1.5 FOUR AMERICAN PRESIDENTS AND THE BERLIN WALL

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1 FOCUS Four American Presidents and the Berlin Wall FOCUS 1 Geography 1.5 FOUR AMERICAN PRESIDENTS AND THE BERLIN WALL? FOCUS QUESTION: How are nations connected through international events? STANDARD #2 TIME, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE. STANDARD #9 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS. LESSON OVERVIEW: This lesson focuses on the visits of three American Presidents (Kennedy, Reagan and Clinton) as well as Barack Obama as a Presidential candidate (2008) and President (2013) to the city of Berlin and speeches each gave about the symbolic role of Berlin during the Cold War in the heart of Europe. The Berlin Wall can be viewed both as the physical representation of the divided Europe (and world) into the Democratic West and the Communist East, and also the symbol of divisive ideologies. The lesson will allow students to explore other walls in history, both physical and ideological and make connections among these. The symbolic rebuilding and destruction of the wall at the 20th anniversary commemoration serves as another reminder that there are still walls in the world today that divide people. TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 served as a physical representation of the so-called Iron Curtain the ideological divide between the Western Bloc and the Soviet Bloc. In order to fully appreciate the role of US Presidential addresses related to Berlin, the Cold War and United States foreign policy, students need to become familiar with the division of Europe after World War II, the importance of Berlin as an island in the heart of East Germany and its role as a battleground of Cold War ideologies. These events are detailed in a timeline which can provide the historical context. Since the fall of the Wall in 1989, there have been many articles and books on the subject. This lesson presupposes a certain familiarity with the events of the Cold War and the pivotal role of the city of Berlin. TIME: (2-3) 45 minute class periods INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Documentary on the building of the Berlin Wall: Walled In! (produced by Deutsche Welle): 30

2 FOCUS 1 Geography 1.5 Four American Presidents and the Berlin Wall FOCUS 1 Twentieth Anniversary Commemoration of the Fall of the Berlin Wall (in German): Mending Wall Poem (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Timeline on the History of Berlin and the Berlin Wall ( ) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Ich bin ein Berliner! Speech (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Tear Down This Wall! Speech (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Berlin is Free! Speech (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Barack Obama Speech 2008 (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Speech Analysis Worksheet (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Reagan Wall Political Cartoon (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Cartoon Analysis Worksheet (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) Barack Obama Speech 2013 (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) PROCEDURE: DAY 1: ANTICIPATORY SET: The lesson should begin with the reading and discussion of American poet Robert Frost s poem Mending Wall (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc). After reading the poem, the teacher should ask the students to respond either verbally or in writing or with a partner to a series of questions: 1. What does the wall symbolize for the neighbor? 2. What does Frost say about the wall? 3. Evaluate the neighbor s opinion. 4. With which opinion does nature hold and why? 5. How do walls exist between people? 6. In what ways do walls become metaphysical and/or symbolic in the poem? 7. Depending on the background knowledge of the students, explain the purpose of the following famous walls or barriers in history: Hadrian s Wall, the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, the Bamboo Curtain, the 38th Parallel. 8. Some walls are abstractions impervious to cannon fire or even nuclear weapons. One such wall was apartheid. What was apartheid and how and when was this wall breached? 9. What is the caste system, a type of abstract wall that has existed for centuries in India? 10. What types of walls exist between children and their parents? After a discussion of the questions related to Robert Frost s poem, Mending Wall, the teacher should introduce the importance of the city of Berlin as a focal point of the Cold War and discuss the construction of the Berlin Wall in August The teacher might show ( a 2-minute documentary on the building of the Wall or the video Walled In! produced by Deutsche Welle. There s an excerpt on YouTube: watch?v=owqstzgkbiy. Eingemauert makes reference to the German-German border, so the teacher and students can grasp more and better the full dimension of the separation. The teacher might also refer to the Timeline on the History of Berlin and the Berlin Wall ( ) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc). Another recommended resource is the 24-minute Field Trip to Berlin DVD also offered by the Transatlantic Outreach Program. 31

