Theoretical Framework for Moral Reasoning p. 1 The Process of Moral Reasoning p. 3 Everyday Ethical Problems in Sport p. 5 Is This a Scenario about

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1 Preface p. v Theoretical Framework for Moral Reasoning p. 1 The Process of Moral Reasoning p. 3 Everyday Ethical Problems in Sport p. 5 Is This a Scenario about Moral Values? Why? p. 7 A Certain Perspective p. 9 Impartiality p. 9 Consistency p. 10 Reflection p. 11 Summary p. 17 Issues and Dilemmas p. 17 Values, Principles, and You p. 21 Making Choices p. 21 What Is an Ethical Dilemma? p. 21 Selecting Values p. 23 Moral Values p. 26 Selecting Four Values p. 27 Justice: Moral Value One p. 28 Honesty: Moral Value Two p. 29 Responsibility: Moral Value Three p. 29 Beneficence: Moral Value Four p. 29 Writing Principles p. 30 Justice: Principle One--Do Not Be Unfair p. 31 Honesty: Principle Two--Do Not Lie, Cheat, or Steal p. 31 Responsibility: Principle Three--Do Not Be Irresponsible p. 31 Beneficence: Principle Four--Do Not Be Uncivil p. 31 Questioning a Principle p. 31 Colliding Values in Everyday Life p. 33 The Problem with Principles--Never Tell a Lie p. 34 A Principle and Its Demands p. 35 A Scenario about Cheating p. 36 Summary p. 37 Issues and Dilemmas p. 39 Application and Strategy: Thinking about the Game Plan p. 41 Steps in Thinking Through a Moral Problem p. 43 Are Any Moral Principles Violated? p. 43 Are Any Moral Rules Violated? p. 43 Is This Case an Exception? p. 43 Are the Rules Justified? p. 44 How Can the Rules Be Changed? p. 45 Obstacles and Fallacies in Reasoning p. 46

2 Skepticism p. 46 Cultural and Relative Ethics p. 47 Dogmatism p. 47 False Obstruction of Theory and Practice p. 47 Other Obstacles: Fallacies in Reasoning p. 47 The Fallacy of Authority p. 47 Ad Hominem Arguments p. 47 Misplaced and Improperly Placed Authority p. 48 The Appeal to Force p. 48 The Appeal to Pity and Ridicule p. 48 Begging the Question p. 48 Equivocation p. 48 Psychological Obstacles p. 48 A Final Comment on Courage p. 48 Summary p. 49 Issues and Dilemmas p. 50 Application of Moral Reasoning to Sport p. 53 Intimidation, Competition, and Sportsmanship p. 55 Intimidation and Its Role in Competition p. 55 Defining Intimidation p. 55 Coaching Intimidation: Purposeful p. 56 Coaching Intimidation: Nonpurposeful p. 57 Intimidation from the Player's Point of View p. 57 Intimidation by the Athlete: Purposeful p. 59 Physical Intimidation: Purposeful p. 60 Nonpurposeful Psychological and Physiological Intimidation p. 61 Physical Intimidation: Nonpurposeful p. 62 External Forms of Intimidation p. 63 Summary p. 63 Issues and dilemmas p. 64 Violence in Sport p. 67 Types and Purposes of Rules p. 68 Constitutive Rules p. 68 Proscriptive Rules p. 68 Sportsmanship Rules p. 69 Ethical Conduct or Not p. 70 Is Winning the Only Thing? p. 70 Categorical Imperatives p. 72 How Violence Affects Sport p. 72 Why Violence Exists p. 72 Why Violent Behavior Is Taught p. 73

3 Why Violence Is Condoned p. 74 Why and How Violence Is Rewarded p. 75 The Impact of Violence on Sport p. 75 Recommendations p. 76 Summary p. 78 Issues and Dilemmas p. 78 Eligibility in Sport p. 85 Historical and Sociological Perspectives p. 85 Youth Sport p. 86 Interscholastic Sport p. 87 Intercollegiate Sport p. 89 Olympic Sport p. 95 Eligibility and Moral Reasoning p. 96 Ethical Dilemmas Regarding Eligibility p. 97 Summary p. 100 Issues and Dilemmas p. 101 Sport Elimination p. 109 Competitive Athletics Are Not For Everyone p. 109 Factors Leading to Sport Dropout p. 111 Lack of Skills p. 111 Not Fun Anymore p. 115 Pressures to Win p. 118 Sport Burnout p. 121 Physical Burnout p. 121 Psychological Burnout p. 124 Social Burnout p. 126 Summary p. 127 Issues and Dilemmas p. 128 Commercialized Sport p. 137 Sport for Public Relations and Promotions p. 139 Youth Sport p. 139 Interscholastic Sport p. 140 Intercollegiate Sport p. 141 Professional Sport p. 143 Commercialized Sport as a Business p. 144 Youth Sport and Interscholastic Sport p. 145 Intercollegiate Sport p. 145 Professional Sport p. 147 Sport as Entertainment p. 147 Youth and Interscholastic Sport p. 147 Intercollegiate Sport p. 148

