserl's account of the 'necessity' motivating phenomenology's return to the matters themselves Thematization of Heidegger's account of the 'necessity' motivating phenomenology's return to the matters themselves Thematization of the phenomenal discrepancy in Husserl's and Heidegger's account of the necessity of the phenomenological return Thematization of the philosophical 'orientation' guiding Husserl's understanding of phenomenology Thematization of the philosophical 'orientation' guiding Heidegger's understanding of phenomenology The "Heideggerian" prerogative of a hermeneutically understood phenomenological method The "Husserlian" prerogative of a reflectively understood phenomenological method An attempt to mediate the methodological returns of the phenomenologies of Husserl and Heidegger: the isomorphism which emerges with respect to these returns when their "foreshortened" understandings of each other are taken into account The limit of the methodological isomorphism between the hermeneutical and reflective returns of phenomenology: the problem of reckoning with the divergent "matters themselves" of intentionality uncovered by each return Transition Chapter Ten: Intentionality: An Original or Derived Phenomenon? 96. Introductory remarks Thematization of Husserl's account of the exemplary field which yields the intentional essence of both actionally and non-actionally modified lived-experiences Thematization of Heidegger's account of the unoriginal phenomenal status of intentionality: his critique of Husserl's "epistemological" narrowing of this phenomenon and his subsequent unfolding of the natural meaning of intentionality
12 xii CONTENTS 99. The emergent heteromorphism of Hussed's and Heidegger's account of the 'matter itself' of intentionality The 'Heideggerian' prerogative of the unoriginal phenomenal status of intentionality The 'Husserlian' prerogative of the original phenomenal status of intentionality Phenomenology's most proper self-understanding cannot be at once hermeneutical and reflective The necessity of attempting to mediate the issue of the phenomenological originality of intentionality: the non-partisan "opening-up" of the phenomenon of intentionality within the hermeneutical and reflective methodological prerogatives The hermeneutical prerogative and the non-actional dimension of intentionality " Two phenomenally distinct "sights" are at issue within the hermeneutical prerogative: the ontico-ontological and explicitly ontological hermeneutical circles The transcendental distinction determinative of, yet unaccounted for, by the hermeneutical circle The reflective prerogative of phenomenology and the problem of a concealed ontology Working out the issue of ontology and phenomenology requires a decision regarding the originality of the phenomenon of intentionality Part Four Discussion of the Conclusions Introduction to Part Four 109. Preliminary considerations 217 Chapter Eleven: Gadamer's Assessment of the Controversy between Husserl and Heidegger 110. Introductory remarks The immanentism inherent in Hussed's and Heidegger's foundational approaches to phenomenology according to Gadamer Gadamer's account of Hussed's unwarranted concept of immanence The philological and philosophical problems inherent in Gadamer's account of Hussed's unwarranted concept of immanence Gadamer's uncritical reliance on Heidegger's methodological immanentism The unthematized epistemic moment of the 'hermeneutical situation' in Heidegger and Gadamer following Heidegger
13 CONTENTS xi ii 116. The issue of whether Hussed's and Heidegger's phenomenological commitment to the phenomenological ideal of manifestation is determined by an unwarranted commitment to the 'metaphysics of presence' Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics do not escape nor account for the self-referentiality of the transcendentality of Hussed's and Heidegger's formulations of phenomenology Chapter Twelve: Ricoeur's Attempted Rapprochement Between Phenomenology and Hermeneutics 118. Ricoeur's thesis of phenomenology and hermeneutics presupposing each other Ricoeur's account of Hussed's idealism Ricoeur's account of Hussed's alleged idealism has its basis in ontologism and the conflation of the psychological and transcendental reductions Ricoeur's restriction of the essential character and scope of phenomenological reflection Ricoeur's uncritical reliance of Heidegger's distinction between 'interpretation' and 'understanding' renders problematical his account of the opposition between idealistic phenomenology and its hermeneutic critique Ricoeur's account of the opposition between Auslegung and description, and the need for their dialectical mediation, is based in his unwarranted restriction of phenomenological intuition and description Chapter Thirteen: Mohanty's Account of the Complementarity of Descriptive and Interpretive Phenomenology 124. Introductory remarks Mohanty's account of the structural isomorphism between the theory of consciousness and the theory of Dasein Mohanty's account of the complementarity of Heidegger's methodological Auslegung and Hussed's intentional explication is philologically questionable Mohanty's account of the phenomenological basis for the selfcritical complementarity of transcendental reflection and the hermeneutical circle Mohanty's account of the dialectic of 'reflection and reflected upon' is itself grounded in transcendental reflection. The consequent phenomenologically reflective basis of the 'circularity' of the hermeneutical circle
14 xiv CONTENTS Chapter Fourteen: Crowell's Account of Husserl's and Heidegger's Divergent Interpretations of Phenomenology's Transcendental Character 129. Crowell's account of Husserl's and Heidegger's agreement regarding phenomenology's basic character Crowell's account of the basic opposition between Husserl's and Heidegger's interpretations of phenomenology's basic transcendental character Taking into account Heidegger's methodological immanentism yields transcendental reflection as the Arche and Telos of the 'showing itself from itself' of 'that which is' Chapter Fifteen: Landgrebe's Critique of Husserl's Theory of Phenomenological Reflection 132. Introductory remarks Landgrebe's account of the important distinction between psychological and phenomenological reflection Landgrebe's account of Husserl's phenomenologically reflective uncovering of the absolute being of transcendental subjectivity The full sense of the intentionality of transcendental subjectivity transcends Husserl's reflectively immanent characterization of its absolute being according to Landgrebe Landgrebe's argument against Husserl's representational theory of phenomenological reflection Landgrebe's account of the two senses of transcendental subjectivity: the reductively uncovered 'absolute' in Husserl's sense and the anonymous pre-reflective 'place' where the absolute is experienced The lack of phenomenal justification for Landgrebe's characterization of the status of the 'reflected upon' intentional object Landgrebe's misleading formulation of the centrality of the distinction between psychological and phenomenological reflection The pre-transcendental basis for the 'motivation' of phenomenological reflection in Husserl's critique of the empiricistic formulation of 'inner perception' Landgrebe's critique of the intentional status of the 'reflected upon' in Husserl's theory of phenomenological reflection presupposes the eidetic reduction accomplished by phenomenology's methodical reflections The eide of the succession of the intentionality of temporality and time-consciousness are not successive in Husserl's analyses landgrebe's phenomenologically inappropriate characterization of the intentionality of temporal succession as successive is at the root of his misguided critique of Husserl's phenomenological theory of reflection
15 CONTENTS xv Table of Abbreviations Notes Selected Bibliography Index
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