3 FOCUS Four American Presidents and the Berlin Wall FOCUS 1 Geography DAY 2: Students will next read and/or listen to the speeches of Presidents John F. Kennedy (1963) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc), Ronald Reagan (1987) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc), Bill Clinton (1994) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc), Presidential candidate Barack Obama (2008) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc), and President Barack Obama (2013) (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc). 1. Students should complete the Speech Analysis Worksheet (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) adapted from the National Archives and Records Administration for written document. 2. Identify any phrases or words in these speeches which parallel Frost s Mending Wall. 3. Who was the audience for each President s speech, and what was the key message each President sent to his audience? 4. After listening to and/or reading each speech, compare and contrast the tone of each one. WHOLE GROUP REFLECTION: The teacher should facilitate a discussion on how each speech relates to the foreign policy of each President. How does each speech relate to the Cold War and/or United States relations with Europe? MODIFICATION: Rather than having all the students read all five speeches, the teacher may restructure the lesson into a jigsaw cooperative learning by creating groups of five and assigning the students to read and become experts on only one speech. EXTENSIONS: Students should examine the political cartoon (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) on Reagan and the Berlin Wall and complete the Cartoon Analysis Worksheet (Handout on Instructional Resource Disc) developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The teacher may want to instruct the students individually or in groups to draw a political cartoon based on one of the other Presidential speeches. The 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 2009 was a celebratory event attended by political figures from around the world. The teacher may want to show a program which gives some background of this symbolic rebuilding and demolition of the wall: and a program (in German) which captures the excitement experienced by the attendees: 32

4 1.5.1 Mending Wall Handout Mending Wall by Robert Frost Something there is that doesn t love a wall, That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun, And makes gaps even two can pass abreast. The work of hunters is another thing: I have come after them and made repair Where they have left not one stone on a stone, But they would have the rabbit out of hiding, To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean, No one has seen them made or heard them made, But at spring mending-time we find them there. I let my neighbor know beyond the hill; And on a day we meet to walk the line And set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each. And some are loaves and some so nearly balls We have to use a spell to make them balance: Stay where you are until our backs are turned! We wear our fingers rough with handling them. Oh, just another kind of out-door game, One on a side. It comes to little more: There where it is we do not need the wall: He is all pine and I am apple orchard. My apple trees will never get across And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him. He only says, Good fences make good neighbors. Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder If I could put a notion in his head: Why do they make good neighbors? Isn t it Where there are cows? But here there are no cows. Before I built a wall I d ask to know What I was walling in or walling out, And to whom I was like to give offence. Something there is that doesn t love a wall, That wants it down. I could say Elves to him, But it s not elves exactly, and I d rather He said it for himself. I see him there Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed. He moves in darkness as it seems to me~ Not of woods only and the shade of trees. He will not go behind his father s saying, And he likes having thought of it so well He says again, Good fences make good neighbors. Frost, R. (n.d.). Mending Wall. Retrieved from Poetry Foundation:

5 FOCUS 1 Geography Timeline HANDOUT TIMELINE TIMELINE ON THE HISTORY OF BERLIN AND THE BERLIN WALL ( ): 1945 May 1945 The Red Army captures Berlin and with the end of World War II, on May 8, 1945, Berlin is divided into four sectors: the American, British, and French the West; the Soviet in the East October 29, 1946 A 30 day valid Interzonenpass or Inter-zone passport is required to travel between the sectors in Germany. It was still possible to cross between the two sectors, although it was becoming increasingly dangerous June 23, 1948 June 24, 1948 June 25, 1948 Currency reform in Berlin, Berlin is divided into two different currency zones. The Soviet Union begins the Berlin blockade. The United States begins the Berlin Airlift to keep Berlin supplied with food and fuel April 4, 1949 May 12, 1949 May 24, 1949: September 30, 1949 October 7, 1949 The United States, Canada and Western European countries sign the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Washington. End of the Berlin blockade. Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). End of the Berlin Airlift. The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is proclaimed in East Berlin April 1, 1952, May 26, 1952 East German leaders meet with Stalin in Moscow. At the meeting Stalin s foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov proposes that the East Germans should introduce a system of passes for visits of West Berlin residents to the territory of East Berlin [so as to stop] free movement of Western agents in the GDR. Border between East and West Germany and between East Germany and West Berlin is closed. Only the border between East and West Berlin is still opened June 17, 1953 November 14, 1953 Riots by East Berlin building workers against the working conditions are suppressed by the Red Army. The Western Powers waive the Interzonenpass, the Soviet Union follows but East German citizen need a permission to travel to the West December 11, 1957 Leaving East Germany without permission is forbidden and violations are prosecuted with prison up to three years.