4 Professional Sport p. 148 Sport as a Transmitter of Economic Values p. 150 Economic Concerns and Rule Violations p. 150 Youth Sport p. 150 Intercollegiate Sport p. 150 Ethical Dilemmas Relative to Commercialization p. 153 Summary p. 155 Issues and Dilemmas p. 156 Racial Equity: African Americans in Sport p. 163 Historical Perspective of Racial Inequity in Sport p. 164 From Exclusion to Opportunities Limited by Economic Realities p. 164 School Segregation Gives Way to Integration p. 165 Integration of Intercollegiate Sport p. 165 Professional Sport p. 167 Societal Attitudes p. 167 Are Organizational Policies Affecting African Americans Disproportionately? p. 169 Role Models p. 169 Stacking and a Quota System p. 170 African American Athletes as Portrayed in the Media p. 171 Dispelling Myths p. 171 Recommendations p. 173 Summary p. 173 Issues and Dilemmas p. 175 Gender Equity in Sport p. 183 Historical Perspectives p. 183 Gender Inequity in Sport p. 184 Limited Opportunities p. 185 Governing Organizations and Policies for Women's Intercollegiate Athletics p. 186 Title IX p. 186 Outcomes of Change p. 188 Interscholastic Sport Changes for Girls p. 188 Societal Attitudes p. 190 Continuing Questions p. 192 Moral Education p. 194 Summary p. 195 Issues and Dilemmas p. 196 Application of Moral Reasoning in Other Physical Activity Settings p. 205 Ergogenic Aids for Sport Performance p. 207 Use of Ergogenic Aids p. 208 Stimulants p. 208 Depressants p. 210

5 Anabolic Steroids p. 210 Human Growth Hormone p. 212 Blood Doping p. 213 Beta-Blockers p. 213 The Dilemmas of Drug Testing p. 214 Opposition to Drug Testing p. 214 Thwarting Drug Testing p. 215 Justifications for Drug Testing p. 215 Educating against Drug Use in Sport p. 215 Other Related Issues p. 216 Taking Ergogenic Aids that May Cause Health Problems p. 216 Using Ergogenic Aids for Weight Gain and Loss p. 217 Possible Changes in How Drugs Are Viewed in Sport p. 217 Summary p. 218 Issues and Dilemmas p. 219 Ethical Considerations of Technology in Sport p. 227 A Sporting Challenge p. 229 An Alternative Argument p. 230 Direct Harm p. 231 Technology in a Bottle p. 232 Summary: The Fine Line p. 232 Issues and Dilemmas p. 234 Sport Science, Physical Education, and Research p. 239 Professional Responsibility in the Workplace p. 239 Professional Responsibility as Part of Our Social and Ethical Responsibilities to Society p. 240 Understanding Professional Responsibility p. 241 Sport Science Example p. 241 Discussion p. 242 A Question of Professional Loyalty p. 243 Being a Professional and Its Relationship to Professional Ethics p. 244 Codes of Ethics p. 244 Codes of Ethics in Physical Education p. 246 Codes of Ethics in Sport Science and Research p. 246 Human Subjects Review Boards in Research p. 247 Informed Consent in Research p. 248 Summary p. 249 Issues and Dilemmas p. 250 Epilogue: Morality in Sport p. 255 Moral Reasoning: A Review p. 255 Moral and Nonmoral Values: A Review p. 256 Moral Reasoning in Relation to Sport and Social Issues: A Review p. 257

6 Moral Reasoning In Relation to the Sport Science Discipline: A Review p. 258 Issues and Dilemmas p. 259 A Look to the Future p. 262 Glossary p. 265 Index p. 270 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

Handout 2: The Ethical Use of PEDs

Handout 2: The Ethical Use of PEDs This handout makes use of "Ethics, Drugs, and Sport" by W. M. Brown. In this article, Brown argues that the argument from fairness and the argument from harm against