6 FOCUS 1 Geography Timeline HANDOUT 1960 November 30, 1960 Meeting between Nikita Khrushchev and Walter Ulbricht. We must create the conditions so that the GDR economy will not be vulnerable to our enemies. We didn t know that the GDR was so vulnerable to West Germany. This is not good; we must correct this now. (W. Ulbricht) The Schießbefehl (order to fire) is in place in various forms for all these years. It s a standing order that instructs border patrols of East Germany to prevent border penetration by East German citizens by all means including killing the violators. Only in 1982 is this practice formally legalized by 27 of the border law June 15, 1961 July 25, 1961 First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of the GDR and Staatsrat chairman Walter Ulbricht states at an international press conference: Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten! (No one has the intention to erect a wall). It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer (wall) was used in this context. President John F. Kennedy gives a speech just days before the border between East and West Berlin is closed. He stresses the need for NATO countries to hold onto West Berlin and says any Soviet attack on Berlin would be equivalent to an attack on NATO. Those who threaten to unleash the forces of war on a dispute over West Berlin should recall the words of the ancient philosopher: A man who causes fear cannot be free from fear. (John F. Kennedy) August 4, 1961 Nikita Khrushchev reacts to President Kennedy s speech to the leaders of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. Khrushchev was preparing to seal the borders of East Berlin with a concrete wall, but the plan was kept top secret. The speech betrays Khrushchev s concern with the new Kennedy government and the possibility of a war beginning with confrontation in Berlin -- and possibly ending in nuclear destruction. You convinced yourself that Khrushchev will never go to war... so you scare us [expecting] us to retreat. True, we will not declare war, but we will not withdraw either... (Nikita S. Khrushchev) August 13, 1961 August 14, 1961 August 15, 1961 August 16th, 1961 August 26, 1961 The Berlin border between East and West Berlin is closed. The zonal boundary is sealed in the morning by East German troops. Shock workers from East Germany and Russia seal off the border with a barrier of barbed wire and light fencing that eventually became a complex series of walls, fortified fences, gun positions and watchtowers heavily guarded and patrolled. In the end, the Berlin Wall was 96 miles (155 km) long and the average height of the concrete wall was 11.8 ft (3.60 m). Over the course of the Wall s existence, 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross into West Berlin according to official sources, while a victims group puts the number at over 200 dead. There were also some 5,000 successful escapes into West Berlin. The August 13 operation lasted 24 hours. Brandenburg Gate is closed. Conrad Schumann, the first East German border guard, escapes by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin. The first concrete elements and large square blocks are used on this date. Within the next months the first generation of the Berlin Wall was build up: a wall consisting of concrete elements and square blocks. The barbed wire barrier is being removed and replaced with a wall of concrete blocks. This first Wall around Berlin was two meters high, made from different building materials assembled into a rough construction. All crossing points are closed for West Berlin citizens.

7 FOCUS 1 Geography Timeline HANDOUT 1962 June 1962 August 17, 1962 A second Wall is being built to prevent escapes to the West. The first Wall is improved over the next years and it becomes difficult to distinguish between the first and the second generations of the Wall. Peter Fechter, 18, a bricklayer from East Berlin, is shot and left to bleed to death in full view of western media. Bystanders in the West tried to rescue him, but were prevented from it at gunpoint June 26, 1963 December 17, 1963 President J. F. Kennedy visits Berlin and declares: Ich bin ein Berliner. ( I am a Berliner. ) After 7 rounds of negotiations between the Senate of Berlin and the East German authorities, an administrative agreement is signed allowing West Berliners to visit their relatives in East Berlin on a limited basis A new Wall generation, the third, is introduced to replace the old construction. The new one consists of concrete slabs laid between H-shaped steel concrete supports. A round, 0.40 meter large concrete tube capped the wall making it more difficult to climb over September 3, 1971 The Four Power Agreement over Berlin is reached. It charges the governments of West Berlin and the GDR with negotiating an accord that would regulate access to and from West Berlin from the FRG and secure the right of West Berliners to visit East Berlin and the GDR May 1972 December 1972 The Transit Agreement is reached that arranged the matters raised in the Four Power Agreement and also secured the rights of GDR citizens to visit the FRG, but only in cases of family emergency. The Basic Treaty is signed in which both German states committed themselves to developing normal relations on the basis of equality, guaranteeing their mutual territorial integrity as well as the border between them, and recognizing each other s independence and sovereignty. They also agreed to the exchange of permanent missions in Bonn and East Berlin to further relations May 1973 October 1, 1973 East and West Germany establish formal diplomatic ties. An explicit firing order is issued to a special team of Stasi agents tasked with infiltrating regular units of border guards to prevent their colleagues from defecting. It is your duty to use your combat skills in such a way as to overcome the cunning of the border breacher, to challenge or liquidate him in order to thwart the planned border breach. Don t hesitate to use your weapon even when border breaches happen with women and children, which traitors have often exploited in the past Construction of the infamous Stutzwandelement UL 12.11, known also as Grenzmauer 75 (Border Wall 75) begins. This new installation a second wall penetrated deeper into East German territory and included a touch-sensitive, self-firing fence. The product of a large-scale development and testing program, it was made of L-shaped sections of pre-cast concrete used by farmers to build open silos. Each section was 3.60 meters high and 1.20 meters wide and was topped off by a smooth asbestos-concrete pipe 40 centimeters in diameter. Consequently, the Wall becomes harder to penetrate. Yet this did not put an end to attempted escapes. As a result, East German authorities increase their control of the border structures.

8 FOCUS 1 Geography Timeline HANDOUT 1987 June 12, 1987 President Ronald Reagan visits Berlin and calls on Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall February 6, 1989 August 23, 1989, September 10, 1989 November 4, 1989 November 9, 1989 December 22, 1989 Chris Gueffroy is the last person to be killed trying to cross the Wall. Communist Hungary removes its border restrictions with Austria. The Hungarian government opens its border for East German Refugees. More than 13,000 East Germans escape into Austria. An estimated one million people attend a pro-democracy demonstration in East Berlin s main square. Within days, the East German Government resigns. The East German government announces that visits in West Germany and West Berlin will be permitted. Thousands of East Berliners pass into West Berlin as border guards stand by. People begin tearing down the wall which is opened. The Brandenburg Gate is opened October 3, 1990 Germany is formally reunited. Source:

9 FOCUS 1 Geography Divided City of Berlin ( ) Berlin Wall (1961) Source: en.wikipedia.org GERMANY IN FOCUS A Transatlantic Outreach Program instructional text for secondary educators Timeline HANDOUT

10 1.5.3 John F. Kennedy Speech Handout John F. Kennedy SPeech President: John F. Kennedy Date: June 26, 1963 In 1961, the Soviets built the Berlin Wall in response to the large number of people who fled Soviet Bloc for the West through Berlin. An arms buildup in Cuba in 1962 (the Cuban Missile Crisis) nearly resulted in a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union. But when President John F. Kennedy came to Berlin in 1963, the Cold War had entered a period of détente. His speech, delivered in front of the West Berlin city hall, is often considered a turning point in the Cold War because, for the first time, the United States implicitly recognized the separation between East and West Berlin. President Kennedy delivered this memorable speech above all the noise, concluding with the now famous ending. Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was civis Romanus sum. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner. I appreciate my interpreter translating my German! There are many people in the world who really don t understand, or say they don t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin. There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin. And there are some who say in Europe and elsewhere we can work with the Communists. Let them come to Berlin. And there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress. Lass sie nach Berlin kommen. Let them come to Berlin. Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us. I want to say, on behalf of my countrymen, who live many miles away on the other side of the Atlantic, who are far distant from you, that they take the greatest pride that they have been able to share with you, even from a distance, the story of the last 18 years. I know of no town, no city, that has been besieged for 18 years that still lives with the vitality and the force, and the hope and the determination of the city of West Berlin. While the wall is the most obvious and vivid demonstration of the failures of the Communist system, for all the world to see, we take no satisfaction in it, for it is, as your Mayor has said, an offense not only against history but an offense against humanity, separating families, dividing husbands and wives and brothers and sisters, and dividing a people who wish to be joined together. their families and their nation in lasting peace, with good will to all people. You live in a defended island of freedom, but your life is part of the main. So let me ask you as I close, to lift your eyes beyond the dangers of today, to the hopes of tomorrow, beyond the freedom merely of this city of Berlin, or your country of Germany, to the advance of freedom everywhere, beyond the wall to the day of peace with justice, beyond yourselves and ourselves to all mankind. Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free. When all are free, then we can look forward to that day when this city will be joined as one and this country and this great Continent of Europe in a peaceful and hopeful globe. When that day finally comes, as it will, the people of West Berlin can take sober satisfaction in the fact that they were in the front lines for almost two decades. All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner. To read speech transcript: JL_Q.aspx Video of speech: Kennedy, John F. (1963, June 26). Speech: Ich bin ein Berliner. Berlin, Germany What is true of this city is true of Germany--real, lasting peace in Europe can never be assured as long as one German out of four is denied the elementary right of free men, and that is to make a free choice. In 18 years of peace and good faith, this generation of Germans has earned the right to be free, including the right to unite

11 1.5.4 Ronald Reagan Speech Handout Ronald Reagan SPeech President: Ronald Reagan Date: June 12, 1987 President Ronald Reagan delivered this speech for the 750th anniversary of Berlin, at a moment of thaw in the Cold War. Reagan chose the Brandenburg Gate as his backdrop not only because it was a symbol of Germany, but also because it was very close to the wall, which stood as a stark symbol of the decades-old Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union in which the two politically opposed superpowers continually wrestled for dominance, stopping just short of actual warfare. This speech contains one of the most memorable lines spoken during Reagan s presidency. We come to Berlin, we American presidents, because it s our duty to speak, in this place, of freedom. But I must confess, we re drawn here by other things as well: by the feeling of history in this city, more than 500 years older than our own nation; by the beauty of the Grunewald and the Tiergarten; most of all, by your courage and determination. Perhaps the composer Paul Lincke understood something about American presidents. You see, like so many presidents before me, I come here today because wherever I go, whatever I do: Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin. [I still have a suitcase in Berlin.] Our gathering today is being broadcast throughout Western Europe and North America. I understand that it is being seen and heard as well in the East. To those listening throughout Eastern Europe, a special word: Although I cannot be with you, I address my remarks to you just as surely as to those standing here before me. For I join you, as I join your fellow countrymen in the West, in this firm, this unalterable belief: Es gibt nur ein Berlin. [There is only one Berlin.] Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. [...] Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city s culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Where there was want, today there s abundance--food, clothing, automobiles--the wonderful goods of the Ku damm. From devastation, from utter ruin, you Berliners have, in freedom, rebuilt a city that once again ranks as one of the greatest on earth. The Soviets may have had other plans. But my friends, there were a few things the Soviets didn t count on--berliner Herz, Berliner Humor, ja, und Berliner Schnauze. [Berliner heart, Berliner humor, yes, and a Berliner Schnauze.] In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: We will bury you. But in the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. And now the Soviets themselves may, in a limited way, be coming to understand the importance of freedom. We hear much from Moscow about a new policy of reform and openness. Some political prisoners have been released. Certain foreign news broadcasts are no longer being jammed. Some economic enterprises have been permitted to operate with greater freedom from state control. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberal-

12 1.5.4 Ronald Reagan Speech Handout ization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! [...] Today thus represents a moment of hope. We in the West stand ready to cooperate with the East to promote true openness, to break down barriers that separate people, to create a safe, freer world. And surely there is no better place than Berlin, the meeting place of East and West, to make a start. Free people of Berlin: Today, as in the past, the United States stands for the strict observance and full implementation of all parts of the Four Power Agreement of Let us use this occasion, the 750th anniversary of this city, to usher in a new era, to seek a still fuller, richer life for the Berlin of the future. Together, let us maintain and develop the ties between the Federal Republic and the Western sectors of Berlin, which is permitted by the 1971 agreement. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe. [...] As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner: This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality. Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom. To read speech transcript: htm Video of speech: Reagan, Ronald. (1987, June 12). Speech: Tear Down This Wall! Berlin, Germany.

13 1.5.5 Bill Clinton Speech Handout Bill Clinton SPeech President: Bill Clinton Date: July 12, 1994 Although this wasn t a particularly pivotal moment, President Bill Clinton s address in front of the Brandenburg Gate broke new ground by focusing on European unity and promoting economic globalization and an increased partnership with the U.S. Citizens of free Berlin, citizens of united Germany, Chancellor Kohl, Mayor Diepgen, Berliners the world over, thank you for this wonderful welcome to your magnificent city. We stand together where Europe s heart was cut in half and we celebrate unity. We stand where crude walls of concrete separated mother from child and we meet as one family. We stand where those who sought a new life instead found death. And we rejoice in renewal. Berliners, you have won your long struggle. You have proved that no wall can forever contain the mighty power of freedom. Within a few years, an American President will visit a Berlin that is again the seat of your government. And I pledge to you today a new American Embassy will also stand in Berlin. Half a century has passed since Berlin was first divided, 33 years since the Wall went up. In that time, one-half of this city lived encircled and the other half enslaved. But one force endured, your courage. Your courage has taken many forms: the bold courage of June 17th, 1953, when those trapped in the East threw stones at the tanks of tyranny; the quiet courage to lift children above the wall so that their grandparents on the other side could see those they loved but could not touch; the inner courage to reach for the ideas that make you free; and the civil courage, civil courage of 5 years ago when, starting in the strong hearts and candlelit streets of Leipzig, you turned your dreams of a better life into the chisels of liberty. Now, you who found the courage to endure, to resist, to tear down the Wall, must found a new civil courage, the courage to build. The Berlin Wall is gone. Now our generation must decide, what will we build in its place? Standing here today, we can see the answer: a Europe where all nations are independent and democratic; where free markets and prosperity know no borders; where our security is based on building bridges, not walls; where all our citizens can go as far as their God-given abilities will take them and raise their children in peace and hope. The work of freedom is not easy. It requires discipline, responsibility, and a faith strong enough to endure failure and criticism. And it requires vigilance. Here in Germany, in the United States, and throughout the entire world, we must reject those who would divide us with scalding words about race, ethnicity, or religion. I appeal especially to the young people of this nation; believe you can live in peace with those who are different from you. Believe in your own future. Believe you can make a difference and summon your own courage to build, and you will. There is reason for you to believe. Already, the new future is taking shape in the growing chorus of voices that speak the common language of democracy; in the growing economies of Western Europe, the United States, and our partners; in the progress of economic reform, democracy, and freedom in lands that were not free; in NATO s Partnership For Peace where 21 nations have joined in military cooperation and pledge to respect each other s borders. It is to all of you in pursuit of that new future that I say in the name of the pilots whose airlift kept Berlin alive, in the name of the sentries at Checkpoint Charlie who stood face-to-face with enemy tanks, in the name of every American President who has come to Berlin, in the name of the American forces who will stay in Europe to guard freedom s future, in all of their names I say, Amerika steht an ihrer Seite, jetzt und fuer immer. America is on your side now and forever. Moments ago, with my friend Chancellor Kohl, I walked where my predecessors could not, through the Brandenburg Gate. For over two centuries in every age, that gate has been a symbol of the time. Sometimes it has been a monument to conquest and a tower of tyranny. But in our own time, you, courageous Berliners, have again made the Brandenburg what its builders meant it to be, a gateway. Now, together, we can walk through that gateway to our destiny, to a Europe united, united in peace, united in freedom, united in progress for the first time in history. Nothing will stop us. All things are possible. Nichts wird uns aufhalten. Alles ist moeglich. Berlin ist frei. Berlin is free. To read speech transcript: Video of speech: Clinton, Bill. (1994 July 12). Speech: Berlin is Free! Berlin, Germany.

14 1.5.6 Barack Obama Speech Handout Barack Obama SPeech Presidential Candidate: Barack Obama Date: July 24, 2008 Obama hadn t even been elected when he went to Berlin during his 2008 Presidential campaign. As a result, the Germans did not allow him to speak at the Brandenburg Gate they reserve it for presidential speeches. But his plea for the fall of all walls echoed every earlier presidential speech, and the crowd of 200,000 was more than four times the number that attended Reagan s 1987 speech. This city, of all cities, knows the dream of freedom. And you know that the only reason we stand here tonight is because men and women from both of our nations came together to work, and struggle, and sacrifice for that better life. Ours is a partnership that truly began sixty years ago this summer, on the day when the first American plane touched down at Templehof. On that day, much of this continent still lay in ruin. The rubble of this city had yet to be built into a wall. The Soviet shadow had swept across Eastern Europe, while in the West, America, Britain, and France took stock of their losses, and pondered how the world might be remade. This is where the two sides met. And on the twenty-fourth of June, 1948, the Communists chose to blockade the western part of the city. They cut off food and supplies to more than two million Germans in an effort to extinguish the last flame of freedom in Berlin. The size of our forces was no match for the much larger Soviet Army. And yet retreat would have allowed Communism to march across Europe. Where the last war had ended, another World War could have easily begun. All that stood in the way was Berlin. And that s when the airlift began - when the largest and most unlikely rescue in history brought food and hope to the people of this city. The odds were stacked against success. In the winter, a heavy fog filled the sky above, and many planes were forced to turn back without dropping off the needed supplies. The streets where we stand were filled with hungry families who had no comfort from the cold. But in the darkest hours, the people of Berlin kept the flame of hope burning. The people of Berlin refused to give up. And on one fall day, hundreds of thousands of Berliners came here, to the Tiergarten, and heard the city s mayor implore the world not to give up on freedom. There is only one possibility, he said. For us to stand together united until this battle is won...the people of Berlin have spoken. We have done our duty, and we will keep on doing our duty. People of the world: now do your duty...people of the world, look at Berlin! People of the world - look at Berlin! Look at Berlin, where Germans and Americans learned to work together and trust each other less than three years after facing each other on the field of battle. Look at Berlin, where the determination of a people met the generosity of the Marshall Plan and created a German miracle; where a victory over tyranny gave rise to NATO, the greatest alliance ever formed to defend our common security. Look at Berlin, where the bullet holes in the buildings and the somber stones and pillars near the Brandenburg Gate insist that we never forget our common humanity. People of the world - look at Berlin, where a wall came down, a continent came together, and history proved that there is no challenge too great for a world that stands as one. Sixty years after the airlift, we are called upon again. History has led us to a new crossroad, with new promise and new peril. When you, the German people, tore down that wall - a wall that divided East and West; freedom and tyranny; fear and hope - walls came tumbling down around the world. From Kiev to Cape Town, prison camps were closed, and the doors of democracy were opened. Markets opened too, and the spread of information and technology reduced barriers to opportunity and prosperity. While the 20th century taught us that we share a common destiny, the 21st has revealed a world more intertwined than at any time in human history. The fall of the Berlin Wall brought new hope. But that very closeness has given rise to new dangers - dangers that cannot be contained within the borders of a country or by the distance of an ocean. Yes, there have been differences between America and Europe. No doubt, there will be differences in the future. But the burdens of global citizenship continue to bind us together. A change of leadership in Washington will not lift this burden. In this new century, Americans and Europeans alike will be required to do more - not

15 1.5.6 Barack Obama Speech Handout less. Partnership and cooperation among nations is not a choice; it is the one way, the only way, to protect our common security and advance our common humanity. That is why the greatest danger of all is to allow new walls to divide us from one another. The walls between old allies on either side of the Atlantic cannot stand. The walls between the countries with the most and those with the least cannot stand. The walls between races and tribes; natives and immigrants; Christian and Muslim and Jew cannot stand. These now are the walls we must tear down. We know they have fallen before. After centuries of strife, the people of Europe have formed a Union of promise and prosperity. Here, at the base of a column built to mark victory in war, we meet in the center of a Europe at peace. Not only have walls come down in Berlin, but they have come down in Belfast, where Protestant and Catholic found a way to live together; in the Balkans, where our Atlantic alliance ended wars and brought savage war criminals to justice; and in South Africa, where the struggle of a courageous people defeated apartheid. So history reminds us that walls can be torn down. But the task is never easy. True partnership and true progress requires constant work and sustained sacrifice. They require sharing the burdens of development and diplomacy; of progress and peace. They require allies who will listen to each other, learn from each other and, most of all, trust each other. That is why America cannot turn inward. That is why Europe cannot turn inward. America has no better partner than Europe. Now is the time to build new bridges across the globe as strong as the one that bound us across the Atlantic. Now is the time to join together, through constant cooperation, strong institutions, shared sacrifice, and a global commitment to progress, to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It was this spirit that led airlift planes to appear in the sky above our heads, and people to assemble where we stand today. And this is the moment when our nations - and all nations - must summon that spirit anew. This is the moment when we must defeat terror and dry up the well of extremism that supports it. This threat is real and we cannot shrink from our responsibility to combat it. If we could create NATO to face down the Soviet Union, we can join in a new and global partnership to dismantle the networks that have struck in Madrid and Amman; in London and Bali; in Washington and New York. If we could win a battle of ideas against the communists, we can stand with the vast majority of Muslims who reject the extremism that leads to hate instead of hope. This is the moment when we must renew our resolve to rout the terrorists who threaten our security in Afghanistan, and the traffickers who sell drugs on your streets. No one welcomes war. I recognize the enormous difficulties in Afghanistan. But my country and yours have a stake in seeing that NATO s first mission beyond Europe s borders is a success. For the people of Afghanistan, and for our shared security, the work must be done. America cannot do this alone. The Afghan people need our troops and your troops; our support and your support to defeat the Taliban and al Qaeda, to develop their economy, and to help them rebuild their nation. We have too much at stake to turn back now. This is the moment when we must renew the goal of a world without nuclear weapons. The two superpowers that faced each other across the wall of this city came too close too often to destroying all we have built and all that we love. With that wall gone, we need not stand idly by and watch the further spread of the deadly atom. It is time to secure all loose nuclear materials; to stop the spread of nuclear weapons; and to reduce the arsenals from another era. This is the moment to begin the work of seeking the peace of a world without nuclear weapons. This is the moment when we must come together to save this planet. Let us resolve that we will not leave our children a world where the oceans rise and famine spreads and terrible storms devastate our lands. Let us resolve that all nations - including my own - will act with the same seriousness of purpose as has your nation, and reduce the carbon we send into our atmosphere. This is the moment to give our children back their future. This is the moment to stand as one. And this is the moment when we must give hope to those left behind in a globalized world. We must remember that the Cold War born in this city was not a battle for land or treasure. Sixty years ago, the planes that flew over Berlin did not drop bombs; instead they delivered food, and coal, and candy to grateful children. And in that show of solidarity, those pilots won more than a military victory. They won hearts and minds; love and loyalty and trust - not just from the people in this city, but from all those who heard the story of what they did here. People of Berlin - people of the world - this is our moment. This is our time. I know my country has not perfected itself. At times, we ve struggled to keep the promise of liberty and equality for all of our people. We ve made our share of mistakes, and there are times when our actions around the world have not lived up to our best intentions. But I also know how much I love America. I know that for more than two centuries, we have strived - at great cost and great sacrifice -

16 1.5.6 Barack Obama Speech Handout to form a more perfect union; to seek, with other nations, a more hopeful world. Our allegiance has never been to any particular tribe or kingdom - indeed, every language is spoken in our country; every culture has left its imprint on ours; every point of view is expressed in our public squares. What has always united us - what has always driven our people; what drew my father to America s shores - is a set of ideals that speak to aspirations shared by all people: that we can live free from fear and free from want; that we can speak our minds and assemble with whomever we choose and worship as we please. Those are the aspirations that joined the fates of all nations in this city. Those aspirations are bigger than anything that drives us apart. It is because of those aspirations that the airlift began. It is because of those aspirations that all free people - everywhere - became citizens of Berlin. It is in pursuit of those aspirations that a new generation - our generation - must make our mark on history. People of Berlin - and people of the world - the scale of our challenge is great. The road ahead will be long. But I come before you to say that we are heirs to a struggle for freedom. We are a people of improbable hope. Let us build on our common history, and seize our common destiny, and once again engage in that noble struggle to bring justice and peace to our world. To read speech transcript: Video of speech: Obama, Barack. (2008, July 24). Speech. Berlin, Germany.

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